Objective: To prepare the erythrocyte-liposome drug delivery system to enhance the therapeutic effect of drugs on tumors and inhibit tumor metastasis. Methods: This study prepared and characterized paclitaxel (PTX)-plerixafor (AMD3100) liposomes (Lips), developed the erythrocyte-liposome drug delivery system, and evaluated its targeting efficiency and therapeutic efficacy through a series of in vitro cellular and in vivo animal experiments. Results: The particle size of PTX-AMD-Lips was (186.4±0.83) nm. Drug encapsulation efficiency of PTX-AMD-Lips was (75.50±5.27)% for PTX and (88.31±2.45)% for AMD. The Binding efficiency between RBC and liposomes in the drug delivery system was (69.93±2.55)%. Vitro cellular experiments revealed that PTX-AMD-Lips significantly inhibited tumor cell migration. In vivo animal experiments, the erythrocyte-liposome drug delivery system significantly increased drug accumulation in the lungs. At the experimental endpoint, the quantitative fluorescence signal of tumor size measured (4.04±0.44)×10 for the PTX-Lips group, and (5.14±3.40)×10 for the RBC-PTX-AMD-Lips group. Conclusion: The erythrocyte-liposome drug delivery system could enhance the lung-specific targeting capability of liposomes, kill tumor cells and suppress further metastasis effectively.

Objective To evaluate the effect of cardiopulmonary ultrasound in guiding volume ther-apy in the patients with sepsis-induced myocardial injury. Methods Thirty-eight patients of both sexes with septic myocardial injury, aged 28-64 yr, weighing 60-90 kg, received anti-infection, respiratory and circulatory comprehensive treatment. The patients were divided into group Ⅰ ( n=19) and group Ⅱ(n=19) by using a random number table method. Central venous pressure (CVP) was used to guide vol-ume therapy, and fluid replacement was carried out using the CVP 2-5 principle in groupⅠ. Cardiopulmo-nary ultrasound was used to guide volume therapy in group Ⅱ. Blood samples were taken before volume therapy and on 1, 3 and 5 days after volume therapy to determine the concentrations of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, cardiac troponin I and creatine kinase isoenzyme MB in serum. The CVP, positive fluid balance, lactic acid, central venous oxygen saturation and urine volume were recorded at 6, 24, 48 and 72 h after volume therapy. Left ventricular ejection fraction was recorded at 1, 3 and 5 days after vol-ume therapy. The length of intensive care unit stay and 28-day fatality were recorded. Results Compared with groupⅠ, the CVP and fluid positive balance were significantly decreased at each time point after vol-ume therapy, the concentration of serum N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide was decreased at 5 days after volume therapy ( P<0. 05) , and no significant difference was found in concentrations of cardiac tropo-nin I and creatine kinase isoenzyme MB in serum, lactic acid, central venous oxygen saturation and urine volume, left ventricular ejection fraction, length of intensive care unit stay or 28-day fatality rate at each time point in groupⅡ( P>0. 05) . Conclusion Cardiopulmonary ultrasound can reduce the volume of liq-uid infused, avoid fluid overload and avoid accentuating myocardial injury when used to guide volume thera-py in the patients with sepsis-induced myocardial injury.

Objective To develop a computer-aided-controlling and analysis system for light/dark box in mice and rats with a high degree of automation and intelligence.Methods Video recording and image processing were applied to develop the computer-aided-controlling and image analysis system for light/dark box test in mice and rats. The artificial environment was developed. The stability and reliability of the system was validated by male rats. Results The percentage of time spent in the lit chamber in total time was above 79.40%. The data showed that the artificial environment was successful. When the threshold was set at 18 cm/s, the data showed a high correlation coefficient of movement time between the computer and manual recordings(r > 0.99). Classical indexes including transition and time spent in both the lit and dark chambers also showed a high correlation. The model group showed a significantly decrease in the transitions and time spent in the lit chamber compared with the control group, indicating a high stability and reliability of the light/dark box test. Conclusions A stable and highly intelligent computer-aided-controlling and image analysis system for light/dark box test of mice and rats has been developed,and it could be used for pathological mechanism studies of anxiolytics.

A 67-year-old female patient with severe osteoporosis received an intravenous infusion of zoledronic acid injection 5 mg(100 ml). Twenty-four hours later,the patient developed conjunctival congestion in bilateral eyes,blurred vision,and difficult lifting of the right eyelid. Ofloxacin eye drops and polyethylene glycol eye drops were given,but the above symptoms were not improved markedly. On the 3rd day of zoledronate acid injection,conjunctivitis with blepharoptosis was diagnosed by an ophthalmologist. On the 4rd day,tobramycin dexamethasone eye drops and esculin and digitalisglycosides eye drops were given. Eight days later,the patient's eyes discomfort disappeared. It was considered that conjunctivitis with blepharoptosis was induced by zoledronic acid injection.

