Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) capable of clearing heat and removing toxin is most commonly used in clinical practice and has the effect of removing fire-heat and toxin. Studies have shown that most of the Ilex plants have the effect of clearing heat and removing toxin, among which the varieties of I. cornuta, I. pubescens, I. rotunda, I. latifolia, and I. chinensis are most widely used. These plants generally contain triterpenoids and their glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, and other chemical components, especially pentacyclic triterpenoids. According to their skeletons, pentacyclic triterpenoids can be divided into the oleanane type, the ursane type, the lupinane type, etc. Among them, ursane-type components are the most abundant, and 136 species have been found so far. These components have been proved to have pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, hypolipidemic, anti-thrombosis, cardiomyocyte-protective, antibacterial, and hepatoprotective effects. Therefore, this paper systematically reviews the domestic and foreign literature on Ilex plants with a focus on the research progress on pentacyclic triterpenoids and their pharmacological activities, aiming to provide reference for the development of TCM resources with the effect of clearing heat and removing toxin.
Ilex/chemistry* ; Plants, Medicinal/chemistry* ; Pentacyclic Triterpenes/pharmacology* ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; Humans ; Animals

OBJECTIVE: The results of limited studies on the relationship between environmental pollution and dementia have been contradictory. We analyzed the combined effects of PM _2.5 and smoking on the prevalence of dementia and cognitive impairment in an elderly community-dwelling Chinese population. METHODS: We assessed 24,117 individuals along with the annual average PM _2.5 concentrations from 2012 to 2016. Dementia was confirmed in the baseline survey at a qualified clinical facility, and newly suspected dementia was assessed in 2017, after excluding cases of suspected dementia in 2015. National census data were used to weight the sample data to reflect the entire population in China, with multiple logistic regression performed to analyze the combined effects of PM _2.5 and smoking frequency on dementia and cognitive impairment. RESULTS: Individuals exposed to the highest PM _2.5 concentration and smoked daily were at higher risk of dementia than those in the lowest PM _2.5 concentration group ( OR, 1.603; 95% CI [1.626-1.635], P < 0.0001) and in the nonsmoking group ( OR, 1.248; 95% CI [1.244-1.252]; P < 0.0001). Moderate PM _2.5 exposure and occasional smoking together increased the short-term risk of cognitive impairment. High-level PM _2.5 exposure and smoking were associated with an increased risk of dementia, so more efforts are needed to reduce this risk through environmental protection and antismoking campaigns. CONCLUSION High-level PM _2.5 exposure and smoking were associated with an increased risk of dementia. Lowering the ambient PM _2.5, and smoking cessation are recommended to promote health.
Humans ; Dementia/etiology* ; Male ; Aged ; Female ; Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology* ; China/epidemiology* ; Particulate Matter/analysis* ; Smoking/epidemiology* ; Air Pollutants/analysis* ; Aged, 80 and over ; Environmental Exposure/adverse effects* ; Prevalence ; Middle Aged

Objective To investigate the genetic differences among different populations based on 13 autosomal STR loci in CODIS core.Methods Data of 13 autosomal STR loci(CSF1PO,FGA,THO1,TPOX,vWA,D3S1358,D5S818,D7S820,D8S1179,D13S317,D16S539,D18S51,D21S11)were collected from 95 populations in scientific journals between 1999 and 2021,soursed from the PubMed database,which had been published.Allele frequencies of loci were sorted out and forensic genetic parameters including gene differentiation coefficient(Gst),total heterozygosity(Ht),subpopula-tion heterozygosity(Hs)values,and Nei's DA genetic distance were calculated.Principal component analysis,phylogenetic tree,and multidimensional scale analysis were conducted to assess population ge-netic structure.Results A total of 265 alleles were detected at the 13 STR loci in these 95 popula-tions.The mean values of Gst,Ht,and Hs were 0.023 247,0.797 915 and 0.779 365.Population genetic analyses reflected significant differences among populations from Asia,Africa and Europe.In Asian populations,there was a certain degree of distinction between mainland and island populations;the Han population showed a certain degree of distinction with surrounding populations in mainland;while within the Han population,there were two distinct clusters formed by the northern Han and the south-ern Han.Conclusion The 13 autosomal STR loci in CODIS core demonstrate potential value for popu-lation identification across different groups,and may be used for the differentiation of ethnic groups,among different continental populations.

