Objective This study reports on the obligatory parasitism of water mites Arrenurus sp. on Anopheles messeae at the Manzhouli Port, Inner Mongolia, China. Methods Duing July 2024, a survey on the mosquito diversity was conducted at the Manzhouli Port. Captured mosquitoes and their ectoparasites were identified to species level. Results A total of 1840 adult mosquitoes were collected, representing species from three genera: Culex(Cx. modestus, Cx. pipiens pallens), Aedes(Ae. dorsalis, Ae. flavidorsalis, Ae. flavescens), and Anopheles (An. messeae). Among all the mosqutioes specimens,3 out of 150 captured An. messeae were found to carry ectoparasitic mites, with number of 2,4,27 mites separately. Morphological and molecular identification reached the same result as water mites(Hydrachnidiae, Hydracrina). COI gene sequence showed 94% similarity with the closest species Arrenurus truncatellus. Conlusions Literature review suggests water mites are host-specific parasitism of mosquito species and herein with the first record of Arrenurus sp. parasiting on An. Messeae in the most high-latitude region globally.

Objective To evaluate the effect of dapagliflozin on myocardial function in early spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHR)with layer-specific global longitudinal strain(GLS).Methods A total of 45 male SHR aged 6 weeks were randomly divided into control group(normal saline),dapagliflozin group[1 mg/(kg·day)],and losartan group[10 mg/(kg·day)].Fifteen male Wistar-Kyoto(WKY)rats at same age with normal blood pressure were subjected and served as blank control group.During 8 weeks of intervention,systolic blood pressure(SBP)was measured,and conventional echocardiography and two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography(2DSTE)were performed and the results were collected to acquire the longitudinal strain of each layer of left ventricular(LV)myocardium.The parameters were compared among the groups.The pathological changes of myocardium were observed in each group of rats.Results Compared with the WKY group,LV ejection fraction(LVEF)and LV fraction shortening(LVFS)at week 8 were decreased in the control group(P＜0.05),but no such decreases were observed in the dapagliflozin group and the losartan group.The GLS of endo-myocardium(GLSendo)at the 6th week was decreased,and GLSendo,GLSmid and GLSepi at the 8th week were all decreased in the control group than the WKY group(all P＜0.05).But there were no statistical differences in the above 3 indicators in the dapagliflozin and losartan groups when compared with the WKY group(all P＞0.05).The pathological results showed that myocardial interstitial fibrosis was observed in the control group at the 6th week.Conclusion Dapagliflozin can effectively improve myocardial function in early SHR.

Objective To explore the effect of exercise under cold exposure on hepatic protein ki-nase B(AKT)/forkhead box O1(FoxO1)expression in obese rats.Methods Among rats successfully induced nutritional obesity by high-fat diet,forty were selected and randomly divided into a normal-temperature control group(NC,n=10),a normal-temperature exercise group(NE,n=10),a sus-tained-cold control group(SC,n=10),and a sustained-cold exercise group(SE,n=10).The normal temperature was kept at 25°C±1°C,while the low temperature remained at 4°C±1°C,with 50%to 60%relative humidity.The exercise protocol was every other day at a speed of 25 m/min for 2 sets of 30 min each,with an interval of 10 minutes.After 5 weeks,glucose and insulin tolerance were tested by oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT)and insulin tolerance test insulin tolerance test(ITT).Then,all rats were weighed and sacrificed,then taken blood from the abdominal aorta to sepa-rate serum,followed by detection of serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT)and aspartate aminotransfer-ase(AST)levels using fully automatic biochemical analyzer.Moreover,livers were weighed to calcu-late the liver index.Meanwhile,the mRNA expressions of hepatic AKT,FoxO1 and PEPCK were de-tected using RT-qPCR,while the protein expressions of AKT,phosphorylated protein kinase B(p-AKT),and FoxO1 in the liver were measured using Western blotting.Results(1)The average body weights of the NE,SC and SE groups were significantly lower than the NC group(P<0.01),with that of the SC and SE groups significantly lower than the NE group(P<0.01).(2)Compared with the NC group,the area under the OGTT curve of the SC group decreased(P<0.01).Moreover,the area under the ITT curve of the SE group was significantly lower than the other 3 groups(P<0.01,P<0.01,P<0.05),with that of the NE and SC groups significantly lower than the NC group(P<0.05,P<0.01).(3)The liver indices of the NE,SC and SE groups were all significantly lower than the NC group(P<0.01),while the serum ALT level of the NE group was significantly lower than the NC and SE groups(P<0.05),with that of the SC group significantly lower than the NC group(P<0.01).(4)Compared with the NC group,hepatic AKT mRNA expression increased significantly in the SE group(P<0.05),while the hepatic FoxO1 and PEPCK mRNA expression decreased significantly in the other three groups(P<0.01).(5)Compared with the NC group,the liver AKT protein phosphorylation levels were significantly higher in the other three groups(P<0.05,P<0.05,P<0.01),while the FoxO1 protein expression decreased significantly(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.01).(6)Body mass,liver FoxO1,PEPCK mRNA expression,AKT protein phosphorylation level and FoxO1 protein expression level of obese rats were affected by cold exposure,exercise and cold exposure+exercise,and the liver index and serum ALT level were done by exercise and cold exposure+exercise.However,the area un-der the ITT curve and liver AKT mRNA content were impacted by cold exposure and exercise,while that under the OGTT curve was influenced by cold exposure and cold exposure+exercise.Conclu-sion Exercise under cold exposure can activate hepatic AKT/FoxO1 signaling pathway,protect liver function,increase insulin sensitivity,and effectively improve glucose metabolism in obese rats.

