BACKGROUND:Gradient artificial bone repair scaffolds can mimic unique anatomical features in musculoskeletal tissues,showing great potential for repairing injured musculoskeletal tissues. OBJECTIVE:To review the latest research advances in gradient artificial bone repair scaffolds for tissue engineering in the musculoskeletal system and describe their advantages and fabrication strategies. METHODS:The first author of the article searched the Web of Science and PubMed databases for articles published from 2000 to 2023 with search terms"gradient,bone regeneration,scaffold".Finally,76 papers were analyzed and summarized after the screening. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)As an important means of efficient and high-quality repair of skeletal system tissues,gradient artificial bone repair scaffolds are currently designed bionically for the natural gradient characteristics of bone tissue,bone-cartilage,and tendon-bone tissue.These scaffolds can mimic the extracellular matrix of native tissues to a certain extent in terms of structure and composition,thus promoting cell adhesion,migration,proliferation,differentiation,and regenerative recovery of damaged tissues to their native state.(2)Advanced manufacturing technology provides more possibilities for gradient artificial bone repair scaffold preparation:Gradient electrospun fiber scaffolds constructed by spatially differentiated fiber arrangement and loading of biologically active substances have been developed;gradient 3D printed scaffolds fabricated by layered stacking,graded porosity,and bio-3D printing technology;gradient hydrogel scaffolds fabricated by in-situ layered injections,simple layer-by-layer stacking,and freeze-drying method;and in addition,there are also scaffolds made by other modalities or multi-method coupling.These scaffolds have demonstrated good biocompatibility in vitro experiments,were able to accelerate tissue regeneration in small animal tests,and were observed to have significantly improved histological structure.(3)The currently developed gradient artificial bone repair scaffolds have problems such as mismatch of gradient scales,unclear material-tissue interactions,and side effects caused by degradation products,which need to be further optimized by combining the strengths of related disciplines and clinical needs in the future.

OBJECTIVES: Papular dermatoses commonly affecting the female vulva, such as molluscum contagiosum, syringoma, lymphangioma, folliculitis, verruca vulgaris, ectopic sebaceous glands, and bowenoid papulosis, often present with similar clinical appearances and are frequently misdiagnosed. This study aims to explore the clinical diagnostic value of reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) in differentiating these conditions. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on RCM imaging and histopathological findings from lesion sites in 172 female patients with vulval papular dermatoses. RCM characteristics confirmed by biopsy were summarized and diagnostic clues were explored. RESULTS: RCM diagnosis was consistent with histopathological diagnosis in 147 out of 172 cases (85.47%). Molluscum contagiosum, syringoma, lymphangioma, and folliculitis all exhibited cystic-like structures under RCM, differing in the location of the structures, wall characteristics, internal contents, and reflectivity. Verruca vulgaris, ectopic sebaceous glands, and bowenoid papulosis lacked such structures. Verruca vulgaris showed distinctive low-refractive vacuolated cells in the spinous layer; bowenoid papulosis exhibited mild cytologic atypia in the spinous layer; ectopic sebaceous glands were characterized by moderately to low-refractive, fish roe-like sebaceous lobules within the dermis. CONCLUSIONS RCM enables noninvasive, real-time, and dynamic visualization of key diagnostic and differential features of common vulvar papular dermatoses in women, offering high diagnostic value.
Humans ; Female ; Microscopy, Confocal/methods* ; Retrospective Studies ; Adult ; Vulvar Diseases/diagnosis* ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult ; Aged ; Adolescent ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Child ; Skin Diseases/pathology* ; Molluscum Contagiosum/diagnosis*

In recent decades,the incidence of human papillomavirus(HPV)-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma(OPSCC)has shown a marked increase.Significant changes have also occurred in the OPSCC diagnosis and treatment paradigm.Deter-mining HPV status prior to treatment is now essential,and radiotherapy/chemotherapy,immunotherapy,and minimally invasive surgical techniques have progressively emerged as key modalities for managing OPSCC.However,alongside these paradigm shifts,a comprehen-sive technical consensus guiding the entire diagnostic and therapeutic process for OPSCC patients is currently lacking.Given China's large population base and the rising incidence of OPSCC,an expert panel convened to develop a clinical technical consensus on OPSCC diagno-sis and management tailored to China's specific context.This consensus aims to further enhance and standardize understanding of OPSCC management techniques among relevant healthcare professionals.

