Objective: To investigate the genetic characteristics of human norovirus (NoV) among infants under 5 years of age with diarrhea in Chaoyang District, Beijing from 2011 to 2017. Methods: NoV-positive stool samples were collected from 2011 to 2017 in this region. The partial RdRp and VP1 genes were amplified and sequenced. Multi-sequence alignment was performed and phylogenetic tree was constructed using Mega software. Results: A total of 151 samples were sequenced and analyzed. The ratio of male and female was 2.28∶1 with mean age of 1.72 years. Fourteen NoV subtypes were detected, including GII.Pe/GII.4 (47.68%), GII.P12/GII.3 (20.53%), GII.P4/GII.4 (17.22%), GII.P16/GII.2 (3.31%), GII.P12/GII.12 (1.99%), GII.P17/GII.17 (1.99%), GII.P16/GII.13 (1.32%), GII.P7/GII.7 (1.32%), GII.P7/GII.6 (1.32%), GII.P2/GII.2 (0.66%), GII.P21/GII.21 (0.66%), GII.Pg/GII.12 (0.66%), GI.Pa/GI.3 (0.66%) and GI.P6/GI.6 (0.66%). Conclusions NoV genetic diversity was found among infants under 5 with diarrhea in Chaoyang district, Beijing. The subtypes from surveillance and those from epidemics occurred in chronological order. The surveillance should be strengthened for early detection of new subtype for monitoring the epidemic and vaccine design.

Majority of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients are highly susceptible to several forms of cognitive impairments, particularly dementia. However, the underlying neural mechanism of these cognitive impairments remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the correlation between whole brain resting state functional connections (RSFCs) and the cognitive status in 95 patients with T2DM. We constructed an elastic net model to estimate the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores, which served as an index of the cognitive status of the patients, and to select the RSFCs for further prediction. Subsequently, we utilized a machine learning technique to evaluate the discriminative ability of the connectivity pattern associated with the selected RSFCs. The estimated and chronological MoCA scores were significantly correlated with R= 0.81 and the mean absolute error (MAE) =1.20. Additionally, cognitive impairments of patients with T2DM can be identified using the RSFC pattern with classification accuracy of 90.54％ and the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of 0.9737. This connectivity pattern not only included the connections between regions within the default mode network (DMN), but also the functional connectivity between the task-positive networks and the DMN, as well as those within the task-positive networks. The results suggest that an RSFC pattern could be regarded as a potential biomarker to identify the cognitive status of patients with T2DM.

Objective: To investigate the genetic characteristics of human adenovirus (AdV) among infants with diarrhea in Chaoyang district, Beijing from 2011 to 2017. Methods: Adenovirus positive stool samples were collected from 2011 to 2017 in Chaoyang District of Beijing. The hexon region genes of human adenovirus were sequenced. Multi-sequence alignments were performed and phylogenetic tree was constructed by Mega software. Results: A total of 64 samples were sequenced and analyzed. The ratio of male to female was 11∶5. The mean age was 1.56 years. Among them, AdV41 accounted for 70.31%, followed by AdV31 (26.25%), AdV40 (4.69%), AdV1 (3.13%), AdV5 (3.13%), AdV6 (3.13%), AdV7 (3.13%), AdV2 (1.56%), AdV3 (1.56%), AdV4 (1.56%) and AdV61 (1.56%). Conclusions Human adenovirus may play an important role in viral diarrhea in Chaoyang district from 2011 to 2017. The current adenovirus epidemic is complex and AdV41 was the dominant strain in this region.

Objective To observe the changes of brain neurotransmitters in patients with vasovagal syncope (VVS) with encephalofluc-tuogram technology (ET). Methods From August, 2015 to December, 2016, 30 patients with VVS were selected as case group, 30 controls matched with sex and age were selected from the outpatients without syncope. They were detected the function of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate (Glu), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), acetylcholine (Ach), norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) with ET. Results There was no significant difference between the two groups in the values of GABA, Glu, 5-HT, Ach and DA (t<1.680, P>0.05), while the values of NE was higher in the case group than in the control group (t=-3.552, P<0.001). Conclusion VVS may be related to the high level of activity of NE in the brain.

