Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a serious neurodevelopmental disorder with multiple causes, different subtypes and various developmental tracks. Existing studies have shown that ASD may be related to genetic and environmental factors. Studies on the relationship between intestinal microbiota, its metabolites, and ASD have not yet formed a system. Intestinal microbiota and its metabolites may be a potential factor affecting the pathogenesis of ASD. P-cresol is a toxic small molecular metabolite, which can be produced through the degradation of tyrosine by intestinal flora in human body. The harmful effects of excessive p-cresol on specific areas of the central nervous system in susceptible children may be related to the etiology of ASD. Elevated levels of p-cresol in the human body may reshape intestinal flora, affect the function of dopamine neurons, and induce ASD-related behaviors. This study summarized the updated research about the potential role of p-cresol in the pathogenesis of ASD.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a serious neurodevelopmental disorder with multiple causes, different subtypes and various developmental tracks. Existing studies have shown that ASD may be related to genetic and environmental factors. Studies on the relationship between intestinal microbiota, its metabolites, and ASD have not yet formed a system. Intestinal microbiota and its metabolites may be a potential factor affecting the pathogenesis of ASD. P-cresol is a toxic small molecular metabolite, which can be produced through the degradation of tyrosine by intestinal flora in human body. The harmful effects of excessive p-cresol on specific areas of the central nervous system in susceptible children may be related to the etiology of ASD. Elevated levels of p-cresol in the human body may reshape intestinal flora, affect the function of dopamine neurons, and induce ASD-related behaviors. This study summarized the updated research about the potential role of p-cresol in the pathogenesis of ASD.

Objective To observe the effect of four-handed technique in light cured resin veneer in the treatment of dental fluorosis. Methods Eighty outpatients with dental fluorosis in our hospital from January 2011 to January 2014 were randomly divided into two groups: 40 in the study group were treated with four-handed technique and another 40 in the control group with one-doctor manual operation. The two groups were compared in terms of treatment duration and curative effect. Result The treatment duration in the study was significantly shorter than that of the control group and the curative effect was significantly better than that of the control group (all P<0.05). Conclusion As for the light cured resin veneer in the treatment of patients with dentalfluorosis in the process , the four-handed technique is better than one-doctor manual operation.

OBJECTIVETo study the effects of PEG stress on baicalin, baicalein accumulation induced by an increased concentration of PEG solution and the related genes' expression in suspension of Scutellaria baicalensis.

METHODThe content of baicalin, baicalein in suspension of S. baicalensis was determined by HPLC. The related genes' expression was analyzed by semi-quantitative PCR.

RESULTThe content of proline in suspension of S. baicalensis was promoted by PEG treatment. Ten percent PEG treatment promoted the expression of PAL and the content of baicalein in experimental material via a drought stress. 20% PEG solution treatment promoted the expression of UBGAT. At the same time, the increased activity of APX inhibited the progress of eliminating reactive oxygen by baicalein, which induced the transformation from baicalein to baicalin.

CONCLUSIONActive ingredient in suspension of S. baicalensis was promoted significantly via a stress of light concentration of PEG solution.

Flavonoids ; metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Polyethylene Glycols ; pharmacology ; Scutellaria baicalensis ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Suspensions

AIM: To investigate the vasorelaxant effect and mechanism of EtOAc extract from Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat (CME). METHODS: The effects of CME on the contraction of rat thoracic a orta were examined. RESULTS: CME caused concentration-dependent relaxation of aorta rings precontricted with phenylephrine and K+. The effect in endothelium-intac t aorta was more effective than that in endothelium-deduced aorta. NG-nitro-L- arginine methylester, methylene blue and glibenclamide attenuated the effect of C ME significantly. However, indomethacin, propranolol, tetraethylammonium, BaCl 2, 4-aminopyridine and 5-hydroxydecanoate did not affect CME effect. The effect of SKF-525A combined with L-NAME had no obvious difference with that of L-NAME o n CME-induced relaxation. NOS activity in aorta was increased markedly by CME in vitro. CME did not reduced the contraction elicited by PE in Ca 2+-f ree medium, but reduced the contraction induced by PE in K+-free solution or C a 2+ free following input Ca 2+. CONCLUSION: CME induces both endothelium-dependent and independe nt relaxation. NO and cGMP are likely involved in the endothelium-dependent rela xation, inhibition of voltage-dependent or receptor-operate Ca 2+ channel a nd activation of ATP-sensitive K+ channel contribute in part to the endotheliu m-independent relaxation by CME.