Natural polysaccharides have important physiological effects on immune regulation,and their effects on natural and ac-quired immunity are worthy of further discussion.Natural polysaccharides can regulate the innate immune system by regulating macro-phages,natural killer cells,inflammatory response,physiological barrier,complement system,and oxidation of the body,and they can also regulate the adaptive immune system by regulating humoral immunity and cellular immunity.Therefore,this article reviews the re-search advances in the role of natural polysaccharides in innate immunity and adaptive immunity,in order to provide new ideas for fur-ther research.

Tumor microenvironment(TME)is the cellular environment for tumor development,growth,and metastasis.Adenosine(ADO)is an immunosuppressive metabolic product that is continuously upregulated in TME,with various types and wide distribution of receptors.The complex and dynamic interactions between ADO and tumor cells constantly influence tumor progression.ADO can di-rectly or indirectly promote tumor development and progression by promoting tumor generation and metastasis,mediating the immune escape of tumor,and modulating tumor-infiltrating immune cells.Based on the characteristics of ADOs in TME,this article reviews the latest advances in the dynamic alterations of ADO in TME,in order to provide insights into tumor treatment targeting the ADO pathway.

Objective:To observe the effects of acupuncture and moxibustion on interleukin(IL)-9/IL-9 receptor(IL-9R)in the colon tissue of rats with ulcerative colitis(UC)and investigate the protective mechanism of acupuncture and moxibustion on the intestinal mucosal barrier in UC rats. Methods:Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a normal control(NC)group and a modeling group.UC models were prepared by giving 4%dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)water for 7 d.After the successful construction of the UC rat model,the modeling group was randomly divided into a UC group,a herb-insulated moxibustion(HM)group,and an electroacupuncture(EA)group.HM and EA interventions at bilateral Tianshu(ST25)were performed once a day for 7 d.Hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining was used to observe the histopathological changes in the colon.The serum concentrations of IL-9,IL-6,IL-1β,and hemoglobin-H(HbH)were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The protein expression levels of IL-9,IL-9R,claudin-2,zonula occludens-1(ZO-1),and occludin in the colon tissue were measured by Western blotting or immuno-histochemistry.Immunofluorescence was used to detect the co-expression of PU.1 and CD4 with the IL-9 protein. Results:Compared with the NC group,the colon tissue of UC rats was severely damaged and ulcerated with congestion and edema,and the colonic histopathological score increased significantly(P<0.01).The serum HbH concentration decreased significantly(P<0.01),while the serum concentrations of IL-9,IL-6,and IL-1β increased(P<0.01).The protein expression of colonic ZO-1 and occludin decreased significantly(P<0.01),while the protein expression of colonic IL-9 and IL-9R increased(P<0.05).The positive co-expression levels of IL-9/PU.1 and IL-9/CD4 increased in the colon tissue(P<0.05).Compared with the UC group,the colonic mucosal structures were gradually repaired in both HM group and EA group,and healed ulcers could be observed,the colonic histopathological score decreased significantly(P<0.05).The serum concentration of HbH increased(P<0.01),while the serum concentrations of IL-9,IL-6,and IL-1β decreased(P<0.05).The protein expression levels of ZO-1 and occludin increased(P<0.05),while the protein expression levels of IL-9 and IL-9R decreased(P<0.01).The positive co-expression levels of IL-9/PU.1 and IL-9/CD4 decreased in the colon tissue(P<0.05). Conclusion:Both HM and EA can inhibit the protein expression levels of IL-9 and IL-9R in the UC colon by regulating the transcription factor PU.1,promote the repair of intestinal mucosal barrier,and down-regulate protein contents of proinflammatory factors IL-9,IL-6,and IL-1β in the serum,which may be one of the key mechanisms of acupuncture and moxibustion in reducing the inflammation of UC colonic mucosa and protecting the intestinal mucosal barrier.