Objective To explore the classification of gliomas according to the theory and method of radiomics. Methods In this study, 161 pathologically confirmed glioma patients were retrospectively selected from 2012 to 2016 including 52 low-grade gliomas and 109 high-grade gliomas.Three hundred and forty-six quantization features were extracted from the MRI images, including shape, density, texture and wavelet imaging features. Mutual information and logistic regression model were used to select feature reduction and prediction model. The predictive ability of the model was validated using 10-fold cross-validation. Results Nineteen radiomics features were chosen from 346 quantization features. The sensitivity of the model was 96.3% (105/109), the specificity was 78.8% (41/52), the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.952 7, and the accuracy was 90.7%(146/161). Conclusion The solution proposed in this paper showed that radiomics can non-invasively and quickly provide an adjunct to the clinical grade of glioma with high accuracy.

Objective To explore the effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on the incidence of complications and treatment efficacy following decompressive craniectomy(DC) in severe traumatic brain injury.Methods A total of 160 patients who underwent DC for severe traumatic brain injury from January 2010 to December 2014 in the Neurosurgery Department of Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital were chosen for the study.The subjects were divided into the HBO group (86 Patients) and the routine treatment group (74 patients) in accordance with different treatment methods.Incidence of complications,changes in EEG at different time points after surgery,the levels of transforming factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and myelin basic protein (MBP) in cerebrospinal fluid,scores of Glasgow Coma Scale as well as scores of Modified Rankin Scale 6 months after surgery were compared between the two groups.Results Following DC in severe traumatic brain injury,the rates of cerebral herniation (31.4％),postsurgical epilepsy (10.5％) and hydrocrania (11.6％) in the HBO group were all obviously decreased(47.3％,23.0％,24.3％),as compared with those of the control group,and statistical significance could be seen,when comparisons were made between the 2 groups (P ＜ 0.05).The incidence of subdural effusion in the HBO group was 32.6％,while that of the routine treatment group was 41.9％,and there was no statistical significance,when comparisons were made between the 2 groups (P ＞ 0.05).In the HBO group,the levels of TGF-β 1 and MBP in the cerebrospinal fluid 14 and 21 days after surgery were significantly decreased,as compared with those of the routine treatment group.The EEG and GCS scores in the HBO group were significantly improved,1 and 3 months after surgery,as compared with those of the routine treatment group.The scores of the modified Rankin Scale of the HBO group,which were obtained 6 months after surgery,were significantly higher than those of the routine treatment group,and statistical significance could be noted,when comparisons were made between the 2 groups (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Following decompressive cranioectomyin,HBO in the treatment of severe traumatic brain injury could obviously decrease the rates of cerebral herniation,postsurgical epilepsy and hydrocrania.HBO could also substantially improve EEG and decrease levels of TGF-β 1 and MBP,14 and 21 days after surgery,and improve the prognosis of the patients.

Objective To explore the effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on the incidence of complications and treatment efficacy following decompressive craniectomy(DC) in severe traumatic brain injury.Methods A total of 160 patients who underwent DC for severe traumatic brain injury from January 2010 to December 2014 in the Neurosurgery Department of Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital were chosen for the study.The subjects were divided into the HBO group (86 Patients) and the routine treatment group (74 patients) in accordance with different treatment methods.Incidence of complications,changes in EEG at different time points after surgery,the levels of transforming factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and myelin basic protein (MBP) in cerebrospinal fluid,scores of Glasgow Coma Scale as well as scores of Modified Rankin Scale 6 months after surgery were compared between the two groups.Results Following DC in severe traumatic brain injury,the rates of cerebral herniation (31.4％),postsurgical epilepsy (10.5％) and hydrocrania (11.6％) in the HBO group were all obviously decreased(47.3％,23.0％,24.3％),as compared with those of the control group,and statistical significance could be seen,when comparisons were made between the 2 groups (P ＜ 0.05).The incidence of subdural effusion in the HBO group was 32.6％,while that of the routine treatment group was 41.9％,and there was no statistical significance,when comparisons were made between the 2 groups (P ＞ 0.05).In the HBO group,the levels of TGF-β 1 and MBP in the cerebrospinal fluid 14 and 21 days after surgery were significantly decreased,as compared with those of the routine treatment group.The EEG and GCS scores in the HBO group were significantly improved,1 and 3 months after surgery,as compared with those of the routine treatment group.The scores of the modified Rankin Scale of the HBO group,which were obtained 6 months after surgery,were significantly higher than those of the routine treatment group,and statistical significance could be noted,when comparisons were made between the 2 groups (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Following decompressive cranioectomyin,HBO in the treatment of severe traumatic brain injury could obviously decrease the rates of cerebral herniation,postsurgical epilepsy and hydrocrania.HBO could also substantially improve EEG and decrease levels of TGF-β 1 and MBP,14 and 21 days after surgery,and improve the prognosis of the patients.

