Peritoneal metastasis is a common form of distant metastasis in patients with colorectal cancer, and it is typically associated with a poor prognosis. The development of peritoneal metastasis involves complex molecular mechanisms and multifactorial regulation of the tumor microenvironment. Due to the presence of the blood-peritoneal barrier, only a small amount of systemic medication reaches the peritoneal cavity, resulting in limited efficacy against peritoneal metastasis. Intraperitoneal administration shows significant therapeutic advantages as it can directly target the tumor microenvironment, maintain high local drug concentrations, and reduce systemic toxicity. Intraperitoneal chemotherapy, especially hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy, has become a cornerstone therapeutic strategy in the clinical treatment of peritoneal metastasis. When selecting chemotherapy drugs and drug combinations, pharmacokinetic properties, efficacy, and safety must be comprehensively considered to optimize the treatment outcomes. In addition, the unique microenvironment of the peritoneal cavity provides new treatment approaches for biological treatment strategies, including antitoxins, vaccines, immune checkpoint inhibitors, etc. Techniques such as pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy and novel drug delivery systems demonstrate potential for enhanced efficacy, offering promising alternatives to improve patient outcomes. This article will review peritoneal barrier characteristics, intraperitoneal drug transport, intraperitoneal chemotherapy, and intraperitoneal biological therapies, thereby establishing a theoretical framework for precision therapy in colorectal cancer peritoneal metastasis.

Objective:To analyze the changes in the phylogenetic and antigenic characteristics of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of influenza virus A(H3N2) [A(H3N2)] during the 2022-2024 influenza seasons in Beijing.Methods:The data of influenza-like cases and A(H3N2) strains from 17 network laboratories and their corresponding sentinel hospitals were collected during the 2022-2024 influenza seasons. The HA genes were amplified and sequenced after extracting nucleic acids of the chosen virus strains. BioEdit, the nucleotide and amino acid sequence identity were conducted, and the maximum likelihood method in MEGA 5.0 software was used to construct the phylogenetic tree of HA genes. Web Logo displayed the amino acid mutation, and the N-glycosylation sites of HA online were analyzed using the NetNGlyc1.0 Server online. The Datamonkey platform was utilized to analyze the positive selection pressure sites of the HA protein.Results:The 2022-2024 influenza season includes 2022-2023 and 2023-2024. During the influenza seasons of 2022-2024, the positive rates of A(H3N2) nucleic acid were 10.35% (2 127/20 543) and 10.47% (4 386/41 876), respectively. In the 2022-2023 influenza season, there were two peaks in the A(H3N2). The comparison of HA genes between all A(H3N2) strains studied with the 2022-2024 vaccine strain (A/Darwin/9/2021) revealed that all of the strains studied have the two amino acid mutations involving 186 and 225 receptor binding sites. There were 31 amino acid substitutions in the 2022-2023 influenza season, of which 18 variant sites involved antigenic determinants. There were 35 amino acid mutations during the 2023-2024 influenza season, of which 14 were related to antigenic determinants. There were changes in the genetic evolutionary subclades of A(H3N2) strains in two influenza seasons: from 2022 to 2023, three evolutionary subclades were co-prevalent together, with the 3C.2a1b.2a.2a.3a.1 accounting for 76.67% (23/30), the 3C.2a1b.2a.1a accounting for 20.00% (6/30), the 3C.2a1b.2a.2a.1 accounting for 3.33% (1/30); from 2023 to 2024, two subclades were prevalent, with 3C.2a1b.2a.2a.3a.1 accounting for 95.12% (39/41) and 3C.2a1b.2a.2a.1 accounting for 4.88% (2/41). The glycosylation site changes of the HA protein of A(H3N2) have been enhanced from 2023 to 2024. The 145 amino acid position of the HA protein of the A(H3N2) was the positive selection site for stress selection site analysis.Conclusions:The evolutionary subclades of the HA gene of A(H3N2) in Beijing showed changes from 2022 to 2024, and the glycosylation site polymorphism of the HA protein of A(H3N2) significantly increased from 2023 to 2024. Continuous monitoring of HA mutations in the A(H3N2) is crucial, providing a basis for developing influenza prevention and control strategies, as well as new strategic support for screening influenza vaccine components, vaccine design, and discovery of drug targets.

