Retinal vein occlusion(RVO)is the second most common blinding retinal vascular disease, and its secondary macular edema(ME)is an important cause of visual function impairment in patients. Intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)drugs serves as the first-line treatment, yet it is confronted with such issues as the need for repeated injections and non-response in some patients. Imaging and laboratory biomarkers play a crucial role in the early accurate diagnosis, prediction of disease progression, and evaluation of visual prognosis of RVO-ME. This study systematically reviews the research progress of imaging and laboratory biomarkers related to the prognosis of RVO-ME after anti-VEGF treatment in recent years, covering imaging biomarkers like central retinal thickness and ellipsoid zone integrity, as well as laboratory biomarkers such as serum APLN and aqueous humor IL-6. It summarizes the associations between different biomarkers and the prognosis of anti-VEGF therapy, aiming to provide a basis for the early accurate assessment and optimization of individualized treatment for RVO-ME patients, which holds significant clinical reference value.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the current status, evolution, hot topics, and future research trends in the field of burn-related sepsis research through a visual analysis of literature. METHODS: A bibliometric method was employed to retrieve articles related to burn-related sepsis from January 1, 1994, to May 16, 2024, in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and the Web of Science database. The CiteSpace 6.3.R1 software was used to analyze the retrieved literature. The number of publications, authors, countries, and institutions in both Chinese and English literature was statistically analyzed. Co-occurrence analysis, clustering analysis, and co-citation analysis of keywords were performed. RESULTS: A total of 1 090 articles from the CNKI database and 1 143 articles from the Web of Science database were retrieved. Over the past 20 years, the volume of Chinese publications has remained stable, although there has been a slight decline in the past two years. In contrast, the number of English publications, after a period of growth, showed a sharp decline over the past three years. In Chinese literature, 1 457 authors published articles on burn-related sepsis as first authors, with 14 core authors publishing four or more articles. In English literature, 98 authors published articles on burn-related sepsis as first authors. Research on burn-related sepsis was conducted by 76 countries, with the United States having the most collaborations and publications. Globally, 1 349 institutions published articles on burn-related sepsis, with the top institutions being the First Affiliated Hospital of the PLA General Hospital (8 articles) for Chinese literature and the University of Texas Medical Branch (57 articles) for English literature. In the co-occurrence analysis, 208 Chinese keywords and 211 English keywords were included. Excluding keywords related to search terms, the top five most frequent keywords in Chinese literature were burn, sepsis, infection, severe burn, and procalcitonin; the top five most frequent keywords in English literature were sepsis, septic shock, mortality, injury, and burn injury. Chinese keyword analysis identified six clusters, with the largest being sepsis, followed by procalcitonin, infection, and severe burn. English keyword analysis identified seven clusters, with the largest being expression, followed by epidemiology, inhalation injury, and acute kidney injury. The persistent clusters in Chinese literature were procalcitonin, with recent emerging nodes being severe burn, inflammatory response, platelets, and predictive value. In English literature, the persistent clusters were inhalation injury and nitric oxide, with recent emerging nodes being continuous renal replacement therapy, hemorrhagic shock, and early enteral nutrition. The longest-lasting emergent keyword in Chinese literature was delayed resuscitation (2003-2010), with the highest emergent strength being severe burn. In English literature, the longest-lasting emergent keywords, each lasting five years, were nitric oxide (2007-2012), management (2019-2024), and impact (2019-2024), with the highest emergent strength being thermal injury. CONCLUSIONS Research on burn-related sepsis has shifted from focusing on early studies on pathogenesis and mortality to focus on prevention, treatment, and early diagnosis. Future research is expected to focus on early diagnosis and risk factors of burn-related sepsis.
Burns/complications* ; Sepsis/etiology* ; Humans ; Bibliometrics ; China

Dry eye is a chronic ocular surface disease caused by multiple factors. It is caused by the instability of tear film and the imbalance of the microenvironment of ocular surface, and may be accompanied by ocular surface inflammation, damage, and abnormal nerve sensation. The instability of tear film is its core characteristic. Mucin is an important component of the tear film and plays a role in stabilizing the tear film. The reduction of its secretion and the change of its structure lead to the occurrence and development of dry eye. The intracellular Ca2+ signal is the key to controlling the secretion of water and enzymes by exocrine glands. A decrease in the Ca2+ signal can cause dry eye. Conjunctival goblet cells are the main cells that secrete mucin. By activating the intracellular PLC-IP3-Ca2+ pathway, RyRs pathway, cAMP signaling pathway, P2X receptor, BLT1 and ChemR23 receptors, cholinergic receptor, and ALX signaling pathway, the content of Ca2+ can be increased, and the replenishment of mucin granules can be accelerated, thereby relieving the symptoms of dry eye. The Ca2+ signaling pathway may be an important target for the treatment of dry eye. This article reviews the role of mucin in dry eye and the influence of the Ca2+ signal on the secretion of mucin by conjunctival goblet cells.

