ObjectiveBased on the phosphoinositide 3-kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt） signaling pathway， the effects of Huanglian Zhimutang on glucose and lipid metabolism disorders and hepatic insulin resistance （IR） with type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） were investigated. MethodsGoto-Kakizaki （GK） rats were fed a high-fat diet to induce a T2DM rat model and then randomly divided into four groups： normal control group， model control group， metformin group （0.10 g·kg^-1）， and Huanglian Zhimutang group （3.60 g·kg^-1）， with eight rats in each group. Drug intervention was administered continuously for 8 weeks. Serum and liver tissues were collected from each group. Fasting insulin （FINS） levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）， and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance （HOMA-IR） index was calculated. Total cholesterol （TC）， triglyceride （TG）， low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C）， and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C） levels were measured using an automatic biochemical analyzer. Liver tissue pathology was observed via hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. Serum interleukin-6 （IL-6） and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） levels were detected using ELISA. Network pharmacology and transcriptomics sequencing were combined to analyze differentially expressed genes （DEGs） in liver tissue from the normal control group， model control group， and Huanglian Zhimutang group. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） pathway enrichment analysis was performed to identify pathways affected by Huanglian Zhimutang intervention in T2DM. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） was used to assess the mRNA expression of insulin receptor substrate-1 （IRS-1）， PI3K， Akt， and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma （PPARγ） in liver tissue， while Western blot was used to evaluate corresponding protein expression levels. ResultsAfter 8 weeks of Huanglian Zhimutang intervention， typical symptoms of T2DM rats such as polydipsia， polyphagia， and polyuria were significantly alleviated， along with reductions in fasting blood glucose levels and insulin resistance（P<0.01）. Histopathological results revealed that Huanglian Zhimutang effectively improved hepatic steatosis and inflammatory edema and reduced lipid vacuole formation. Biochemical tests demonstrated that Huanglian Zhimutang significantly reduced serum levels of TC， TG， and LDL-C（P<0.01）. ELISA results showed that Huanglian Zhimutang effectively decreased serum concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α（P<0.05，P<0.01）. Combined network pharmacology predictions with KEGG pathway analysis of transcriptomics showed that DEGs between the Huanglian Zhimutang and model control groups were significantly enriched in the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Real-time PCR and Western blot results confirmed that Huanglian Zhimutang upregulated the expression of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway-related mRNAs and proteins in liver tissue（P<0.05，P<0.01）， thereby reducing inflammation， alleviating hepatic lipid accumulation， and enhancing insulin sensitivity. ConclusionHuanglian Zhimutang effectively ameliorates glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in T2DM rats. Its mechanism may be related to the regulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway， which reduces inflammation and hepatic lipid deposition and relieves hepatic insulin resistance.

ObjectiveBased on the phosphoinositide 3-kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt） signaling pathway， the effects of Huanglian Zhimutang on glucose and lipid metabolism disorders and hepatic insulin resistance （IR） with type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） were investigated. MethodsGoto-Kakizaki （GK） rats were fed a high-fat diet to induce a T2DM rat model and then randomly divided into four groups： normal control group， model control group， metformin group （0.10 g·kg^-1）， and Huanglian Zhimutang group （3.60 g·kg^-1）， with eight rats in each group. Drug intervention was administered continuously for 8 weeks. Serum and liver tissues were collected from each group. Fasting insulin （FINS） levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）， and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance （HOMA-IR） index was calculated. Total cholesterol （TC）， triglyceride （TG）， low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C）， and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C） levels were measured using an automatic biochemical analyzer. Liver tissue pathology was observed via hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. Serum interleukin-6 （IL-6） and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） levels were detected using ELISA. Network pharmacology and transcriptomics sequencing were combined to analyze differentially expressed genes （DEGs） in liver tissue from the normal control group， model control group， and Huanglian Zhimutang group. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） pathway enrichment analysis was performed to identify pathways affected by Huanglian Zhimutang intervention in T2DM. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） was used to assess the mRNA expression of insulin receptor substrate-1 （IRS-1）， PI3K， Akt， and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma （PPARγ） in liver tissue， while Western blot was used to evaluate corresponding protein expression levels. ResultsAfter 8 weeks of Huanglian Zhimutang intervention， typical symptoms of T2DM rats such as polydipsia， polyphagia， and polyuria were significantly alleviated， along with reductions in fasting blood glucose levels and insulin resistance（P<0.01）. Histopathological results revealed that Huanglian Zhimutang effectively improved hepatic steatosis and inflammatory edema and reduced lipid vacuole formation. Biochemical tests demonstrated that Huanglian Zhimutang significantly reduced serum levels of TC， TG， and LDL-C（P<0.01）. ELISA results showed that Huanglian Zhimutang effectively decreased serum concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α（P<0.05，P<0.01）. Combined network pharmacology predictions with KEGG pathway analysis of transcriptomics showed that DEGs between the Huanglian Zhimutang and model control groups were significantly enriched in the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Real-time PCR and Western blot results confirmed that Huanglian Zhimutang upregulated the expression of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway-related mRNAs and proteins in liver tissue（P<0.05，P<0.01）， thereby reducing inflammation， alleviating hepatic lipid accumulation， and enhancing insulin sensitivity. ConclusionHuanglian Zhimutang effectively ameliorates glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in T2DM rats. Its mechanism may be related to the regulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway， which reduces inflammation and hepatic lipid deposition and relieves hepatic insulin resistance.