ObjectiveTo analyze the detected results of CD4⁺T lymphocytes and viral load in newly identified human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients in Huangpu District of Shanghai in 2023, to explore the correlation between them, so as to provide a scientific basis for the development of targeted prevention and control measures and antiviral treatment programs. MethodsThe data of CD4 cell count, viral load and demographic characteristics of the newly infected patients living with HIV in Huangpu District, Shanghai in 2023 were collected and analyzed by using descriptive epidemiological method. ResultsThe mean CD4 cell count of the 67 newly identified HIV infected patients in Huangpu District was (301.22±235.19) cells·µL^-1, with a mean viral load of (5.15±1.28) ×10⁵ copies·mL^-1.There were statistically significant differences in CD4 cell count and viral load among different age groups (P<0.05), but there were no statistically significant differences by gender and marital status (both P>0.05). The CD4 cell count and CD4/CD8 ratio both were negatively correlated with the lg value of viral load (r=-0.290, -0.378; P=0.027, 0.002). ConclusionThe CD4 cell counts of the newly identified HIV infected patients in Huangpu District in 2023 were generally low, the proportion of patients with high viral load was high, but the risk for elderly infected with HIV was high. The elderly have gradually become the key population for AIDS prevention and control in Huangpu District. It is recommended to expand HIV screening in the elderly to reduce the risk of HIV transmission and increase the rate of early detection and treatment.

Objective:To improve the isolation and culture method of seasonal influenza virus in embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs), and evaluate their isolation efficiency.Methods:We randomly selected 80 positive samples of H1N1 (H1N1pdm09) and seasonal H3N2 (H3N2snl) influenza virus nucleic acid, and inoculated them into the amniotic and urinary sac cavities of 10-day-old (traditional method) and 14-day-old (improved method) ECEs respectively to adapt the virus to the ECEs (E1-E2). Both method were used to inoculate 10-day-old urinary sac amplification virus (E2-E3), and the final virus isolation positive rates of the two method were compared; using fluorescence quantitative PCR method to detect viral nucleic acids in the improved amniotic and urinary sac cultures, and evaluate the viral proliferation at different inoculation sites; we analyzed the correlation between virus content and isolation positivity rate in the original specimen based on the CT value of nucleic acid testing and the final virus isolation positivity rate using the improved method.Results:The improved method obtained 42 strains of H1N1pdm09 strain, with a positive rate of 52.5% ( χ2=38.571, P<0.01); obtained 54 strains of H3N2snl strain, with a positive rate of 67.5% ( χ2=40.921, P<0.01). Significant differences were observed in the isolation efficiency of H1N1pdm09 samples when the improved method was applied to different inoculation sites of chicken embryos ( χ2=30.476, P<0.01), and similar differences were noted for H3N2snl samples ( χ2=4.928, P=0.026). There was no significant difference in the isolation rate of different CT value intervals of the original samples ( χH1N1pdm092=10.226, χH3N2snl2=3.764, P>0.05). Conclusions:The improved method of inoculating 14-day old ECEs adapted the virus, and the final number of strains obtained was significantly higher than the traditional method of inoculating 10 day old ECEs, which can significantly improve the positive isolation rate of H1N1pdm09 and H3N2snl influenza virus in ECEs. The amniotic cavity is more sensitive to H1N1pdm09 and H3N2snl influenza viruses, which helps the virus adapt in ECEs. There was no significant difference in the sample isolation rate and total positive rate of virus isolation among different CT value ranges, and further verification is needed.

