Objective To understand the current situation of healthcare-associated infection(HAI)in China,pro-vide data support and decision-making basis for formulating scientific and effective strategies for HAI prevention and control.Methods A nationwide cross-sectional survey on HAI was conducted among various types and levels of medical institutions in China according to a unified protocol of bedside surveys and case investigations.Results In 2024,a total of 5 736 medical institutions and 2 751 765 patients were surveyed.Among them,34 889 HAI cases were identified,with a prevalence rate of 1.27％.The number of HAI episodes was 38 032,and case prevalence rate was 1.38％.The prevalence rate of HAI in medical institutions in different regions of China ranged from 0.66％to 2.35％.Among medical institutions of different scales,those with a bed capacity of ≥900 had the high-est incidence of HAI,reaching 1.65％.The most common infection site was the lower respiratory tract(44.66％),followed by the urinary tract(12.94％),surgical site(9.32％),upper respiratory tract(7.02％),and bloodstream infection(5.78％).The top 3 departments with the highest HAI rates were the general intensive care unit(10.02％),department of neurosurgery(5.51％),and department(group)of hematology(5.34％).A total of 23 238 strains of HAI pathogens were detected,with 10 714 strains(46.10％)from lower respiratory tract speci-mens.The top 5 detected strains were Klebsiella pneumoniae(14.76％),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(13.33％),Escherichia coli(12.79％),Acinetobacter baumannii(9.23％),and Staphylococcus aureus(7.88％).231 944 pa-tients underwent class Ⅰ incision surgery were monitored,with 1 647 cases experienced surgical site infection,and the prevalence rate of surgical site infection was 0.71％.The number of patients who should undergo pathogen de-tection(patients receiving therapeutic and therapeutic combined prophylactic antimicrobial agents)was 715 179,while the actual number was 480 492,with a pathogen detection rate of 67.18％.425 225 patients received patho-genic detection before treatment,with a detection rate of 59.46％.Conclusion The overall HAI prevalence in Chi-na is lower,showing disparities among medical institutions of different regions and scales.Therefore,precise imple-mentation of measures is necessary for HAI prevention and control,with a focus on high-risk institutions and high-risk departments,key areas,and critical procedures.All levels of medical institutions should continuously reduce the incidence of HAI by strengthening monitoring,standardizing the use of antimicrobial agents,and reinforcing basic HAI prevention and control measures.

Objective To understand the current situation of healthcare-associated infection(HAI)in China,pro-vide data support and decision-making basis for formulating scientific and effective strategies for HAI prevention and control.Methods A nationwide cross-sectional survey on HAI was conducted among various types and levels of medical institutions in China according to a unified protocol of bedside surveys and case investigations.Results In 2024,a total of 5 736 medical institutions and 2 751 765 patients were surveyed.Among them,34 889 HAI cases were identified,with a prevalence rate of 1.27％.The number of HAI episodes was 38 032,and case prevalence rate was 1.38％.The prevalence rate of HAI in medical institutions in different regions of China ranged from 0.66％to 2.35％.Among medical institutions of different scales,those with a bed capacity of ≥900 had the high-est incidence of HAI,reaching 1.65％.The most common infection site was the lower respiratory tract(44.66％),followed by the urinary tract(12.94％),surgical site(9.32％),upper respiratory tract(7.02％),and bloodstream infection(5.78％).The top 3 departments with the highest HAI rates were the general intensive care unit(10.02％),department of neurosurgery(5.51％),and department(group)of hematology(5.34％).A total of 23 238 strains of HAI pathogens were detected,with 10 714 strains(46.10％)from lower respiratory tract speci-mens.The top 5 detected strains were Klebsiella pneumoniae(14.76％),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(13.33％),Escherichia coli(12.79％),Acinetobacter baumannii(9.23％),and Staphylococcus aureus(7.88％).231 944 pa-tients underwent class Ⅰ incision surgery were monitored,with 1 647 cases experienced surgical site infection,and the prevalence rate of surgical site infection was 0.71％.The number of patients who should undergo pathogen de-tection(patients receiving therapeutic and therapeutic combined prophylactic antimicrobial agents)was 715 179,while the actual number was 480 492,with a pathogen detection rate of 67.18％.425 225 patients received patho-genic detection before treatment,with a detection rate of 59.46％.Conclusion The overall HAI prevalence in Chi-na is lower,showing disparities among medical institutions of different regions and scales.Therefore,precise imple-mentation of measures is necessary for HAI prevention and control,with a focus on high-risk institutions and high-risk departments,key areas,and critical procedures.All levels of medical institutions should continuously reduce the incidence of HAI by strengthening monitoring,standardizing the use of antimicrobial agents,and reinforcing basic HAI prevention and control measures.

