Enamel demineralization, the formation of white spot lesions, is a common issue in clinical orthodontic treatment. The appearance of white spot lesions not only affects the texture and health of dental hard tissues but also impacts the health and aesthetics of teeth after orthodontic treatment. The prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of white spot lesions that occur throughout the orthodontic treatment process involve multiple dental specialties. This expert consensus will focus on providing guiding opinions on the management and prevention of white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment, advocating for proactive prevention, early detection, timely treatment, scientific follow-up, and multidisciplinary management of white spot lesions throughout the orthodontic process, thereby maintaining the dental health of patients during orthodontic treatment.
Humans ; Consensus ; Dental Caries/etiology* ; Dental Enamel/pathology* ; Tooth Demineralization/etiology* ; Tooth Remineralization

The prevalence of Class III malocclusion varies among different countries and regions. The populations from Southeast Asian countries (Chinese and Malaysian) showed the highest prevalence rate of 15.8%, which can seriously affect oral function, facial appearance, and mental health. As anterior crossbite tends to worsen with growth, early orthodontic treatment can harness growth potential to normalize maxillofacial development or reduce skeletal malformation severity, thereby reducing the difficulty and shortening the treatment cycle of later-stage treatment. This is beneficial for the physical and mental growth of children. Therefore, early orthodontic treatment for Class III malocclusion is particularly important. Determining the optimal timing for early orthodontic treatment requires a comprehensive assessment of clinical manifestations, dental age, and skeletal age, and can lead to better results with less effort. Currently, standardized treatment guidelines for early orthodontic treatment of Class III malocclusion are lacking. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the etiology, clinical manifestations, classification, and early orthodontic techniques for Class III malocclusion, along with systematic discussions on selecting early treatment plans. The purpose of this expert consensus is to standardize clinical practices and improve the treatment outcomes of Class III malocclusion through early orthodontic treatment.
Humans ; Malocclusion, Angle Class III/classification* ; Orthodontics, Corrective/methods* ; Consensus ; Child

Due to genetic abnormalities,hypoxic injury or surgical trauma,some children with congenital heart disease have neurodevelopmental disorders,mainly manifested as generalized hypotonia and exercise developmental delay.Infants have strong neuroplasticity.Early exercise rehabilitation is helpful to improve their exercise function and neurodevelopment and promote their rehabilitation.This paper reviews the assessment,implementation methods and effect evaluation of early exercise rehabilitation in infants with congenital heart disease,and puts forward hindering factors and nursing countermeasures,in order to provide references for clinical nursing practice.

This consensus was developed by the Orthodontic Society of the Chinese Stomatological Association to provide a systematic, scientific, and practical guideline for informed consent in orthodontic care. Orthodontic treatment is typically lengthy, highly individualized, and involves multiple factors such as growth and development, occlusal function, and facial esthetics. Rapid technological advances and diverse risk profiles make the traditional reliance on orthodontist experience or institutional templates insufficient to ensure patients′ full understanding and autonomous decision-making. To address this, the expert panel conducted extensive reviews of domestic and international guidelines, analyzed representative dispute cases, and performed multicenter patient-clinician surveys. Using a multi-round Delphi method, the group established a standardized informed consent framework covering the initial consultation, treatment, and retention phases. The consensus emphasizes that informed consent is not only a fundamental legal and ethical requirement but also a key step in building trust, improving patient compliance, and enhancing treatment satisfaction. Orthodontists should clearly and comprehensively explain treatment plans, potential risks, uncertainties, and associated costs, while respecting the autonomy of patients or guardians, and maintain continuous communication and dynamic evaluation throughout the treatment process. The release of this consensus provides unified and authoritative guidance for clinical orthodontics, helping to standardize informed consent, enhance its transparency, safeguard patient rights, reduce medical risks, and promote high-quality, sustainable development of orthodontic practice.

