Objective To evaluate the morphological differences of the glenoid fossa in adult patients with Angle's Class Ⅱ maloc-clusions.Methods The cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT)images of bilateral temporomandibular joints in 82 patients with av-erage mandibular angle were selected.The patients were divided into 4groups including skeletal class Ⅰ with Angle's Class Ⅱ division 1,skeletal class Ⅰ with Angle's Class Ⅱ division 2,skeletal class Ⅱ with Angle's Class Ⅱ division 1 and skeletal class Ⅱ with Angle's Class Ⅱ division 2.Angular and linear measurements of the glenoid fossa were evaluated and the differences among the groups were statis-tically analyzed.Results The functional articular eminence inclination(AEI-BFL)showed statistical differences between skeletal classⅠ and skeletal class Ⅱ groups with the same occlusal relationship and between the two Angle's Class Ⅱ groups with the same sagittal skele-tal relationships(P＜0.05),while the anatomical articular eminence inclination(AEI-TRL)showed no statistical differences among groups(P＞0.05).The width of the glenoid fossa(GFW),the depth of the glenoid fossa(GFD),the ratio of the GFW to the GFD(GFW/GFD)showed no statistical differences among different groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion The morphology of the glenoid fossa re-vealed differences in the Angle's Class Ⅱ with skeletal class Ⅰ and class Ⅱ patients.

Objective To evaluate the morphological differences of the glenoid fossa in adult patients with Angle's Class Ⅱ maloc-clusions.Methods The cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT)images of bilateral temporomandibular joints in 82 patients with av-erage mandibular angle were selected.The patients were divided into 4groups including skeletal class Ⅰ with Angle's Class Ⅱ division 1,skeletal class Ⅰ with Angle's Class Ⅱ division 2,skeletal class Ⅱ with Angle's Class Ⅱ division 1 and skeletal class Ⅱ with Angle's Class Ⅱ division 2.Angular and linear measurements of the glenoid fossa were evaluated and the differences among the groups were statis-tically analyzed.Results The functional articular eminence inclination(AEI-BFL)showed statistical differences between skeletal classⅠ and skeletal class Ⅱ groups with the same occlusal relationship and between the two Angle's Class Ⅱ groups with the same sagittal skele-tal relationships(P＜0.05),while the anatomical articular eminence inclination(AEI-TRL)showed no statistical differences among groups(P＞0.05).The width of the glenoid fossa(GFW),the depth of the glenoid fossa(GFD),the ratio of the GFW to the GFD(GFW/GFD)showed no statistical differences among different groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion The morphology of the glenoid fossa re-vealed differences in the Angle's Class Ⅱ with skeletal class Ⅰ and class Ⅱ patients.

According to the differences in function and structure, the nasal cavity can be roughly divided into three regions:the vestibule, respiratory zone, and olfactory zone. The current mainstream of research believes that the process of drugs entering the brain through the nasal cavity mainly occurs in the latter two regions, with the olfactory zone being the primary area. To allow more effective ingredients to enter the brain or reach the above-mentioned delivery pathway targets quickly, when developing related drug products, it should be possible to deliver the drug to the upper nasal cavity, like the upper respiratory zone and olfactory zone. Therefore, special drug delivery devices that can target the upper nasal cavity play a key and core role in Nose-to-Brain delivery. It is nasal spray device Nose-to-Brain delivery products approved by FDA mainly use. The following are three main research directions of the Nose-to-Brain delivery devices. 1) In-depth assessment and research of critical quality attributes and their influencing factors. Many research institutions and enterprises have conducted extensive research on liquid or powder sprays aided by nasal spray devices, and it is currently agreed that spray pattern, plume geometry, and particle size are the critical quality attributes, which can be mainly affected by spray devices and content properties. A spray with a smaller angle can penetrate the nasal valve easier and deliver to the upper nasal cavity. 2) The study of delivery platforms for such complex drug-device combinations is also a key direction, such as Exhalation Delivery Systems (EDS), Precision Olfactory Delivery Systems (POD®), and Controlled Particle Dispersion Technology (CPD) platforms, etc., which are general technology platforms established by drug delivery device manufacturers to better achieve Nose-to-Brain delivery. They have indeed achieved more accurate drug delivery, more significant therapeutic effects, and more convenient use for patients. 3) Combining drug delivery devices with new technologies. For example, adding mucosal adsorbents and permeation enhancers to the prescription, and preparing medicinal products using nanoparticle formulation technology. It is new directions for future research and development which can further meet the needs of Nose-to-Brain delivery. Nose-to-Brain delivery bring new hope to a wide range of clinical needs for brain diseases due to its special advantages. In order to play the truly important role of Nose-to-Brain delivery, it is not only the industry make efforts in research and industrialization, but also regulatory aspects need scientific evaluation and reasonable regulation of emerging technologies. Here are our thoughts. First, we need to pay attention to the important role of regulatory science in the technical research and evaluation of Nose-to-Brain delivery products. Next, we need to pay attention to the interaction and collaboration between scientific researchers, industry, regulators, and users. Then, regulatory authorities needs to broaden its thinking flexibility and attach importance to the role of individual drug guidelines, summary key technical points and solutions from multiple cases. Finally, we need to pay attention to the design, research and development support, and industrialization security of domestic drug delivery devices.

Biologics are developing rapidly and have demonstrated their unique advantages in the treatment of many diseases. And with common administration, like oral and injection, biological products often have problems in instability, short half-life and poor utilization of the central nervous system, which limits the application scope and development of biological products. Intranasal biologics are promising strategy taking advantages in nasal administration that bypass the restrictions in vivo, like blood-brain-barrier, to improve the drug avalibility in the target site, which have potential to improve efficient delivery and the availability. According to published literature, clinical databases, industry guidelines around the world, this review highlighted the rescent progress in intranasal macromolecular drugs, intranasal vaccine and intranasal cell therapy, which were the main fields of intranasal biologics, offering perspectives suggestions for the further development of this field.