Objective:To evaluate the long-term protective efficacy of the recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cell-derived hepatitis B vaccine（CHO-HepB）26 years post-vaccination in the rural China.Methods:Zhengding county，Hebei province was designated as a rural monitoring site for CHO-HepB efficacy. Study participants included individuals born between 1997 and 1999 who had completed the three-dose CHO-HepB primary series without booster doses. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in late 2024 using random sampling. Demographic and vaccination history data were collected via questionnaires，and hepatitis B virus（HBV）serological markers were detected using chemiluminescence. Historical surveillance data were integrated to infer infection statuses of HBsAg-positive individuals and evaluate longitudinal trends in anti-HBs seropositivity and antibody titers.Results:Among 178 participants（mean time since vaccination：26.2 years），the seroprevalence rates were 0.6% for HBsAg（95% CI：0.0%-1.6%），64.6% for anti-HBs（95% CI：57.6%-71.6%），and 1.1% for anti-HBc（95% CI：0.0%-2.7%）. Compared to the pre-vaccination baseline HBsAg positivity of 11.3% in children under 10 years of age，the estimated vaccine protection rate was 95%. Two notable cases were identified：one with concurrent HBsAg and anti-HBc positivity and one with anti-HBs and anti-HBc positivity，suggestive of transient HBV exposure（1999—2009）without chronicity. Natural immune boosting was inferred for the latter case based on anti-HBs titer dynamics. Longitudinal analysis of four prior cross-sectional surveys（2005，2009，2013，and 2017）revealed no significant upward trends in HBsAg and anti-HBc positivity（both P>0.05）over 26 years，while anti-HBs seropositivity declined significantly（ P<0.05）from 6 to 26 years post-vaccination. Conclusion:The CHO-HepB vaccine demonstrates sustained immunological persistence and robust long-term protection up to 26 years post-immunization. Continued emphasis on rigorous implementation of mother-to-child transmission prevention strategies is critical for future hepatitis B control.

Objective:To improve the isolation and culture method of seasonal influenza virus in embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs), and evaluate their isolation efficiency.Methods:We randomly selected 80 positive samples of H1N1 (H1N1pdm09) and seasonal H3N2 (H3N2snl) influenza virus nucleic acid, and inoculated them into the amniotic and urinary sac cavities of 10-day-old (traditional method) and 14-day-old (improved method) ECEs respectively to adapt the virus to the ECEs (E1-E2). Both method were used to inoculate 10-day-old urinary sac amplification virus (E2-E3), and the final virus isolation positive rates of the two method were compared; using fluorescence quantitative PCR method to detect viral nucleic acids in the improved amniotic and urinary sac cultures, and evaluate the viral proliferation at different inoculation sites; we analyzed the correlation between virus content and isolation positivity rate in the original specimen based on the CT value of nucleic acid testing and the final virus isolation positivity rate using the improved method.Results:The improved method obtained 42 strains of H1N1pdm09 strain, with a positive rate of 52.5% ( χ2=38.571, P<0.01); obtained 54 strains of H3N2snl strain, with a positive rate of 67.5% ( χ2=40.921, P<0.01). Significant differences were observed in the isolation efficiency of H1N1pdm09 samples when the improved method was applied to different inoculation sites of chicken embryos ( χ2=30.476, P<0.01), and similar differences were noted for H3N2snl samples ( χ2=4.928, P=0.026). There was no significant difference in the isolation rate of different CT value intervals of the original samples ( χH1N1pdm092=10.226, χH3N2snl2=3.764, P>0.05). Conclusions:The improved method of inoculating 14-day old ECEs adapted the virus, and the final number of strains obtained was significantly higher than the traditional method of inoculating 10 day old ECEs, which can significantly improve the positive isolation rate of H1N1pdm09 and H3N2snl influenza virus in ECEs. The amniotic cavity is more sensitive to H1N1pdm09 and H3N2snl influenza viruses, which helps the virus adapt in ECEs. There was no significant difference in the sample isolation rate and total positive rate of virus isolation among different CT value ranges, and further verification is needed.