Smart healthcare plays an important role in easing the strain on medical resources and improving the continuity of chronic disease management. This study analysed the iatrogenic risks from the intrinsic attributes and the external environment of smart healthcare, including doctor-patient conflict risk, technical operation risk, information leakage risk, humanistic absence risk, legal risk, regulatory risk and ethical risk. Based on the " structure process result" model, suggestions were proposed to optimize the construction of a smart healthcare platform for chronic diseases, improve the legal system and industry standards, strengthen talent cultivation and capacity building, establish an integrated regulatory system, and regularly evaluate the effectiveness of chronic disease management. These suggestions provided references for creating a healthy, orderly, and safe smart healthcare environment for chronic disease patients.

This consensus was developed by the Orthodontic Society of the Chinese Stomatological Association to provide a systematic, scientific, and practical guideline for informed consent in orthodontic care. Orthodontic treatment is typically lengthy, highly individualized, and involves multiple factors such as growth and development, occlusal function, and facial esthetics. Rapid technological advances and diverse risk profiles make the traditional reliance on orthodontist experience or institutional templates insufficient to ensure patients′ full understanding and autonomous decision-making. To address this, the expert panel conducted extensive reviews of domestic and international guidelines, analyzed representative dispute cases, and performed multicenter patient-clinician surveys. Using a multi-round Delphi method, the group established a standardized informed consent framework covering the initial consultation, treatment, and retention phases. The consensus emphasizes that informed consent is not only a fundamental legal and ethical requirement but also a key step in building trust, improving patient compliance, and enhancing treatment satisfaction. Orthodontists should clearly and comprehensively explain treatment plans, potential risks, uncertainties, and associated costs, while respecting the autonomy of patients or guardians, and maintain continuous communication and dynamic evaluation throughout the treatment process. The release of this consensus provides unified and authoritative guidance for clinical orthodontics, helping to standardize informed consent, enhance its transparency, safeguard patient rights, reduce medical risks, and promote high-quality, sustainable development of orthodontic practice.

Due to genetic abnormalities,hypoxic injury or surgical trauma,some children with congenital heart disease have neurodevelopmental disorders,mainly manifested as generalized hypotonia and exercise developmental delay.Infants have strong neuroplasticity.Early exercise rehabilitation is helpful to improve their exercise function and neurodevelopment and promote their rehabilitation.This paper reviews the assessment,implementation methods and effect evaluation of early exercise rehabilitation in infants with congenital heart disease,and puts forward hindering factors and nursing countermeasures,in order to provide references for clinical nursing practice.

Smart healthcare plays an important role in easing the strain on medical resources and improving the continuity of chronic disease management. This study analysed the iatrogenic risks from the intrinsic attributes and the external environment of smart healthcare, including doctor-patient conflict risk, technical operation risk, information leakage risk, humanistic absence risk, legal risk, regulatory risk and ethical risk. Based on the " structure process result" model, suggestions were proposed to optimize the construction of a smart healthcare platform for chronic diseases, improve the legal system and industry standards, strengthen talent cultivation and capacity building, establish an integrated regulatory system, and regularly evaluate the effectiveness of chronic disease management. These suggestions provided references for creating a healthy, orderly, and safe smart healthcare environment for chronic disease patients.