Objective:Anterior cruciate ligament injury is the most common type of knee joint ligament injury.Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction has a high failure rate,with bone tunnel abnormalities as the most significant factor in these failures.Digital orthopedic technology can effectively develop implementation plans for the revision,thus increasing the success rate.This study aims to develop a surgical plan for anterior cruciate ligament revision by employing multiplanar reconstruction(MPR)for measuring bone tunnel position and diameter,and simulating bone tunnel creation via 3D printing preoperatively. Methods:A total of 12 patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament revision at the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University between 2014 and 2021 were retrospectively studied.The data included patient demographics,preoperative formulated knee joint 3D printing models,and preoperative knee CT scans.The study measured the bone tunnel's diameter and position to guide the establishment of revision bone tunnels during surgery,reassessed the postoperative bone tunnels,and evaluated knee joint functional scores[including International Knee Documentation Committee Knee Evaluation Form(IKDC)score,Lysholm score,and Tegner exercise level score]. Results:Preoperative measurements revealed suboptimal femoral tunnels positions in 4 patients and tibial tunnels positions in 2 patients.MPR and 3D printing technology were used to guide the establishment of a new bone canal during surgery,and postoperative measurements were satisfactory for all patients.Preoperative measurements demonstrated the interclass correlation coefficient for femoral tunnels and tibial tunnels diameters were 0.843(P<0.05)and 0.889(P<0.001),respectively.Meanwhile,the intraclass correlation coefficient were 0.811(P<0.05)and 0.784(P<0.05),respectively.The intraoperative diameter of femoral and tibial tunnels showed excellent correlation with postoperative CT measurements,with intraclass correlation coefficient values of 0.995(P<0.001)and 0.987(P<0.001),respectively.All bone tunnel positions were within the normal range.At the final follow-up,knee joint function scores in all 12 patients improved significantly compared to pre-surgery(P<0.001),and the reoperation rate was zero. Conclusion:MPR and 3D printing technology can accurately measure the parameters of reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament bone tunnels.Personalized revision plans for patients with reconstruction failure enhances the success rate of revision surgery and improves patient prognosis.

Objective:To summarize the evidence of cognitive training in breast cancer patients with chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment, so as to provide evidence-based evidence for clinical decision-making and practice.Methods:The literature about the relevant cognitive training in breast cancer patients with chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment were searched for CNKI, VIP database, Wanfang, SinoMed, PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, Embase, Cochrane Library, JBI as well as home and abroad official website of relevant professional institutes, including clinical decisions, guidelines, evidence summaries, systematic reviews, best practice information manuals, expert consensuses, and high-quality original studies. The literature retrieval period was from the database construction to March 1, 2023. Two researchers screened and evaluated the quality of the included literature, and extracted, generalized and summarized evidence according to the topic.Results:A total of 17 articles were involved, including 3 clinical decisions, 4 guidelines, 2 evidence summaries, and 8 systematic reviews. Finally, 6 evidence topics and 25 pieces of best evidences were formed, including screening and evaluation, training principles, training time, training place, training content, training effect.Conclusions:Cognitive training can effectively improve cognitive function in breast cancer patients with chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment. Medical staff should carefully select the best evidence, early screen and dynamically evaluate the cognitive changes of patients, follow the principle of step by step and dynamic adjustment, and carry out individualized cognitive training as soon as possible according to the treatment cycle and patients wishes, so as to prevent or delay chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment and improve the quality of life of patients.

Objective:To evaluate the application value of extended latissimusdorsi musculocutaneous flap combined with breast precision hand in stage Ⅰ breast reconstruction.Methods:Twelve cases of extended latissimusdorsi musculocutaneous flap combined with stage Ⅰ breast reconstruction for breast cancer precision surgery were collected from January 2022 to February 2023 in our department, the postoperative complications of surgical techniques were analyzed, and the cosmetic effects of breast reconstruction were evaluated according to Harris standards.Results:All 12 cases underwent breast reconstruction with extended latissimusdorsi musculocutaneous flap, and the survival rate of the flap was 100%. There was local cutaneous margin necrosis in 1 case of back incision, partial ischemic necrosis of the nipple in 1 case, and effusion in the donor area of the back in 5 cases. Harris evaluation of cosmetic effect of breast reconstruction was excellent in 3 cases, good in 6 cases, and fair in 3 cases. Follow-up time was 4-16 months (median was 12 months), and no local recurrence or distant metastasis was observed during follow-up.Conclusions:The extended latissimusdorsi musculocutaneous flap combined with precision mastectomy stage Ⅰ reconstruction is a safe and feasible treatment method for breast cancer.