AIM To investigate the impact of varying dosages of Supplemented Wendan Decoction on the PI3K/Akt/FOXO1 glycolipid metabolic pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.METHODS The CCK-8 assay was used to determine the concentration of Supplemented Wendan Decoction-medicated serum.The mature adipocytes differentiated from 3T3-L1 preadipocytes after induction were further divided into the blank control group,the model group,the rosiglitazone group(10 mg/L),and the Supplemented Wendan Decoction groups(5％,10％,and 20％),followed by the sample collections after 48 hours of treatment.Oil red O staining quantified lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes;extracellular glucose levels were measured using glucose oxidase(GOD)assay;RT-qPCR analyzed mRNA expressions of IRS-1,PI3K,Akt,GLUT4,IL-6,TNF-α and IL-1β;Western blot assessed protein expressions of INSR,IRS-1,PI3K-p85,Akt,FOXO1 and GLUT4.RESULTS No significant changes in cell viability(P＞0.05)were observed in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes exposed to serum containing supplemented Wendan Decoction at different concentrations for 24,48,or 72 hours.The 3T3-L1 preadipocytes held the capacity to differentiate into mature adipocytes within a 14-day induction period.Compared to the model group,all supplemented Wendan Decoction groups exhibited reduced lipid accumulation in adipocytes and downregulated mRNA expression of IRS-1,IL-6,TNF-α and IL-1β(P＜0.01);the low-dose group demonstrated increased mRNA expressions of PI3K and GLUT4(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),alongside elevated protein expressions of INSR,IRS-1,PI3K-p85,Akt and GLUT4(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);the medium-dose group showed enhanced GLUT4 mRNA expression,and upregulated protein expressions of INSR and FOXO1(P＜0.01).After 24 hours intervention,the high-dose Supplemented Wendan Decoction group exhibited increased glucose consumption in adipocytes(P＜0.01),and elevated protein expression of INSR,Akt and FOXO1(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).CONCLUSION Supplemented Wendan Decoction reduces lipid accumulation in adipocytes,regulates glucose and lipid metabolism,and promotes metabolic homeostasis through PI3K/Akt/FOXO1 signaling pathway.

Objective To explore the effect of exercise under cold exposure on hepatic protein ki-nase B(AKT)/forkhead box O1(FoxO1)expression in obese rats.Methods Among rats successfully induced nutritional obesity by high-fat diet,forty were selected and randomly divided into a normal-temperature control group(NC,n=10),a normal-temperature exercise group(NE,n=10),a sus-tained-cold control group(SC,n=10),and a sustained-cold exercise group(SE,n=10).The normal temperature was kept at 25°C±1°C,while the low temperature remained at 4°C±1°C,with 50%to 60%relative humidity.The exercise protocol was every other day at a speed of 25 m/min for 2 sets of 30 min each,with an interval of 10 minutes.After 5 weeks,glucose and insulin tolerance were tested by oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT)and insulin tolerance test insulin tolerance test(ITT).Then,all rats were weighed and sacrificed,then taken blood from the abdominal aorta to sepa-rate serum,followed by detection of serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT)and aspartate aminotransfer-ase(AST)levels using fully automatic biochemical analyzer.Moreover,livers were weighed to calcu-late the liver index.Meanwhile,the mRNA expressions of hepatic AKT,FoxO1 and PEPCK were de-tected using RT-qPCR,while the protein expressions of AKT,phosphorylated protein kinase B(p-AKT),and FoxO1 in the liver were measured using Western blotting.Results(1)The average body weights of the NE,SC and SE groups were significantly lower than the NC group(P<0.01),with that of the SC and SE groups significantly lower than the NE group(P<0.01).(2)Compared with the NC group,the area under the OGTT curve of the SC group decreased(P<0.01).Moreover,the area under the ITT curve of the SE group was significantly lower than the other 3 groups(P<0.01,P<0.01,P<0.05),with that of the NE and SC groups significantly lower than the NC group(P<0.05,P<0.01).(3)The liver indices of the NE,SC and SE groups were all significantly lower than the NC group(P<0.01),while the serum ALT level of the NE group was significantly lower than the NC and SE groups(P<0.05),with that of the SC group significantly lower than the NC group(P<0.01).(4)Compared with the NC group,hepatic AKT mRNA expression increased significantly in the SE group(P<0.05),while the hepatic FoxO1 and PEPCK mRNA expression decreased significantly in the other three groups(P<0.01).(5)Compared with the NC group,the liver AKT protein phosphorylation levels were significantly higher in the other three groups(P<0.05,P<0.05,P<0.01),while the FoxO1 protein expression decreased significantly(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.01).(6)Body mass,liver FoxO1,PEPCK mRNA expression,AKT protein phosphorylation level and FoxO1 protein expression level of obese rats were affected by cold exposure,exercise and cold exposure+exercise,and the liver index and serum ALT level were done by exercise and cold exposure+exercise.However,the area un-der the ITT curve and liver AKT mRNA content were impacted by cold exposure and exercise,while that under the OGTT curve was influenced by cold exposure and cold exposure+exercise.Conclu-sion Exercise under cold exposure can activate hepatic AKT/FoxO1 signaling pathway,protect liver function,increase insulin sensitivity,and effectively improve glucose metabolism in obese rats.