ObjectiveTo explore the characteristics of circadian rhythm of blood pressure in patients with masked hypertension （MH） and its relationship with twelve two-hour peirods， providing a basis for early detection and intervention of MH. MethodsPatients who underwent 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure examination in the ambulatory blood pressure room of Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine from January to December 2022 were enrolled， and according to their outpatient blood pressure measurements， 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and follow-up survey results， the MH， essential hypertension （EH） and normal blood pressure groups were classified， with 50 cases in each group. The general data， office blood pressure and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring data were collected. The circadian rhythm of blood pressure including 24-hour average systolic blood pressure （24h SBP）， daytime average systolic blood pressure （d SBP）， nighttime average systolic blood pressure （n SBP）， 24-hour average diastolic blood pressure （24h DBP）， daytime average diastolic blood pressure （d DBP）， and nighttime average diastolic blood pressure （n DBP） were compared among the groups， and the nighttime blood pressure dipping percentage was calculated. The type of circadian rhythm was determined based on the nighttime blood pressure dipping percentage. The variability of blood pressure including 24h SBP standard deviation （24h SBP-SD）， d SBP standard deviation （dSBP-SD）， n SBP standard deviation （nSBP-SD）， 24h DBP standard deviation （24h DBP-SD）， d DBP standard deviation （dDBP-SD）， and n DBP standard deviation （nDBP-SD） were compared among groups， and the corresponding coefficient of variation （CV）， that is， 24h SBP-CV， d SBP-CV， n SBP-CV， 24h DBP-CV， d DBP-CV and n DBP-CV， were calculated. Based on the 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring results， the twelve two-hour average SBP and DBP in each group were calculated and compared. Simultaneously， patients with EH were divided into grades 1， 2， and 3 for further stratified analysis. ResultsThe age of the MH group was significantly higher than that of the EH group and the normal blood pressure group （P＜0.01）. The body mass index （BMI） and the proportion of smoking and alcohol consumption in the MH group and the EH group were significantly higher than those in the normal blood pressure group （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. In the normal blood pressure group， there were 49 dipper patterns （98.0%） and one non-dipper pattern （2.0%）； in the MH group， there were two dipper patterns （4.0%）， 29 non-dipper patterns （58.0%） and 19 reverse-dipper patterns （38.0%）； in the EH group， there were 20 dipper patterns （40.0%）， 23 non-dipper patterns （46.0%） and seven reverse-dipper patterns （14.0%）. Compared to the normal blood pressure group， the groups of MH and EH had significantly decreased proportion of dipper pattern and increased proportion of non-dipper and reverse-dipper pattern （P＜0.01）； the proportion of dipper pattern in the MH group was lower than that in the EH group， while the proportion of reverse-dipper pattern was higher （P＜0.01）. Compared to those in the normal blood pressure group， n SBP and n DBP in the MH group， as well as the the average SBP and average DBP at Zi hour （子时， 23：00-1：00）， Chou hour （丑时， 1：00-3：00）， Yin hour （寅时， 3：00-5：00）， Mao hour （卯时， 5：00-7：00） and average SBP at Hai hour （亥时， 21：00-23：00） in the MH group increased，while the average DBP at Si hour （巳时， 9：00-11：00） decreased （P＜0.01）； 24h SBP， 24h DBP， d SBP， d DBP， n SBP， and n DBP，d SBP-SD， n SBP-SD，n DBP-SD increased， as well as the average SBP and average DBP at twelve two-hour periods increased in the EH group，while the 24h SBP-CV， 24h DBP-CV，and d DBP-CV in the EH group decreased（P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. The EH group had higher 24h SBP， 24h DBP， d SBP， d DBP， n SBP， n DBP， 24h DBP-SD and n DBP-SD ， as well as higher average SBP and DBP at all twelve two-hour periods， and lower d DBP-CV than the MH group（P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. The EH group had 18 cases of grade 1 （36.0％）， 19 cases of grade 2 （38.0％） and 13 cases of grade 3 （26.0％）， with no significant differences among groups （P＞0.05）. ConclusionThe circadian rhythm of blood pressure in MH patients are mostly non-dipper and reverse-dipper patterns， and the abnormal elevation of blood pressure is obvious at Zi hour， Chou hour， Yin hour and Mao hour （23：00-7：00）.

Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism* ; Butyrates ; Ligands ; Glucose ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism* ; Glycogen Synthase Kinases/metabolism* ; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta ; Phosphorylation

Objective:To assess the association of hemoglobin (Hb) levels with the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods:A cross-sectional study. From January 2017 to December 2018, 707 patients with T2DM who were hospitalized in the Department of Internal Medicine of Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Medical University, were included in the study. All patients underwent color photography of the fundus of both eyes with dilated pupils. According to DR diagnostic criteria, patients were divided into DR group and non-DR (NDR) group, with 210 and 497 cases, respectively; DR group was further divided into non-proliferative DR group (NPDR) group and proliferative DR (PDR) group, about 186, 24 cases, respectively. Hb level was detected, single factor analysis of its correlation with DR; logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between Hb level and DR risk.Results:The Hb levels of the patients in the NDR group and the DR group were 140.58±17.26 and 132.35±23.48 g/dl; compared with the NDR group, the Hb level of the DR group was significantly lower, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=5.107, P=0.000). In the NDR group, NPDR group, and PDR group, Hb levels of male patients were 149.3±1.01, 142.6±2.35, 132.9±8.44 g/dl, respectively; Hb levels of female patients were 131.7±0.90, 124.0±2.09, 116.8±5.23 g/dl. With the progress of DR, Hb levels of different sexes decreased significantly, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.000 1). The results of correlation analysis showed that Hb reduction was an independent risk factor for DR (odds ratio=4.437, 95% confidence interval 2.590-7.603, P<0.000 1). Conclusion:The reduction of Hb in T2DM patients is positively correlated with the severity of DR.

Radiation pneumonitis is a common complication in the radiotherapy for thoracic malignant tumors. And the resulting respiratory failure is one of the most serious side effects. The occurrence and severity of radiation pneumonitis depend on many factors such as age, performance status scores, smoking status, lung condition, tumor sizes, tumor location, chemoradiotherapy related factors, inflammatory factors and single-nucleotide polymorphism, et al. Some imaging examinations, for example single-photon emission computed tomography and PET-CT, have been used to predict radiation pneumonitis, while its usefulness remains to be strengthened. Further researches are still needed to find the gold standard in the prediction of radiation pneumonitis.

Objective: To study the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Ureaplasma urealyticum (Uu) and Mycoplasma hominis (Mh) in Changsha, and provide laboratory evidence for clinical drug use. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted to analyze 53 006 specimens of suspected genital mycoplasma infection in Xiangya Second Hospital of Changsha District and Hunan Wangwang Hospital from 2010 to 2017, and to analyze the infection rate and drug resistance rate of Uu and Mh. Results: From 2010 to 2017, a total of 53 006 specimens were detected, where there were 16 830 cases of Uu infection, the infection rate was 31.75%; 2 471 cases of Mh infection, the infection rate was 4.66%; and 1 071 cases of Uu and Mh mixed infection, the infection rate was 2.02%. Male Uu infection rate was 19.48%(5 989/30 749), which was lower than the female infection rate 48.71%(10 841/22 257) (χ²=5 091, P<0.001); male Mh infection rate was 3.16%(973/30 749), lower than female infection rate 6.73%(1 498/22 257) (χ²=369,P<0.001). The population of genital mycoplasma infection is concentrated between 20 and 40 years old, accounting for 71.76% (12 077/16 830). The drug resistance rates of Uu and Mh to doxycycline and minocycline were less than 2%, while the drug resistance rate to quinolones was higher; The resistance rate of Uu to macrolide antibiotics such as erythromycin, josamycin and clarithromycin were less than 2%, while the resistance rate to azithromycin, erythromycin and roxithromycin were higher, 29.74%(5 006/16 830) and 53.74%(9 045/16 830), respectively, and the resistance rate of Mh to macrolide antibiotics (except josamycin) was higher than 90%.Between 2010 and 2017, a gradually increasing resistance of ureaplasmas to azithromycin, from 3.81% (46/1 206) in 2010 to 53.15% (1 503/2 828) in 2017, and decreasing resistance to gatifloxacin and thiamphenicol were observed, from 76.78% (926/1 206) and 60.28% (727/1 206) in 2010 decreased to 34.23% (968/2 828) and 37.87% (1 071/2 828) in 2017, respectively. The resistance rate of Mh to gatifloxacin and thiamphenicol were decreased, from 68.93% (122/177) and 41.81% (74/177) in 2010 to 53.54% (159/297) and 21.21% (63/297) in 2017, respectively. Conclusions Doxycycline, minocyclinum and josamycin are good treatment options for genital mycoplasma in Changsha. The resistance rate of Uu to azithromycin is increasing, suggesting that the abuse of azithromycin is present in Changsha, and indicating that better management of antibiotics is necessary.