Objective:To explore the therapeutic mechanism of electroacupuncture(EA)in treating Parkinson disease(PD)using Tandem mass tag(TMT)quantitative proteomics technology. Methods:Forty-eight PD patients were randomly divided into a control group and an observation group,with 24 patients in each group.The control group received routine drug treatment,while the observation group received EA in addition to the routine drug treatment.EA was administered for 30 min per session,3 times a week,for a total of 12 weeks.Nine patients from each group were randomly selected to provide peripheral blood serum samples before and after treatment for TMT quantitative proteomics analysis.Differentially expressed proteins between the two groups were compared,and bioinformatics analysis was performed.The screened differentially expressed proteins were validated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). Results:In the observation group,scores on the unified Parkinson disease rating scale(UPDRS),UPDRS Ⅱ,and UPDRS Ⅲ were significantly reduced after treatment(P<0.05).In the control group,these scores tended to increase,but the changes were not statistically significant(P>0.05).After treatment,the UPDRS and UPDRS Ⅲ scores in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).The observation group showed 62 differentially expressed proteins,while the control group had 36.Compared to the control group,the observation group had 142 differentially expressed proteins.These proteins were primarily involved in the cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)signaling pathway,T helper(Th)1 and Th2 cell differentiation,ATP-binding cassette transporter,vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway,and high-affinity immunoglobulin E receptor(FcεRI)signaling pathway.ELISA verification indicated that after EA treatment,the levels of α-Synuclein(αSyn)and heat shock protein beta 1(HSPB1)in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05),while the regulator of G-protein signaling 10(RGS10)level was significantly higher(P<0.05). Conclusion:EA,combined with routine drug therapy,can significantly improve clinical symptoms of PD,potentially through the regulation of the cAMP signaling pathway and the contents of differentially expressed proteins of αSyn,HSPB1,and RGS10.

Objective:To observe the effects of acupuncture and moxibustion on phosphatase and PTEN-induced putative kinase 1(PINK1)/Parkin signaling pathway in the midbrain substantia nigra of Thy1-α synuclein(αSyn)transgenic model mice with Parkinson disease(PD). Methods:Twenty-four Thy1-αSyn transgenic mice were randomly divided into a model group,an acupuncture group,an acupuncture + moxibustion group,and a Western medicine group.Six wild-type mice in the same litter were used as the wild-type group.In the acupuncture group,Baihui(GV20)and Yanglingquan(GB34)were selected for acupuncture.In the acupuncture + moxibustion group,Guanyuan(CV4)was added on the basis of the acupuncture group.The Western medicine group was given rapamycin intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 10 mg/(kg·bw).The wild-type group and the model group were fixed without intervention.The overall rod performance(ORP)score of mice was observed in each group.The immunohistochemical method was used to detect the tyrosine hydroxylase(TH)positive neurons in the substantia nigra of mice in each group.The αSyn was detected by the immunofluorescence chemical method.The expression levels of αSyn,microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3(LC3)-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ,autophagy protein sequestosome-1/protein 62(SQSTM-1/p62),PINK1,Parkin,and ubiquitin-specific protease 30(USP30)proteins were detected by Western blotting assay.The expression levels of LC3B,p62,PINK1,Parkin,and USP30 mRNAs were detected by fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results:Compared with the wild-type group,the ORP score,the p62,PINK1,and Parkin protein expression levels decreased significantly(P<0.01),the PINK1 mRNA expression level decreased(P<0.05),while the protein and mRNA expression levels of USP30 increased(P<0.05)in the model group.Compared with the model group,the ORP score in the acupuncture group and the acupuncture + moxibustion group increased(P<0.05);the expression level of LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ protein in the acupuncture + moxibustion group and the Western medicine group increased(P<0.05);the protein expression levels of p62,PINK1,and Parkin increased(P<0.05),while the USP30 protein expression level decreased significantly(P<0.01)in the acupuncture group,the acupuncture + moxibustion group,and the Western medicine group;the Parkin mRNA expression level in the acupuncture group and the acupuncture + moxibustion group increased(P<0.05);the USP30 mRNA expression level in the acupuncture + moxibustion group decreased(P<0.05). Conclusion:Acupuncture and moxibustion regulate the related molecule expression levels of PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway in the Thy1-αSyn transgenic PD model mice and promote the autophagy degradation of αSyn to exert the protective effect of dopaminergic neurons.