Objective To explore the differences in coronary-based and lesion-based fat attenuation index(FAI)in patients with coronary artery disease(CAD)across different risk stratifications,and to compare the diagnostic efficiency of coronary-based and lesion-based FAI in stable CAD patients with myocardial ischemia.Methods The patients with CAD,who underwent preoperative coronary CT angiography(CCTA)and invasive coronary angiography(ICA)with coronary fractional flow reserve(FFR)measurement between Apr 2019 and Oct 2022 in Zhongshan Hospital,Fudan University,were retrospectively collected.There were 57 cases of acute coronary syndrome(ACS)patients and 206 cases of stable CAD patients included following inclusion criteria.The coronary-based and lesion-based FAI were measured,and the differences in these indices were recorded and analyzed among ACS patients,ischemic and non-ischemic groups of stable CAD patients(FFR=0.8 as the threshold).ROC curves were utilized to assess the diagnostic efficiency of coronary-based and lesion-based FAI for myocardial ischemia in stable CAD patients.Results The coronary-based FAI and lesion-based FAI in ACS patients were significantly higher than those in stable CAD patients[coronary-based FAI:(-72.40±6.83)HU vs.(-76.82±9.01)HU,P<0.001;lesion-based FAI:(-65.65±4.79)HU vs.(-77.48±8.64)HU,P<0.001].Among stable CAD patients,the lesion-based FAI in the ischemic group was significantly higher than that in the non-ischemic group[(-69.28±5.65)HU vs.(-80.10±7.75)HU,P<0.001].The diagnostic efficiency of lesion-based FAI for predicting myocardial ischemia in stable CAD patients was superior to coronary-based FAI(AUC:0.892 vs.0.525,Z=9.803,P<0.001).Conclusion Coronary-based and lesion-based FAI tended to be higher in ACS patients than in stable CAD patients,suggesting a potential for stratifying CAD patients with different risks.Lesion-based FAI showed some promise in evaluating myocardial ischemia among stable CAD patients.

Objective:To analyze the preferences of medical staff in TCM hospitals in Beijing regarding the achievements transformation of hospital traditional Chinese medicine preparations,and to provide a reference for formulating incentive policies.Methods:233 medical staff from five TCM hospitals in Beijing were taken as the research objects,and surveyed with a questionnaire designed based on the discrete choice experiment(DCE).Mixed logit models and latent class models were then used to analyze their transformation preferences.Results:The mixed Logit model revealed that seven key attributes significantly influenced medical staff's preferences for the achievements transformation of traditional Chinese medicine preparations(P<0.05).Latent class analysis identified three distinct preference groups among respondents:an organization-dependent group(27.0%),a pro-transformation group(61.4%),and a conservative group(11.6%).Conclusions:Medical Staff preferred transformation conditions that increased monthly income;utilized"human use+re-experimentation";involved the hospital's achievements transformation department as the entity;were funded by the hospital;offered a 70%profit share;enabled promotion three years earlier,and assigned patents to the hospital.The study recommends implementing diverse incentive measures and developing differentiated strategies tailored to the distinct Medical Staff categories to facilitate the transformation of hospital traditional Chinese medicine preparations into new drugs.