Cells undergo glucose metabolism reprogramming under the influence of the inflammatory microenvironment, changing their primary mode of energy supply from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis. This process is involved in all stages of inflammation-related diseases development. Glucose metabolism reprogramming not only changes the metabolic pattern of individual cells, but also disrupts the metabolic homeostasis of the body microenvironment, which further promotes aerobic glycolysis and provides favourable conditions for the malignant progression of inflammation-related diseases. The metabolic enzymes, transporter proteins, and metabolites of aerobic glycolysis are all key signalling molecules, and drugs can inhibit aerobic glycolysis by targeting these specific key molecules to exert therapeutic effects. This paper reviews the impact of glucose metabolism reprogramming on the development of inflammation-related diseases such as inflammation-related tumours, rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer's disease, and the therapeutic effects of drugs targeting glucose metabolism reprogramming on these diseases.

As a novel iron-dependent form of cell death, ferroptosis is characterized by the excessive accumulation of phospholipids containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on the cell membrane and peroxidation. Lipid droplets are always in the dynamic transition of generation and decomposition, play a central role in regulating lipid metabolism, and are always in the dynamic transition of generation and decomposition. Lipid droplet metabolism is closely related to the occurrence of ferroptosis and plays an important role in the disease caused by ferroptosis. This review firstly focuses on the lipid droplet metabolism process and its effects on the storage and release of PUFA, and further elucidates the regulatory mechanism and key regulatory proteins of lipid drop metabolism on ferroptosis, in order to reveal the intrinsic relationship between lipid droplets and ferroptosis, and provide a new strategy for disease prevention and treatment.

Objective To clone the full-length sequence,subcellular localization,and analyze the expression patterns of the β-caryophyllene synthase gene(AaCPS)of Artemisia argyi,in order to lay a foundation for the gene function analysis of sesquiterpene biosynthesis pathway in A.argyi.Methods The genes annotated as CPS were selected from the transcriptome data of A.argyi.The full-length cDNA sequence of the target gene was obtained by PCR,and the coding region was analyzed using bioinformatics.A prokaryotic expression vector was constructed and transformed into Escherichia coli competent cells to express recombinant protein.A green fluorescent protein(GFP)fused expression vector was constructed,and the subcellular localization of AaCPS was observed using Agrobacterium tumefaciens transient expression method in tobacco.Real-time quantitative PCR(qRT-PCR)was used to analyze the expression patterns of the AaCPS at different harvest times(April,May,June,July).Determination of β-caryophyllene by HS-SPME-GC-MS and correlation analysis.Results The AaCPS gene was cloned from A.argyi.The full-length open reading frame(ORF)was 1647 bp,encoding 548 amino acids.The molecular weight was 63 667 Da with a theoretical pI of 5.94.AaCPS contained conserved Terpen_synth and Terpen_synth_C domains.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that AaCPS was closely related to the CPS protein of Artemisia annua.SDS-PAGE showed the presence of target protein bands between 75 000-120 000 Da(containing 28 132 Da of the labeled protein),indicating successful expression of the AaCPS protein.The protein was found to be localized in the cytoplasm.As shown by qRT-PCR,the expression of AaCPS gene showed an upward trend,reaching the highest in July.The results of HS-SPME-GC-MS showed that the content of β-caryophyllene increased gradually from April to the highest in June.It is consistent with the trend of AaCPS gene expression from April to June.Conclusion Through the cloning and analysis of AaCPS gene,a foundation has been laid for further study of the functional identification of the AaCPS gene in the sesquiterpenes biosynthesis pathway in A.argyi.

Objective:To explore the current status of work-family behavioral role conflict among Operating Room nurses from the resource perspective and analyze its influencing factors using Logistic regression and decision tree models.Methods:A convenience sampling method was used to survey 1 231 Operating Room nurses from 20 hospitals in Henan Province from September to November 2023, utilizing a general information questionnaire, Survey of Nurse Perceived Organizational Support (SNPOS), Family APGAR Index (APGAR), and Work-Family Behavioral Role Conflict Scale (WFBRCS). Univariate analysis, Logistic regression, and decision tree model analyses were applied to identify factors affecting work-family behavioral role conflict among the Operating Room nurses.Results:A total of 1 231 questionnaires were retrieved, and 1 182 were validly questionnaires, resulting in a retrieving rate of 96.02%. Both models identified gender, having children, hospital type, organizational support perception, and family care as influencing factors of work-family behavioral role conflict among the Operating Room nurses ( P<0.05). The areas under the curve ( AUC) for the receiver operating characteristic curves of the Logistic regression and decision tree models were 0.782 and 0.735, respectively, with sensitivities of 76.1% and 65.9%, and specificities of 67.2% and 74.1%, respectively. Conclusions:The work-family behavioral role conflict among Operating Room nurses is at a moderate level and influenced by multiple factors. Both Logistic regression and decision tree models have predictive value for classification, with the Logistic regression model showing higher sensitivity and the decision tree model showing higher specificity. The complementary use of both models has more clinical significance.