Objective:To observe the clinical efficacy of combining repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) with radiofrequency ablation (RF) of dorsal root ganglia in treating herpes zoster infection and neuralgia.Methods:Eighty-four individuals with a herpes zoster infection who had suffered from neuralgia for no more than 7 days were divided randomly into a control group, an rTMS group, an RF group, and an observation group, each of 21. All were treated with gabapentin, valciclovir and mecobalamin. The rTMS group received rTMS treatment, 5 days per week, for 2 consecutive weeks. The RF group received RF treatment of the dorsal root ganglia on the 15th day after enrollment, while the observation group received only the medication. Before the experiment as well as after 3, 7, 16, 30 and 60 days, all of the subjects self-assessed their discomfort using a pain visual analog scale (VAS). The Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), Quality of Life Assessment Scale (QOL-SF36), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were also administered.Results:The average VAS, HAMA, HAMD, QOL-SF36, and PSQI scores of the observation group improved continuously and significantly during and after the treatment. Beyond 16 days all of those results were significantly better than the control group′s averages, and the observation group′s average VAS, HAMA and HAMD results were also significantly better than those of the rTMS group. The observation group′s average VAS, HAMA, HAMD and PSQI scores had improved significantly more than the RF group′s averages beyond 30 days.Conclusion:Combining rTMS and dorsal root ganglion RF can effectively alleviate the early pain symptoms of herpes zoster infection and neuralgia, relieve anxiety and depression, and significantly improve sleep and life quality. Such therapy is worthy of clinical promotion and application.

Objective:To investigate the prevalence of pretreatment drug resistance and the genetic polymorphism of CRF08_BC strains among HIV-1 patients in China.Methods:This cross-sectional survey involved the plasma samples of HIV patients in a national pretreatment HIV drug resistance survey conducted in 2018. RNA was extracted from the samples. The fragments containing protease and partial reverse transcriptase (PR/RT) regions were obtained and sequenced. Drug resistance was analyzed using Stanford HIVdb Program. Differences in polymorphic mutations between drug-resistant and non-drug-resistant HIV-1 strains were analyzed by Chi-square test or Fisher′s exact test. The association between drug-resistant and polymorphic mutations was evaluated using CorMut R package. Molecular transmission networks were constructed using HIV-TRACE software. Results:Totally 465 partial pol sequences were obtained from individuals with CRF08_BC infection in 25 provinces and cities. The total pretreatment drug resistance rate was 17.8% (83/465). The pretreatment drug resistance rates to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs) were 16.6% (77/465), 1.1% (5/465) and 0.9% (4/465), respectively. The resistance rate to rilpivirine (RPV) was the highest (15.7%, 73/465). The most common mutation was E138A (11.6%, 54/465). There were six polymorphic mutations (S162C, K102Q, T200A, V179E, I202V, T200M) that co-variated with E138A. The molecular transmission network showed that patients infected with CRF08_BC strains carrying the resistant mutations at position E138 mainly gathered in clusters in Yunnan and Sichuan, and the highest degree of connection was in Lincang, Yunnan. Conclusions:In China, HIV-1 CRF08_BC-infected patients showed a high rate of pretreatment resistance to one of the second-generation NNRTIs, namely RPV. Further researches were warranted to evaluate the impacts of co-mutations of the E138A mutation and polymorphic sites on HIV resistance and replicative capacity.