[Objective]To investigate the mechanism of Huanglian Zhimu Decoction in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)rats by 16S ribosomal RNA(16S rRNA)gut microbiota gene sequencing and non-targeted metabolomics.[Methods]Twenty-four GK rats were fed a high-fat diet to induce a T2DM model.After successful modeling,they were divided into T2DM model(MO)group,Huanglian Zhimu Decoction(HL)group and metformin(MET)group.Eight Wistar rats were designated as control(CTRL)group.After 12 weeks of drug intervention,the food intake,water intake,urine volume,body weight and fasting blood glucose of the rats were measured.Biochemical tests were conducted to assess the four lipid profile parameters.Pathological examinations of the liver and colon were observed through hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining and periodic acid-Schiff(PAS)staining.16S rRNA sequencing technology was used for gene sequencing of the fecal microbiota in the rats,and non-targeted metabolomics was performed to detect fecal metabolites.[Results]Huanglian Zhimu Decoction can significantly reduce the fasting blood glucose(P<0.001)and serum levels of total cholesterol(TC),high-density lipoprotein(HDL)and low-density lipoprotein(LDL)in T2DM rats(P<0.05,P<0.01).It also alleviates hepatic steatosis and inflammatory cell infiltration in the liver tissue of T2DM rats induced by high-fat diet,and the synthesis of glycogen increased.Additionally,it repairs the intestinal barrier damage in the colonic tissue to a certain extent and reduce the infiltration of inflammatory cells.16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis revealed that Huanglian Zhimu Decoction can ameliorate intestinal microbiota disruption by reducing the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidota(F/B)at the phylum level,down-regulating the abundance of harmful bacterial genera such as Allobaculum,Colidextribacter,Oscillibacter and Dorea,and up-regulating the abundance of beneficial bacterial genera including Prevotella_9 and Akkermansia muciniphila.Fecal metabolomics analysis indicated that Huanglian Zhimu Decoction improved abnormalities in primary bile acid metabolism and linoleic acid metabolism.[Conclusion]Huanglian Zhimu Decoction can reduce the fasting blood glucose and blood lipid levels in T2DM rats,and its mechanism of action may be related to regulating the structure of intestinal flora and influencing the metabolic pathways of primary bile acids and linoleic acid.These findings provide basis for further studying the mechanism of action of Huanglian Zhimu Decoction.

[Objective]To investigate the mechanism of Huanglian Zhimu Decoction in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)rats by 16S ribosomal RNA(16S rRNA)gut microbiota gene sequencing and non-targeted metabolomics.[Methods]Twenty-four GK rats were fed a high-fat diet to induce a T2DM model.After successful modeling,they were divided into T2DM model(MO)group,Huanglian Zhimu Decoction(HL)group and metformin(MET)group.Eight Wistar rats were designated as control(CTRL)group.After 12 weeks of drug intervention,the food intake,water intake,urine volume,body weight and fasting blood glucose of the rats were measured.Biochemical tests were conducted to assess the four lipid profile parameters.Pathological examinations of the liver and colon were observed through hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining and periodic acid-Schiff(PAS)staining.16S rRNA sequencing technology was used for gene sequencing of the fecal microbiota in the rats,and non-targeted metabolomics was performed to detect fecal metabolites.[Results]Huanglian Zhimu Decoction can significantly reduce the fasting blood glucose(P<0.001)and serum levels of total cholesterol(TC),high-density lipoprotein(HDL)and low-density lipoprotein(LDL)in T2DM rats(P<0.05,P<0.01).It also alleviates hepatic steatosis and inflammatory cell infiltration in the liver tissue of T2DM rats induced by high-fat diet,and the synthesis of glycogen increased.Additionally,it repairs the intestinal barrier damage in the colonic tissue to a certain extent and reduce the infiltration of inflammatory cells.16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis revealed that Huanglian Zhimu Decoction can ameliorate intestinal microbiota disruption by reducing the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidota(F/B)at the phylum level,down-regulating the abundance of harmful bacterial genera such as Allobaculum,Colidextribacter,Oscillibacter and Dorea,and up-regulating the abundance of beneficial bacterial genera including Prevotella_9 and Akkermansia muciniphila.Fecal metabolomics analysis indicated that Huanglian Zhimu Decoction improved abnormalities in primary bile acid metabolism and linoleic acid metabolism.[Conclusion]Huanglian Zhimu Decoction can reduce the fasting blood glucose and blood lipid levels in T2DM rats,and its mechanism of action may be related to regulating the structure of intestinal flora and influencing the metabolic pathways of primary bile acids and linoleic acid.These findings provide basis for further studying the mechanism of action of Huanglian Zhimu Decoction.