AIM:To investigate the mechanism by which Qiangji decoction attenuates cognitive impairment and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by D-galactose.METHODS:Eighty C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group,model group,metformin group,and Qiangji decoction group.D-galactose(100 mg·kg-1·d-1)was injected into the neck of mice,excluding those in control group,for 8 weeks to establish an aging-related cognitive impairment model.The mice in Qiangji decoction group received Qiangji decoction(24.96 g·kg-1·d-1),those in metformin group re-ceived metformin(0.2 g·kg-1·d-1),and those in other groups were administered an equal volume of normal saline for 4 weeks(20 mL·kg-1·d-1).Morris water maze and novel object recognition tests were used to assess mouse learning and memory.Fluoro-Jade B(FJB)staining was used to observe damaged neurons in the hippocampus.Transmission electron microscopy was employed to observe the ultrastructure of mitochondria in hippocampal nerve cells.The levels of reactive oxygen species(ROS)in hippocampal nerve cells were detected using a kit.Mitochondrial membrane potential was mea-sured by JC-1 staining.Kits were used to measure the levels of mitochondrial ATP,and mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I,III and IV in the hippocampus.The protein levels of AMP-activated protein kinase α(AMPKα),phosphory-lated AMPKα at Thr172(p-AMPKα-Thr172),silent information regulator 1(SIRT1),peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α(PGC-1α),nuclear respiratory factor 1(NRF1),NRF2 and mitochondrial transcription factor A(TFAM)in the hippocampus were detected by Western blot.RESULTS:Morris water maze and novel object recogni-tion tests showed that compared with model group,the escape latency of the mice in metformin and Qiangji decoction groups significantly decreased(P<0.05 or P<0.01),while the number of platform crossings,time spent in the target quadrant,and novel recognition index significantly increased(P<0.05 or P<0.01).The results of FJB staining indicated that compared with model group,the numbers of FJB-positive neurons in mouse hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions signifi-cantly decreased in metformin and Qiangji decoction groups(P<0.05 or P<0.01).Transmission electron microscopy re-vealed that compared with model group,damaged mitochondria in mouse hippocampal neurons were reduced in metformin and Qiangji decoction groups,with increased mitochondrial length and area(P<0.05 or P<0.01).Compared with model group,ROS levels in mouse hippocampal neurons significantly decreased in metformin and Qiangji decoction groups(P<0.05 or P<0.01).The results of JC-1 staining demonstrated that compared with model group,mitochondrial membrane potential significantly increased in metformin and Qiangji decoction groups(P<0.05 or P<0.01).Compared with model group,the levels of mitochondrial ATP,and complexes I,III and IV in the hippocampus significantly increased in metfor-min and Qiangji decoction groups(P<0.05 or P<0.01).Western blot analysis showed that compared with model group,the protein levels of p-AMPKα-Thr172,SIRT1,PGC-1α,NRF1,NRF2 and TFAM in mouse hippocampal tissues signifi-cantly increased in metformin and Qiangji decoction groups(P<0.05 or P<0.01).CONCLUSION:Qiangji decoction al-leviates cognitive impairment,neuronal damage and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by D-galactose through activation of the AMPKα/SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway.

Objective: This study examined the gut bacterial communities of dogs from different breeds, all kept under identical domestication conditions. Methods: Noninvasive sampling and 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing were used to compare the composition and function of the gut microbiota of three dog breeds: the Chinese Kunming dog (CKD), German Shepherd dog (GSD), and Belgian Malinois dog (BMD). Results: The gut microbiota of the three dog breeds consisted of 257 species across 146 genera, 60 families, 35 orders, 15 classes, and 10 phyla. The dominant bacterial phyla across the three breeds were Firmicutes (57.44%), Fusobacteriota (28.86%), and Bacteroidota (7.63%), while the dominant bacterial genera across the three breeds were Peptostreptococcus (21.08%), Fusobacterium (18.50%), Lactobacillus (12.37%), and Cetobacter (10.29%). Further analysis revealed significant differences in the intestinal flora of the three breeds at the phylum and genus levels. The intestinal flora of BMD was significantly richer than that of CKD and GSD. The functional prediction and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that the primary functions of the gut microbiota in these breeds were similar, with significant enrichment in various metabolic pathways, including carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and microbial metabolism in different environments. The intestinal flora of these breeds also played a crucial role in genetic information processing, including transcription, translation, replication, and material transport. Conclusions and Relevance: These results provide novel insights into the intestinal flora of intervention dogs and suggest novel methods to improve their health status, which help increase microbial diversity and normalize metabolite production in diseased dogs.