A 67-year-old female patient with severe osteoporosis received an intravenous infusion of zoledronic acid injection 5 mg(100 ml). Twenty-four hours later,the patient developed conjunctival congestion in bilateral eyes,blurred vision,and difficult lifting of the right eyelid. Ofloxacin eye drops and polyethylene glycol eye drops were given,but the above symptoms were not improved markedly. On the 3rd day of zoledronate acid injection,conjunctivitis with blepharoptosis was diagnosed by an ophthalmologist. On the 4rd day,tobramycin dexamethasone eye drops and esculin and digitalisglycosides eye drops were given. Eight days later,the patient's eyes discomfort disappeared. It was considered that conjunctivitis with blepharoptosis was induced by zoledronic acid injection.

Objective To investigate the correlation between serum ferritin (SF) level and antiviral effect of pegylated interferon-α-2a (Peg-IFNα-2a) in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients.Methods A total of 85 CHC patients who were admitted to The First People's Hospital of Zigong from November 2013 to July 2014 were enrolled and treated with subcutaneous injection of Peg-IFNc-2a 180 μμg once a week combined with oral ribavirin 10-15 mg · kg-1 · d-1.The course of treatment was 48 weeks and the patients were followed up for 24 weeks after the treatment ended.SF was measured at week 0,and HCV RNA was measured at weeks 0,4,12,24,48,and 72 to evaluate therapeutic outcome.According to the therapeutic outcome,the patients were divided into rapid virologic response (RVR) group,early virologic response (EVR) group,sustained virologic response (SVR) group,no response group (NR group),and recurrence group;according to the SF level,the patients were divided into high-SF group (≥400 ng/ml) and low-SF group (＜400 ng/ml).An analysis of variance was used for comparison of continuous data between groups,and SNK-q test was used for comparison between any two groups;the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups,and Spearman rank correlation was used for correlation analysis.Results Of all patients,36 (42.35％) achieved RVR,70(82.35％) achieved EVR,68 (80.00％) achieved SVR,15 (17.65％) had no response,and 2 (2.35％) experienced recurrence.The NR group and recurrence group had a significant increase in SF level,and the NR group had a significantly higher SF level than RVR group (1489.15 ± 278.21 ng/ml vs 398.12 ±-252.45 ng/ml,q =10.826,P ＜0.01),EVR group (1489.15 ± 278.21 ng/ml vs 514.85-± 275.64 ng/ml,q =10.151,P ＜ 0.01),and SVR group (1489.15 ± 278.21 ng/ml vs 486.45 ± 251.60 ng/ml,q =10.614,P ＜0.01).SF level was negatively correlated with the therapeutic effect of PEG-IFN (rs =-0.688,P ＜0.001).Compared with the high-SF group,the low-SF group had a significantly higher proportion of patients who achieved RVR (85.29％ vs 13.73％,P ＜0.001),EVR (100％ vs 70.59％,P ＜ 0.001),or SVR (100％ vs 66.67％,P ＜ 0.001) and a significantly lower proportion of patients who had no response (0 vs 29.41％,P ＜ 0.001).Conclusion In CHC patients,SF level before treatment is correlated with the antiviral effect of PEG-IFN,suggesting that SF level can predict the antiviral effect of PEG-IFN in CHC patients.

Objective To analyze the death attributable to smoking and impact of life expectancy in China in 2013.Methods According to the characteristics of different diseases,we calculated the population attributable fractions of different diseases,death and impact of life expectancy which caused by smoking,using direct method (current smoking rate as exposure levels)and indirect method (smoking impact ratio as exposure levels),based on data from both programs of death surveillance and Chinese chronic disease risk factor surveillance of 2013.Results In 2013,smoking caused around 1.59 million deaths which accounted for 17.38％ of all deaths in China.Constituent ratio of death caused by smoking in males (23.66％) was much higher than that in females (8.30％).However,in urban areas (17.24％),it was slightly lower than that in rural areas (17.51％).Constituent ratio of death caused by smoking in the eastern regions appeared the lowest (16.81％),with western regions the highest (17.91％).In 2013,lung cancer,COPD and ischemia heart disease were the top three diseases causing deaths that related to smoking,but the top three population attributable fractions were lung cancer,COPD and nasopharyngeal carcinoma in China.In 2013,smoking caused a reduction of 2.04 years of life expectancy loss in China,with males in the western regions the highest (3.05 years).Conclusion Smoking is still an important public health problem in China.Tobacco-control-targeted programs in the heavily involved areas could reduce the number of deaths from related diseases that caused by smoking.