Objective:To evaluate the long-term protective efficacy of the recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cell-derived hepatitis B vaccine（CHO-HepB）26 years post-vaccination in the rural China.Methods:Zhengding county，Hebei province was designated as a rural monitoring site for CHO-HepB efficacy. Study participants included individuals born between 1997 and 1999 who had completed the three-dose CHO-HepB primary series without booster doses. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in late 2024 using random sampling. Demographic and vaccination history data were collected via questionnaires，and hepatitis B virus（HBV）serological markers were detected using chemiluminescence. Historical surveillance data were integrated to infer infection statuses of HBsAg-positive individuals and evaluate longitudinal trends in anti-HBs seropositivity and antibody titers.Results:Among 178 participants（mean time since vaccination：26.2 years），the seroprevalence rates were 0.6% for HBsAg（95% CI：0.0%-1.6%），64.6% for anti-HBs（95% CI：57.6%-71.6%），and 1.1% for anti-HBc（95% CI：0.0%-2.7%）. Compared to the pre-vaccination baseline HBsAg positivity of 11.3% in children under 10 years of age，the estimated vaccine protection rate was 95%. Two notable cases were identified：one with concurrent HBsAg and anti-HBc positivity and one with anti-HBs and anti-HBc positivity，suggestive of transient HBV exposure（1999—2009）without chronicity. Natural immune boosting was inferred for the latter case based on anti-HBs titer dynamics. Longitudinal analysis of four prior cross-sectional surveys（2005，2009，2013，and 2017）revealed no significant upward trends in HBsAg and anti-HBc positivity（both P>0.05）over 26 years，while anti-HBs seropositivity declined significantly（ P<0.05）from 6 to 26 years post-vaccination. Conclusion:The CHO-HepB vaccine demonstrates sustained immunological persistence and robust long-term protection up to 26 years post-immunization. Continued emphasis on rigorous implementation of mother-to-child transmission prevention strategies is critical for future hepatitis B control.

Objective:To analyze the changes in the phylogenetic and antigenic characteristics of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of influenza virus A(H3N2) [A(H3N2)] during the 2022-2024 influenza seasons in Beijing.Methods:The data of influenza-like cases and A(H3N2) strains from 17 network laboratories and their corresponding sentinel hospitals were collected during the 2022-2024 influenza seasons. The HA genes were amplified and sequenced after extracting nucleic acids of the chosen virus strains. BioEdit, the nucleotide and amino acid sequence identity were conducted, and the maximum likelihood method in MEGA 5.0 software was used to construct the phylogenetic tree of HA genes. Web Logo displayed the amino acid mutation, and the N-glycosylation sites of HA online were analyzed using the NetNGlyc1.0 Server online. The Datamonkey platform was utilized to analyze the positive selection pressure sites of the HA protein.Results:The 2022-2024 influenza season includes 2022-2023 and 2023-2024. During the influenza seasons of 2022-2024, the positive rates of A(H3N2) nucleic acid were 10.35% (2 127/20 543) and 10.47% (4 386/41 876), respectively. In the 2022-2023 influenza season, there were two peaks in the A(H3N2). The comparison of HA genes between all A(H3N2) strains studied with the 2022-2024 vaccine strain (A/Darwin/9/2021) revealed that all of the strains studied have the two amino acid mutations involving 186 and 225 receptor binding sites. There were 31 amino acid substitutions in the 2022-2023 influenza season, of which 18 variant sites involved antigenic determinants. There were 35 amino acid mutations during the 2023-2024 influenza season, of which 14 were related to antigenic determinants. There were changes in the genetic evolutionary subclades of A(H3N2) strains in two influenza seasons: from 2022 to 2023, three evolutionary subclades were co-prevalent together, with the 3C.2a1b.2a.2a.3a.1 accounting for 76.67% (23/30), the 3C.2a1b.2a.1a accounting for 20.00% (6/30), the 3C.2a1b.2a.2a.1 accounting for 3.33% (1/30); from 2023 to 2024, two subclades were prevalent, with 3C.2a1b.2a.2a.3a.1 accounting for 95.12% (39/41) and 3C.2a1b.2a.2a.1 accounting for 4.88% (2/41). The glycosylation site changes of the HA protein of A(H3N2) have been enhanced from 2023 to 2024. The 145 amino acid position of the HA protein of the A(H3N2) was the positive selection site for stress selection site analysis.Conclusions:The evolutionary subclades of the HA gene of A(H3N2) in Beijing showed changes from 2022 to 2024, and the glycosylation site polymorphism of the HA protein of A(H3N2) significantly increased from 2023 to 2024. Continuous monitoring of HA mutations in the A(H3N2) is crucial, providing a basis for developing influenza prevention and control strategies, as well as new strategic support for screening influenza vaccine components, vaccine design, and discovery of drug targets.