[Objective]To explore the pathogenesis of insomnia in Shaoyang syndrome,and combined with the characteristics of Chaihu prescriptions in Treatise on Febrile Diseases,to explore the rules of treatment regularity of Chaihu prescriptions in Treatise on Febrile Diseases for insomnia of Shaoyang syndrome.[Methods]By analyzing the understanding of insomnia pathogenesis in Huangdi Neijing and Treatise on Febrile Diseases,the theoretical and practical associations between insomnia and Shaoyang disease were explored. Combined with the clinical manifestations and the classification of six-meridian pathogenesis,the application of Chaihu prescriptions in the treatment of insomnia was summarized.[Results]From the perspective of six-meridian syndrome differentiation,there is insomnia of Shaoyang syndrome,whose basic pathogenesis is that the body's nutrient and defense are weak,the exterior pathogen enters the interior,the Shaoyang is blocked,the pivot is unfavorable,the water,fire,Qi and blood are distributed improperly,leading to mental restlessness and uncontrollable. In the Chaihu prescriptions of Treatise on Febrile Diseases,for the pathogen attacking Shaoyang,the treatment principle is to reconcile Shaoyang and regulate the pivot,and mainly uses Xiaochaihu Decoction;for the pathogen attacking Shaoyang and Yangming leading to constipation,the treatment principle is to reconcile Shaoyang and facilitate bowel movement,and mainly uses Dachaihu Decoction;for the pathogen attacking Shaoyang and Jueyin water heat,the treatment principle is to clear away internal depression and purge water heat,and mainly uses Chaihu and Longgu Muli Decoction;for the pathogen attacking Shaoyang and Taiyin water drinking,the treatment principle is to reconcile Shaoyang,reconcile the liver and spleen,and warm and resolve retained fluid,and mainly uses Chaihu Guizhi Ganjiang Decoction.[Conclusion]Insomnia is closely related to Shaoyang syndrome,and the main treatment is to reconcile Shaoyang. To summarize the rules of treatment regularity of Chaihu prescriptions in Treatise on Febrile Diseases for insomnia of Shaoyang syndrome,can provide a new idea and method for clinical diagnosis and treatment of insomnia.

Malocclusion,identified by the World Health Organization(WHO)as one of three major oral diseases,profoundly impacts the dental-maxillofacial functions,facial esthetics,and long-term development of～260 million children in China.Beyond its physical manifestations,malocclusion also significantly influences the psycho-social well-being of these children.Timely intervention in malocclusion can foster an environment conducive to dental-maxillofacial development and substantially decrease the incidence of malocclusion or reduce the severity and complexity of malocclusion in the permanent dentition,by mitigating the negative impact of abnormal environmental influences on the growth.Early orthodontic treatment encompasses accurate identification and treatment of dental and maxillofacial morphological and functional abnormalities during various stages of dental-maxillofacial development,ranging from fetal stages to the early permanent dentition phase.From an economic and societal standpoint,the urgency for effective early orthodontic treatments for malocclusions in childhood cannot be overstated,underlining its profound practical and social importance.This consensus paper discusses the characteristics and the detrimental effects of malocclusion in children,emphasizing critical need for early treatment.It elaborates on corresponding core principles and fundamental approaches in early orthodontics,proposing comprehensive guidance for preventive and interceptive orthodontic treatment,serving as a reference for clinicians engaged in early orthodontic treatment.