Objective To analyze the attribution of mortality and impact on life expectancy caused by insufficient physical activity in different gender and areas in adults aged ≥25 years among Chinese people.Methods Data from the programs related to Chinese death surveillence,risk factors of chronic survey,health outcomes of physical activity as well as relative risk (RR) on Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study were used.Population attributable fraction (PAF) of different health outcomes attributable to deaths that caused physical activity and the influence of life expectancy in adults aged ≥25 years in Chinese people were calculated.Results The overall PAF for all cause of death due to physical activity in adults aged ≥25 years was 4.24％,with 4.86％ in females and 3.82％ in males.The health outcomes of inadequate physical activity would include breast cancer,colorectal cancer,ischemic heart disease,ischemic stroke and diabetes with relative PAFs as 9.04％,13.96％,14.96％,17.80％ and 16.92％,respectively.The attribution of death on Physical activity was 388 954.The most attributed death was ischemic heart disease,followed by ischemic stroke.With the elimination of physical inactivity,the total life expectancy was expected to lose by 0.43 years,with 0.47 years in women,and 0.39 years in men.Conclusion The increase of physical activity may benefit on health condition so to reduce the burden of chronic diseases and increase the life expectancy.

Objective To assess the mortality attributable to low fruit intake among people over 25 years old in China,2013,and its effect on life expectancy.Methods Based on data collected from China Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance in 2013,the average fruit intake in different genders and areas were calculated.Potential impact fraction (PIF) was used to examine the impact on deaths,mortality and life expectancy.Results The average daily fruit intake was (113.3 ± 168.9)g among people over 25 years old,with (103.6± 160.1) g for men and (122.7± 176.6) g for women,in China in 2013.Fruit intake for urban residents was significantly higher than that in rural residents and higher in eastern regions than that in central or western regions.Scores that attributable to low fruit intake accounted for 15.21％ of the total deaths and the population attributable fraction of inadequate intake of fruits to associated diseases was 35.00％.PIF for all the deaths in rural residents (16.50％)appeared higher than that of the urban residents (13.88％),and higher in the residents living in the eastern region (15.48％) than that in the central (16.27％) or western (13.75％) regions.Number of deaths that attributable to low fruit intake was 1.348 4 million.Deaths caused by related diseases appeared as:ischemic heart disease (472.5 thousands),hemorrhagic stroke (338.8 thousands),ischemic stroke (259.0 thousands),lung cancer (208.4 thousands),esophageal cancer (60.7 thousands),laryngeal cancer (5.4 thousands) and oral cancer (3.6 thousands).Numbers of all deaths and related diseases for urban residents were lower than that of the rural residents,with central regions (452.7 thousands) higher than that in the eastern (531.1 thousands) or western (364.6 thousands) regions.The average life expectancy loss caused by low fruit intake was 1.73 years,1.80 years for men and 1.58 years for women,in this country.Loss of life expectancy in the rural residents was higher than that of the urban residents,and higher in central regions than that in the eastern or western regions.Conclusions The intake of fruit was far lower than the recommended standard set for the Chinese people.Population attributable fraction was related to the associated diseases caused by inadequate intake of fruits which also made serious impact on life expectancy.

OBJECTIVETo study the clinical characteristics of patients with alcoholic liver disease (ALD).

METHODSThe records of the 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army (Beijing, China) were searched to identify patients diagnosed with liver disease for retrospective analysis of ALD. Measurement data was summarized as mean +/- standard deviation and intergroup comparisons were made using ANOVA; count data was assessed using the chi-square test.

RESULTSAmong the total 4132 ALD cases, 97.68% were male and 2.32% were female; ages ranged from 18 to 95 years-old,with the average age being 48.11+/-10.58 years and the range of 40 to 60 years-old being the most frequently represented.Considering all patients with liver disease from 2003 to 2012,ALD cases increased over time (from 2.00% in 2003 to 5.05% in 2012). The overall ALD cases were represented by alcoholic cirrhosis (70.35%), alcoholic hepatitis (19.26%), alcoholic fatty liver (6.29%), and alcoholic liver failure (4.09%). Among the ALD patients between 40 and 60 years of age, 73.81% had cirrhosis,compared to 50.42% of ALD patients less than 40 years-old (P less than 0.001). Comparison of ALD cases in 5-year increments showed increasing trends in rates of alcoholic cirrhosis and alcoholic hepatic failure;moreover, there was an increasing annual trend in the percentage of alcoholic liver failure cases among the total cases of liver failure in our hospital.

CONCLUSIONFrom 2003 to 2012,our hospital admissions increased for patients with alcoholic liver disease, and the patients were primarily in the age range of 40-60 years-old. In general, incidences of alcoholic liver failure and cirrhosis increased in recent years, and cirrhosis has been common among the elderly patients with ALD.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Beijing ; Fatty Liver, Alcoholic ; epidemiology ; Female ; Hepatitis, Alcoholic ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Liver Cirrhosis ; epidemiology ; Liver Diseases, Alcoholic ; epidemiology ; Liver Failure ; epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Young Adult