Objective To develop a deep learning model based on fundus retinal images to improve the detection rate of mild cognitive impairment(MCI)in patients with coronary heart disease,achieve early intervention and improve prognosis.Methods The study was a single-center cross-sectional study that retrospectively included patients diagnosed with coronary heart disease(CHD)by coronary angiography(≥50％ stenosis of at least one coronary vessel)from Beijing Anzhen Hospital between November 2021 and December 2022.The whole data set was randomly divided into the training set and the testing set according to the ratio of 8∶2 for model development.After that,the patient data of the same center from January 2023 to April 2023 were included in the time verification method to verify the model.The diagnostic criteria for MCI were MMSE＜27 or MoCA＜26.Four kinds of convolutional neural network(CNN)architectures were used to train fundus images,and a comprehensive vision model of MCI detection was established through model integration.The area under the curve(AUC),sensitivity and specificity of the receiver operating curve(ROC)were used to evaluate the performance of the AI model.Results We collected 5 880 eligible fundus images from 3 368 CHD patients.Based on the results of the MMSE scale,the algorithm was labeled,including 2 898 males and 527 MCI patients.The AUC of the deep learning model in the test group is 0.733(95％CI 0.688-0.778),and the sensitivity of the algorithm in the test group is 0.577(95％CI 0.528-0.625)by using the operating point with the maximum sum of sensitivity and specificity.With a specificity of 0.758(95％CI 0.714-0.802),corresponding to a validated AUC of 0.710(95％CI 0.601-0.818).Based on the results of the MoCA scale,the algorithm labels 2 437 males and 1 626 MCI patients.The AUC of the deep learning model in the test group was 0.702(95％CI 0.671-0.733).The operating point with the maximum sum of sensitivity and specificity was selected,and the sensitivity of the algorithm was 0.749(95％CI 0.719-0.778)and the specificity was 0.561(95％CI 0.527-0.595),corresponding to the AUC value of the verification group was 0.674(95％CI 0.622-0.726).Conclusions The deep learning algorithm model based on fundus images has good diagnostic performance,and may be used as a new non-invasive,convenient and rapid screening method for MCI in CHD population.

Objective To investigate the effects of ischemia time and storage periods on RNA quality in fresh-frozen breast cancer(BC)and esophageal cancer(EC)tissue samples in order to establish evidence-based protocols for biobank sample management.Methods The tumor(T)and paired normal(N)tissue samples from 6 cases of BC and 6 cases of EC were collected and cryopreserved in Biobank,Shantou Central Hospital.Mirror paraffin-embedded tissues were simultaneously prepared into sections for morphological analysis.The samples were divided into two groups of<15 min and 15-30 min according to ischemia time,and RNA quality was analyzed at 4 storage periods of 8-10 months(T1),14-16 months(T2),26-28 months(T3)and 38-40 months(T4).Results In 96 analyzed samples,93.8%(90/96)exhibited high quality(RIN≥6),with 89.6%(43/48)in BC and 97.9%(47/48)in EC.Significant differences in RIN were observed between BC group and EC group(8.050 vs.8.600,P=0.009).In EC group,RIN value was significantly negatively correlated with RNA yield(P<0.001).Moreover,RIN values of tumor-normal pairs exhibited markedly significant differences(7.550 vs.9.000,P<0.001).In contrast,no significant difference was detected in BC group(8.200 vs.7.700,P=0.348).Statistical analysis showed that RIN value was positively correlated with 28S/18S(P<0.001),but had no correlation with tumor content(P=0.676)and necrotic content(P=0.055).Neither ischemia time(<15 min vs.15-30 min:8.200 vs.8.300,P=0.932)nor storage periods(T1-T4:8.400,7.700,8.450,8.600,P=0.163)compromised RNA quality.Conclusion Organ origin and tissue type could influence RNA quality of fresh-frozen tissue samples.However,limited ischemia time(≤30 min)and long-term storage period(38-40 months)do not adversely affect RNA quality in fresh-frozen breast cancer and esophageal cancer tissue samples.

BACKGROUND:Osteoporosis affects the quality of life of patients and is prone to pathological fractures,and plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles play an important role in regulating bone balance in patients with osteoporosis.OBJECTIVE:To review the research status and prospect of different plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles in the treatment of osteoporosis.METHODS:Relevant literature in PubMed,Web of Science,and CNKI databases were searched by computer.Search time was from January 1995 to March 2024.The Chinese and English search terms were"osteoporosis,plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles,exosomes,osteoblasts,osteoclasts."Finally,53 articles were included and analyzed.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Plant-derived exosom-like nanovesicles have the advantages of low biocompatibility,low toxicity,and natural targeting.These properties not only ensure its stable presence and effective effect in the body,but also avoid unnecessary immune responses,laying the foundation for the design of long-term treatment strategies.Plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles can be anti-osteoporosis by stimulating osteoblast proliferation,inhibiting osteoclast differentiation,and promoting osteo-inhibition osteoclasts.In addition,some plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles may be widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis in the future as novel tracer targets and treatment options due to their bone-targeting.