Objective To investigate the status of clinical blood transfusion from 2008 to 2014 in order to standardize clinical transfusion management and improve the clinical rational usage of various blood components .Methods By various blood compo‐nents transfusion ,the average quantity of clinical blood transfusion ,4 common blood types and the usage of red blood cells and platelet in different departments were analyzed and compared .Results The rate of blood component transfusion remained at 100%over the 2008 - 2014 year .The utilization of platelet was the highest ,followed by red blood cells and plasma ,and the amount of cryoprecipitate was the least from 2010 .The total consumption of blood was increasing each year ,but there was a downward trend at the average usage of clinical blood ,and also there were significant differences among 4 common blood types ,and the blood compo‐nent transfusion rate was different in different departments in hospital .Conclusion From 2008 to 2014 ,the blood transfusion is ap‐propriate and reasonable ,but still can be improved by effective means .

Objective To study the role ofTAK-242,a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) specific inhibitor,in β-amyloid peptide (Aβ)25-35 inducing PC12 cytotoxicity and its potential mechanism.Methods PC12 cells were cultured with different concentrations of Aβ25-35 (0,10,20 and 30 μmol/L) for 24 h,and then,the cell survival rate was detected by CCK-8 kit to choose the specific concentration of Aβ25-35 to establish cell AD models.The survival rate of Aβ25-35 inducing PC12 cells was further detected one h after TAK-242 intervention.The PC12 cells were divided into four groups:control group,Aβ treatment group,Aβ+TAK-242 pretreatment group and TAK-242 group.The apoptosis of cells was observed with Hoechst 33258 kit.The secretions of interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were detected with ELISA.The protein expression levels of TLR4,myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88),IκB kinase complexus α/β (IKKα/β) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB were detected by Western blotting.Results The cell survival rate decreased gradually with the increase of Aβ25-35 concentrations after PC12 cells cultured with Aβ25-35 for 1 h.Twentyμmol/L Aβ25-35 was used to establish the AD models,with which the cell survival rate was closely half of the control group.As compared with Aβ treatment group,Aβ+TAK-242 pretreatment group had significantly increased cell survival rate and significantly decreased apoptosis (P＜0.05).The secretions of IL-1β and TNF-α in Aβ treatment group were significantly increased than those in the control group (P＜0.05),and Aβ+TAK-242 pretreatment group had significantly decreased secretions of IL-1β and TNF-α (P＜0.05).As compared with those in the control group,the protein expressions of TLR4,MyD88,IKKα/β and NF-κB in the Aβ treatment group were significantly increased (P＜0.05);as compared with Aβ treatment group,the protein expressions of TLR4,MyD88,IKKα/β and NF-κB in the Aβ+TAK-242 pretreatment group were degraded obviously,with significant differences (P＜0.05).Conclusions Aβ25-35 could reduce the cell survival rate and apoptosis in PC12 cells by up-regulating the expressions of TLR4/MyD88 signal pathway related proteins and increasing the secretions of IL-1β and TNF-α,and the phenomenon is concentration-dependent.TAK-242 could resist Aβ25-35-induced PC12 cytotoxicity through down-regulating the TLR4/MyD88 signal pathway related proteins levels and decreasing the secretions of TNF-α and IL-1β.

Objective To investigate the related risk factors of bone cement leakage after percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) and percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) of osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture.Methods A retrospective study was made on 108 patients (114 vertebrae) undergone PVP and PKP between January 2008 and June 2014.There were 32 patients with cement leakage and 76 patients without cement leakage.Between-group differences were analyzed in terms of gender,age,number of one-time treated vertebrae,anatomic dissection,surgical procedures (PKP or PVP),integrity of the posterior vertebral wall,puncture approaches (unilateral or bilateral),technical level of surgeons and bone cement volume.Results Bone cement leakage occurred in 36 vertebrae (with the proportion of 31.6％).Cement leakage was associated with number of one-time treated vertebrae,surgical procedures,fractured condition,and bone cement volume (P ＜ 0.05),but not with gender,age,anatomical site of injury,puncture approaches,and technical level of surgeons (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Bone cement leakage after PKP or PVP correlated with number of vertebrae with one-time therapy,surgical procedures,fractured condition,and volume of bone cement.A good master of technical procedures and indications and suitable injection of high viscosity bone cement can help reduce the incidence of cement leakage.