Ocular trauma is a leading cause of permanent visual impairment and loss of working a-bility.Among them,orbital foreign body injuries are often accompanied by multiple injuries to the eye-ball and surrounding tissues,adversely affecting the quality of life.This paper reported a 33-year-old male patient with right orbital foreign body resulting in eyeball contusion,extraocular muscle injury,and restricted ocular movement.After surgical removal of the foreign body combined with integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine treatment,the patient's visual acuity improved from 0.4 to 0.8,and ocular motility function significantly improved.This suggests that comprehensive treatment contributes to promoting functional recovery and enhancing clinical efficacy.

Objective To assess the global,regional,and national burdens of eye cancer between 1990 and 2021,examine its change trends with the age,sex,geographic location,and socio-demographic index(SDI)level,and provide scientific evidence for the development of eye cancer prevention and control strategies.Methods Based on the data from the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)study,the global burden of eye cancer was evaluated using the indicator system inclu-ding incidence,prevalence,mortality,and disability-adjusted life years(DALYs).The change trend of the burden of eye cancer with time was quantified with Join-point regression.Frontier analysis methods were used to evaluate the relationship between the burdens of eye cancer with SDI.Results From 1990 to 2021,the global incidence,age-standardized inci-dence rate(ASIR),prevalence and age-standardized prevalence rate(ASPR)of eye cancer showed an upward trend over time.Conversely,the mortality,age-standardized mortality rate(ASMR),DALYs,and age-standardized DALY rate(ASDR)declined during the same period.All the above indicators in males were higher than those in females.Regionally,Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa bore the highest disease burden,while Oceania had the lowest.It should be noted that East Asia experienced the most significant increase in ASIR,and Southern Sub-Saharan Africa showed the greatest rise in ASPR.Meanwhile,Southern Latin America demonstrated the most pronounced decrease in both ASIR and ASPR.East Asia also re-corded the largest reductions in ASMR and ASDR.At the national level,Malawi had the highest disease burden in 2021.To-kelau exhibited the most substantial increase while Norway showed the greatest decrease in disease burden.Age-specific analysis revealed a bimodal distribution,with children under 5 years and adults over 80 being the most affected groups.Furthermore,SDI-based analysis indicated a wave-like relationship between SDI and ASIR/ASPR,and both ASMR and AS-DR declined with the increasing SDI.Conclusion The global burden of eye cancer shows a decline trend generally.The difference in the burden of eye cancer between regional and national levels may be related to medical resource allocation and public health policies.The results of this study provide scientific evidence for the development of tailored eye cancer prevention and control strategies.It is recommended that more attention should be paid to high-burden regions,resource distribution should be optimized,early screening should be enhanced,and targeted interventions for different age and gen-der groups should be implemented.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological burden of age-related macular degeneration(AMD)in China and low-,middle-,and high-socio-demographic index(SDI)countries,thereby providing a theoretical foundation for the prevention and control of AMD.Methods The data published by Global Burden of Disease(GBD)from 1990 to 2021,in-cluding the number of cases,prevalence,disability-adjusted life years(DALYs),and DALYs rate,were utilized to analyze the characteristics of AMD in China and low-,middle-,and high-SDI countries and assess the burden of AMD and its corre-lation with SDI.Results In 2021,the number of patients with AMD and DALYs in China ranked first in the world.Be-sides,the age-standardized prevalence rate(ASPR)and age-standardized DALYs rate(ASDR)in China ranked 46th and 64th in the world,respectively.The number of patients with AMD and DALYs in high-SDI countries were significantly lower than those in middle-and low-SDI countries.The ASPR and ASDR in China were higher than those in high-SDI countries but lower than those in low-SDI countries,and both exceeded the global averages.The prevalence of AMD among people aged 55 years and above was significantly higher.In high-SDI countries,the highest prevalence of AMD was observed a-mong people aged 80 years or above.The prevalence of AMD in China and middle-SDI countries peaked among people aged 65-69 years;whereas that in low-SDI countries peaked among people aged 75-79 years.The AMD burden in females was significantly higher than that in males.The global number of AMD patients exhibited an increasing trend from 1990 to 2021,with the fastest increase observed in China(3.11-fold).The ASPR in China showed a wave-like increasing trend,while that in low-,middle-,and high-SDI countries showed a decreasing trend during the same period.The overall DALY showed an increasing trend,and the increase in the DALYs in China(2.84-fold)exceeded that in low-,middle-,and high-SDI countries.However,the overall ASDR declined,with the most significant decline observed in high-SDI countries.The AS-DR in China has recently rebounded after a wave-like decline from 1990 to 2021.The analysis results of the slope index of inequality(SII)and concentration index(CI)showed that the gap in the AMD burden between high-income and low-in-come countries widened progressively from 1990 to 2021,with the burden being more severe in low-SDI countries.Conclu-sion In 2021,the number of patients with AMD and DALYs in China ranked first in the world.The overall disease burden of AMD in China was between that of high-and low-SDI countries but was higher than global averages.The prevalence of AMD among people aged 55 years and above was significantly higher,and the burden was higher for females than for males.From 1990 to 2021,the number of patients with AMD and the prevalence of this disease in China exhibited an in-creasing trend,while those in low-,middle-,and high-SDI countries showed a decreasing trend.The overall DALYs in-creased,while the overall ASDR decreased.The gap in the AMD burden between high-income and low-income countries widened,and the burden was more severe in low-SDI countries.It was concluded that the burden of AMD was closely re-lated to age,gender,and SDI,and that its distribution characteristics and trends should be considered in the formulation of prevention and control strategies.