This study was aimed at investigating the effect of lymphocyte activation gene-3(LAG3)on liver B lymphocyte subsets and their functions in WT and LAG3-KO mice infected with Echinococcus multilocularis(E.multilocularis).In a mouse model of E.multilocularis infection,the expression and localization of CD19 and α-SMA in liver were detected by immu nohistochemistry.CD80,CD86 and MHC-Ⅱ molecules expressed on B cells and their subsets in mice liver were detected by flow cytometry.After 12 weeks of infection,the area and percentage of CD19 in LAG3-KO group was slightly higher than that in WT group,but the difference was not statistically(t=-1.241、-1.237,P＞0.05).The area and percentage of a-SMA in LAG3-KO group was higher than that in WT group(t=-3.224、-3.227,P＜0.05).The proportion of CD80 and MHC-Ⅱ molecules expressed on liver B cells in LAG3-KO group was up-regulated(t=-2.379,-3.321,P＜0.05).The percentage of liver B2 cells in LAG3-KO group was higher than that in WT group(t=-2.695,P＜0.05).The expression of CD80 on Blb cells in LAG3-KO group was significantly up-regulated(t=-5.315,P＜0.001).The proportion of CD80 of B2 cells in LAG3-KO group was lower than that in WT group(t=2.806,P＜0.05).The expression of MHC-Ⅱ molecule in B2 cells in LAG3-KO group was up-regulated(t=-4.227,P＜0.01).It is suggested that LAG3 molecules affected the B cell subsets and func-tion of mouse liver in the middle stage of E.multilocularis infection,especially B2 lymphocytes.LAG3 molecule exerted an in-hibitory effect on the activation of B cells and the expression of MHC-class Ⅱ molecules,suggesting that it may be involved in B cell exhaustion caused by E.multilocularis.

In metabolic diseases, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress are closely associated with ferroptosis. As a key regulatory factor, the imbalance between glycolysis and fatty acid metabolism can participate in ferroptosis directly or indirectly, thereby regulating the occurrence and development of various metabolic diseases. The essence of ferroptosis is a new regulatory cell death mode, which is caused by the excessive accumulation of iron-dependent lipid peroxide. It is closely related to glycolysis and fatty acid metabolism, which plays an important role in metabolic diseases. This regulatory cell death mode is significantly distinguished from other programmed cell death modes and has unique changes in cell morphology, symbolic characteristics and mechanisms. This paper first illustrates the main mechanism of glycolysis and fatty acid metabolism imbalance in the occurrence of ferroptosis, then reviews the research progress of ferroptosis in tumor, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and other metabolic diseases, and finally reveals the internal connection between glycolysis-fatty acid metabolism imbalance and ferroptosis, as well as its impacts on metabolic diseases, which provide new strategies for the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases.

Objective: To explore the basic characteristics of conventional echocardiography of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (ApHCM) patients complicating with left ventricular apical aneurysm (LVAA). Methods: This is a retrospective study. Patients who underwent echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and were diagnosed with ApHCM complicated with LVAA by CMR at Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from August 2012 to July 2017 were enrolled. According to whether LVAA was detected by echocardiography, the enrolled patients were divided into two groups: LVAA detected by echocardiography group and LVAA not detected by echocardiography group. Clinical data of the two groups were compared to analyze the causes of missed diagnosis by echocardiography. Results: A total of 21 patients were included, of whom 67.0% (14/21) were males, aged (56.1±16.5) years. Patients with chest discomfort accounted for 81.0% (17/21), palpitation 38.1% (8/21), syncope 14.3% (3/21). ECG showed that 21 (100%) patients had ST-T changes and 18 (85.7%) had deep T-wave invertion. Echocardiography revealed ApHCM in 17 cases (81.0%) and LVAA in 7 cases (33.3%). The mean left ventricular apical aneurysm diameter was 33.0 (18.0, 37.0) mm, and left ventricular ejection fraction was (66.5±6.6) %, and left ventricular apex thickness was (21.0±6.3) mm. Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction was presented in 4 cases and middle left ventricular obstruction in 10 cases. The mean left ventricular apical aneurysm diameter of LVAA detected by echocardiography was greater than that of LVAA not detected by echocardiography (25.0 (18.0, 28.0) mm vs. 16.0 (12.3, 21.0) mm, P=0.006). Conclusions: Conventional echocardiography examination has certain limitations in the diagnosis of ApHCM. Smaller LVAA complicated with ApHCM is likely to be unrecognized by echocardiography. Clinicians should improve their understanding of this disease.
Male ; Humans ; Female ; Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy ; Retrospective Studies ; Stroke Volume ; Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/diagnostic imaging* ; Ventricular Function, Left ; Echocardiography ; Heart Aneurysm/diagnostic imaging*