Objectives To analyze the changes of serum complement C1q level in patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) and investigate whether it is associated with lipid metabolism and glycometabolism. Methods In a cross-sectional study, the subjects were selected as the patients and healthy people who went to the second xiangya hospital of central south university from July 2017 to June 2018. A total of 152 MS patients were enrolled and another 90 healthy subjects were enrolled as control group. Anthropometry parameters such as body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured. Serum concentrations of C1q and other biochemical indexes including blood glucose (GLU), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured in all groups. The correlations between C1q and these parameters were analyzed by spearman's rho test and the clinical value of C1q in predicting MS was further evaluated by stepwise multiple linear regression analysis. Results MS group had higher serum C1q levels (244.34±62.66) mg/L compared with the control group (202.37±35.92) mg/L (t=-6.250, P=0.000). C1q levels (244.34±62.66) mg/L were positively associated with TG levels [2.34(1.89, 3.62)] mmol/L (r=0.245, P=0.001), TC levels (4.91±1.26) mmol/L (r=0.398, P=0.000), LDL-C levels (3.23±1.03) mmol/L (r=0.325, P=0.000) in MS group, While C1q levels (258.92±69.59)mg/L were positively associated with SBP (144.76 ± 22.94) mmHg (r=0.388, P=0.018), TG levels [2.65(1.87, 3.82)] mmol / L (r=0.482, P=0.003), TC levels (5.18±1.31) mmol/L (r=0.529,P=0.001) in MS patients with obesity. The stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that TG levels were independently correlated with serum C1q levels both in MS patients (β=0.302, P=0.000) and in MS patients with obesity (β=0.653, P=0.000) after adjusting for age, gender and other biochemical markers. Conclusions MS patients had higher C1q levels than healthy subjects and serum C1q levels were closely positive related to harmful lipid profiles. Serum TG level was an independent influencing factor of serum C1q in MS patients.

Objective? To expLore the effects of Home FaLL Hazards Assessment (HFHA) on the incidence rate of home faLLs and recovery of hip function in patients receiving totaL hip arthropLasty (THA). Methods? TotaLLy 423 patients who received uniLateraL THA for the first time in the Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing Drum Tower HospitaL admitted from JuLy 2015 to JuLy 2017 were seLected by convenient sampLing and divided into the controL group (n=203) and the treatment group (n=220). Patients in the controL group received conventionaL postoperative nursing care and discharge guidance, whiLe the home faLL hazards of patients in the treatment group were evaLuated by HFHA in addition to conventionaL postoperative nursing care and discharge guidance. Nursing care was provided to them based on the assessment resuLts. The joint function score at discharge and 3 months after discharge, the incidence rate of faLLs over the past one year and the severity of injury caused by faLLs were compared between the two groups. ResuLts? There was no statisticaL difference in Harris index and BartheL index scores between the two groups at discharge (P＞ 0.05). Harris index and BartheL index scores 3 months after discharge were statisticaL differences in both groups (P＜0.05). 55 faLLs occurred over the past one year in the controL group, 7 of them with moderate or above injuries, whiLe 35 faLLs occurred over the past one year in the treatment group, 1 of them with moderate or above injuries. There were statisticaL differences in the incidence rate of faLLs and injury degrees between the two groups (P＜0.05). ConcLusions? HFHA, when used to assess the home faLL hazards, enabLes THA patients to know and note the high-risk hazards contributing to faLLs in their environment of rehabiLitation and effectiveLy reduces the patients home faLLs by improving the home environment.

Objective To preliminarily understand the current status of medication safety management of medical institutions in China. Methods Medication Safety Panel in China Core Group of International Network for the Rational Use of Drugs (INRUD) and Chinese Pharmacological Society Professional Committee of Drug-induced Diseases jointly established a research group. Basing on the voluntary principle,members (medical institutions)of the group did medication safety self-assessment using the questionnaires of "2011 ISMP Medication Safety Self Assessment? for Hospitals (Chinese version)", which included 10 key elements,20 core indicators,and 270 assessment projects. The questionnaires were handed out on August 17,2018 and needed to be completed and submitted within 2 months. Results As of October 19,2018,67 hospitals of 16 provincial administrative regions in total had submitted their questionnaires,including 61 (91. 0％)3A hospitals and 6 (9％)2A hospitals. The average value of total scores of medication safety self-assessment in the 67 hospitals was 58. 9％ (7. 6％ -90. 0％). None of the 67 hospitals evaluated the key element Ⅵ(medication device acquisition,use,and monitoring). The scores of the other 9 key elements from high to low were 67. 6％,66. 2％,65. 1％,64. 8％,64. 1％,58. 2％, 54. 5％,54. 4％,and 52. 5％ respectively for element Ⅶ (environmental factors,workflow and staffing patterns),element Ⅳ(drug labeling,packaging and nomenclature),element Ⅸ (patient education), element Ⅲ(communication of drug orders and other drug information),element Ⅷ (staff competency and education),element Ⅴ(drug standardization,storage and distribution),element Ⅹ (quality processes and risk management),element Ⅰ (patient information),and element Ⅱ (drug information). Conclusion The data of medication safety from 67 hospitals of 16 provincial administrative regions were obtained through the first national self-assessment questionnaire survey in medical institutions,which initially reflected the current status of medication safety in medical institutions in China.