Peritoneal metastasis is a common form of distant metastasis in patients with colorectal cancer, and it is typically associated with a poor prognosis. The development of peritoneal metastasis involves complex molecular mechanisms and multifactorial regulation of the tumor microenvironment. Due to the presence of the blood-peritoneal barrier, only a small amount of systemic medication reaches the peritoneal cavity, resulting in limited efficacy against peritoneal metastasis. Intraperitoneal administration shows significant therapeutic advantages as it can directly target the tumor microenvironment, maintain high local drug concentrations, and reduce systemic toxicity. Intraperitoneal chemotherapy, especially hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy, has become a cornerstone therapeutic strategy in the clinical treatment of peritoneal metastasis. When selecting chemotherapy drugs and drug combinations, pharmacokinetic properties, efficacy, and safety must be comprehensively considered to optimize the treatment outcomes. In addition, the unique microenvironment of the peritoneal cavity provides new treatment approaches for biological treatment strategies, including antitoxins, vaccines, immune checkpoint inhibitors, etc. Techniques such as pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy and novel drug delivery systems demonstrate potential for enhanced efficacy, offering promising alternatives to improve patient outcomes. This article will review peritoneal barrier characteristics, intraperitoneal drug transport, intraperitoneal chemotherapy, and intraperitoneal biological therapies, thereby establishing a theoretical framework for precision therapy in colorectal cancer peritoneal metastasis.

Objective:In the background of the national promotion of DIP insurance payment reform,using empirical data to evaluate the initial effects of payment reforms in typical traditional Chinese medicine hospitals.Methods:It collected inpatient case data from a Chinese medicine hospital in S city,encompassing a total of 207 500 cases from 2016 to 2022,and the differences between before and after the reform were analyzed using key indicators such as medical costs.Interrupted time series was applied to analyze the initial effects of the reform based on three intervention time points:reform implementation,epidemic development and static management.Logistic regression was applied to explore the main influencing factors,and recommendations for refinement were made based on the results of the key informant interviews.Results:It was found that the percentage of the high hospitalization cost group,high self-pay cost group and high bed-day cost group increased after the reform.There was an overall increasing trend in bed-day costs after the reform.Age,being married,operation times and average grade of operations,and death were the common influences.Conclusion:The initial stage of the DIP insurance payment reform was not effective in regulating medical costs.Demographic changes,strong intervention in epidemics,and the tendency of Chinese medicine hospitals to perform surgeries all tend to lead to an increase in hospitalization costs.At the same time,factors such as the shortage of policy interpretation and the lack of incentives for medical staff have affected the effectiveness of the reform.It was suggested that the DIP insurance payment reform of the Chinese medicine hospitals should be further promoted by strengthening the interpretation of policies and changing the solidification model,establishing positive incentives for medical staff,and adding indicators of traditional Chinese medicine characteristics.This will further fully leverage the advantages of Chinese medicine characteristics and enhance the substance and quality of Chinese medicine services.