[Objective]To explore the pathogenesis of insomnia in Shaoyang syndrome,and combined with the characteristics of Chaihu prescriptions in Treatise on Febrile Diseases,to explore the rules of treatment regularity of Chaihu prescriptions in Treatise on Febrile Diseases for insomnia of Shaoyang syndrome.[Methods]By analyzing the understanding of insomnia pathogenesis in Huangdi Neijing and Treatise on Febrile Diseases,the theoretical and practical associations between insomnia and Shaoyang disease were explored. Combined with the clinical manifestations and the classification of six-meridian pathogenesis,the application of Chaihu prescriptions in the treatment of insomnia was summarized.[Results]From the perspective of six-meridian syndrome differentiation,there is insomnia of Shaoyang syndrome,whose basic pathogenesis is that the body's nutrient and defense are weak,the exterior pathogen enters the interior,the Shaoyang is blocked,the pivot is unfavorable,the water,fire,Qi and blood are distributed improperly,leading to mental restlessness and uncontrollable. In the Chaihu prescriptions of Treatise on Febrile Diseases,for the pathogen attacking Shaoyang,the treatment principle is to reconcile Shaoyang and regulate the pivot,and mainly uses Xiaochaihu Decoction;for the pathogen attacking Shaoyang and Yangming leading to constipation,the treatment principle is to reconcile Shaoyang and facilitate bowel movement,and mainly uses Dachaihu Decoction;for the pathogen attacking Shaoyang and Jueyin water heat,the treatment principle is to clear away internal depression and purge water heat,and mainly uses Chaihu and Longgu Muli Decoction;for the pathogen attacking Shaoyang and Taiyin water drinking,the treatment principle is to reconcile Shaoyang,reconcile the liver and spleen,and warm and resolve retained fluid,and mainly uses Chaihu Guizhi Ganjiang Decoction.[Conclusion]Insomnia is closely related to Shaoyang syndrome,and the main treatment is to reconcile Shaoyang. To summarize the rules of treatment regularity of Chaihu prescriptions in Treatise on Febrile Diseases for insomnia of Shaoyang syndrome,can provide a new idea and method for clinical diagnosis and treatment of insomnia.

External apical root resorption is among the most common risks of orthodontic treatment, and it cannot be completely avoided and predicted. Risk factors causing orthodontic root resorption can generally be divided into patient- and treatment-related factors. Root resorption that occurs during orthodontic treatment is usually detected by radiographical examination. Mild or moderate root absorption usually does no obvious harm, but close attention is required. When severe root resorption occurs, it is generally recommended to suspend the treatment for 3 months for the cementum to be restored. To unify the risk factors of orthodontic root resorption and its clinical suggestions, we summarized the theoretical knowledge and clinical experience of more than 20 authoritative experts in orthodontics and related fields in China. After discussion and summarization, this consensus was made to provide reference for orthodontic clinical practice.
Humans ; Tooth Movement Techniques/adverse effects* ; Root Resorption/etiology* ; Consensus ; Dental Cementum ; Risk Factors

Objective:To explore the application effect of disease-oriented digitalized teaching model in the undergraduate teaching of stomatology.Methods:A total of 34 undergraduate students in clinical medicine from Batch 2018 were selected as the control group 1, 24 undergraduate students in stomatology from Batch 2015 were selected as the control group 2, and 23 undergraduate students in stomatology from Batch 2018 were collected as the experimental group. The two control groups all accepted the traditional teaching mode, and the experimental group accepted the disease-oriented digitalized teaching model. Finally, the teaching effect was evaluated through questionnaire surveys and less difficult oral professional tests. The SPSS 24.0 was used to conduct t test. Results:After accepting this teaching model, students improved their understanding of the concept of "organism" and "disease" ( P<0.05), and they had a positive evaluation of this teaching model. It was found that the tests scores of the experimental group (42.17±1.21) were significantly higher than those of non-dental major students of the same Batch (24.71±1.42) ( P<0.05), with significant differences, while without significant difference between the tests scores of the senior stemmatological students (43.33±1.30) ( P>0.05). Conclusion:This teaching model enables students to establish the concept of "organism" and form a disease-oriented knowledge framework before entering the decentralized professional courses, which may further stimulates the interest of junior students in their majors, and enhances their professional awareness compared with traditional teaching model. It's also a useful exploration for teaching hospitals to conduct teaching activities of junior undergraduates outside the classroom.

ObjectiveToclarifytheprotectiveactionofaChinesemedicine,Jie-Du-Qu-Yu-Zi-Shen prescription, on the lupus nephritis in MRL/lpr mice through the TLR9-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway .Methods Thirty MRL/lpr mice were randomly divided into model group , prednisone group , and traditional Chinese medicine ( TCM) group (n=10).Each treatment group received appropriate treatment or drug therapy for 8 weeks.The pathological changes of mouse renal tissues in the three groups were examined and compared using HE , PAS, and Masson staining .Real-time PCR was performed to compare the expression of TLR-9, MyD88, NF-κBm RNA mRNA in each group of the mice . Results Compared with the model group , the Chinese medicine Jie-Du-Qu-Yu-Zi-Shen prescription significantly improved the renal pathological tissue damages in the MRL/lpr mice.Real-time PCR assay showed that the expression levels of TLR-9, MyD88, NF-κB mRNA in the TCM group were significantly lowered (P<0.01 for all).The differences between the TCM group and prednisone group were statistically not significant ( P >0.05 ) .Conclusions Jie-Du-Qu-Yu-Zi-Shen prescription has protective effect on the kidney of MRL /lpr mice, alleviating its pathological changes , and delaying the disease course, probably, through inhibiting the TLR-9-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway in the kidneys of MRL/lpr mice.