In recent decades,the incidence of human papillomavirus(HPV)-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma(OPSCC)has shown a marked increase.Significant changes have also occurred in the OPSCC diagnosis and treatment paradigm.Deter-mining HPV status prior to treatment is now essential,and radiotherapy/chemotherapy,immunotherapy,and minimally invasive surgical techniques have progressively emerged as key modalities for managing OPSCC.However,alongside these paradigm shifts,a comprehen-sive technical consensus guiding the entire diagnostic and therapeutic process for OPSCC patients is currently lacking.Given China's large population base and the rising incidence of OPSCC,an expert panel convened to develop a clinical technical consensus on OPSCC diagno-sis and management tailored to China's specific context.This consensus aims to further enhance and standardize understanding of OPSCC management techniques among relevant healthcare professionals.

OBJECTIVETo reconstruct mandibular defect using tissue engineering bone with bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) cell sheets and investigate the effect of cell sheets on osteogenesis.

METHODSBMSCs were isolated with the method of density gradient centrifugation from canine and cultured. BMSCs were induced to differentiate to osteoblasts. BMSCs induced were fabricated to BMSCs cell sheets. The poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) wrapped with cell sheets were implanted into the mandibular defect in the left side (experimental side). PLGA wrapped without cell sheets were implanted into the right side (control side) of mandibles. 16 dogs were evenly divided into 4 groups, and one group of them was executed in 4, 8, 12, 16 weeks for gross investigation and histological observation.

RESULTSThe osteogenesis of experimental side was better than that of control side. 16 weeks after implantation, most areas of the mandibular defect were replaced by fresh bone tissue. Compact bone similar to normal bone tissue formed in the lingual defect of mandible and had bony union with the bone stump. The optical density of the fresh bone in the experimental side was higher than that of the control side, there was a significant difference between the two methods (P<0.05). Plenty of lamellar bones formed in experimental side and Haversian system, as well as red marrow, were observed.

CONCLUSIONTissue engineering bone with the structure of lamellar bones can be formed by the technology of BMSCs cell sheets.

Animals ; Bone Marrow Cells ; Bone and Bones ; Dogs ; Lactic Acid ; Mandible ; Osteoblasts ; Osteogenesis ; Polyesters ; Polyglycolic Acid ; Polymers ; Tissue Engineering

Using mutation PCR, we cloned the target gene containing 421-480nt (141-160aa) and 598-639nt (200-213aa) of VP1 gene of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) into the deleted region (508-532aa) of Nsp2 gene of a highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus derived vaccine strain (HuN4-F112) that was used as vector. The recombinant cDNA was in vitro transcribed followed by transfection of BHK-21 cells for 36 h. Then, the supernatant of the cell culture was continuously seeded to monolayer of MARC-145 cells for recovery of the recombinant virus. CPE was obviously visible after a couple of passages in the seeded MARC-145, and the rescued virus (designated as rPRRSV-F112-O/VP1ep) was identified by Mlu I digestion, sequencing and immunofluorescence assay. Meanwhile, expression of inserted FMDV epitopes was also detected by indirect immunofluorescence assay with polyclonal antibodies against VP1 protein of FMDV. The analysis of biological characteristics shows that the titer of the rescued recombinant PRRSV (TCID50 = -log10(-6.75)/0.1 mL) was similar to its direct parental virus rHuN4-F112-delta508-532, but higher than rHuN4-F112.
Animals ; Antigens, Viral ; immunology ; Base Sequence ; Capsid Proteins ; immunology ; Cell Line ; Cysteine Endopeptidases ; genetics ; Epitopes ; genetics ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease ; immunology ; prevention & control ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus ; genetics ; immunology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus ; genetics ; immunology ; Recombination, Genetic ; Swine ; Transfection ; Vaccines, Attenuated ; genetics ; immunology ; Viral Envelope Proteins ; genetics ; immunology ; Viral Vaccines ; genetics ; immunology