Objective To explore the molecular mechanisms by which cytochrome P4502C regulates ferroptosis in hu-man retinal microvascular endothelial cells(hRMECs)under high-glucose conditions.Methods Human retinal microvas-cular endothelial cells(hRMECs)were cultured in vitro and divided into six groups:the NG group(cells cultured in ser-um-free DMEM medium containing 5.5 mmol·L-1 glucose);the NG+fenofibrate group(10 μmol·L-1 fenofibrate added to the NG group);the NG+rifampicin group(10 μmol·L-1 rifampicin added to the NG group);the HG group(cells cul-tured in serum-free DMEM medium containing 25.5 mmol·L-1 glucose);the HG+fenofibrate group(10 μmol·L-1 feno-fibrate added to the HG group);and the HG+rifampicin group(10 μmol·L-1 rifampicin added to the HG group).After 48 hours of culture,subsequent experiments were conducted.Cell viability was assessed using the CCK-8 assay.The levels of malondialdehyde(MDA)and iron content in hRMECs were measured using commercial assay kits.The relative fluores-cence intensity of Liperfluo was quantified by flow cytometry.The mRNA expression levels of glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4),cytochrome P4502C,and acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4(ACSL4)in hRMECs were analyzed using real-time quantitative PCR.The protein expression levels of GPX4,cytochrome P4502C,and ACSL4 in hRMECs were evaluated using Western blot analysis.Results Optimal concentration analysis showed that the 10 μmnol·L-1 fenofibrate group had the highest cell viability compared to the HG group(P＜0.05),while the 10 μmol·L-1 rifampicin group had the lowest cell viability(P＜0.05).Thus,10 μmol·L-1 was selected as the optimal concentration for both fenofibrate and rif-ampicin for subsequent experiments.Cell viability in the NG,NG+fenofibrate,NG+rifampicin,HG,HG+fenofibrate,and HG+rifampicin groups was(100.00±7.85)％,(102.15±9.07)％,(69.97±4.22)％,(61.74±6.13)％,(83.64±7.58)％,and(56.96±5.34)％,respectively.Compared with the NG group,the HG group had significantly lower cell via-bility(P＜0.05).Compared with the HG group,the HG+fenofibrate group had significantly higher cell viability(P＜0.05).Compared with the NG group,the HG group had higher levels of MDA,iron content,and Liperfluo relative fluores-cence intensity(all P＜0.05).Compared with the HG group,the HG+fenofibrate group had lower levels of MDA,iron content,and Liperfluo relative fluorescence intensity(all P＜0.05);the HG+rifampicin group had higher levels of these parameters(all P＜0.05).Compared with the NG group,the HG group had higher mRNA and protein expression levels of cytochrome P4502C and ACSL4,but lower levels of GPX4 mRNA and protein(all P＜0.05).Compared with the HG group,the HG+fenofibrate group had lower mRNA and protein expression levels of cytochrome P4502C and ACSL4,but higher lev-els of GPX4 mRNA and protein(all P＜0.05);the HG+rifampicin group had higher mRNA and protein expression levels of cytochrome P4502C and ACSL4,but lower levels of GPX4 mRNA and protein(all P＜0.05).Conclusion Cytochrome P4502C can promote ferroptosis of hRMECs under high-glucose conditions by regulating the GPX4/ACSL4 signaling axis;in-hibition of cytochrome P4502C expression can exert a protective effect on DR;modulation of the expression levels or bal-ance of the key factors GPX4 and ACSL4 in this pathway may hold promise as a potential strategy to slow the progression of DR.

Objective To assess the global,regional,and national burdens of eye cancer between 1990 and 2021,examine its change trends with the age,sex,geographic location,and socio-demographic index(SDI)level,and provide scientific evidence for the development of eye cancer prevention and control strategies.Methods Based on the data from the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)study,the global burden of eye cancer was evaluated using the indicator system inclu-ding incidence,prevalence,mortality,and disability-adjusted life years(DALYs).The change trend of the burden of eye cancer with time was quantified with Join-point regression.Frontier analysis methods were used to evaluate the relationship between the burdens of eye cancer with SDI.Results From 1990 to 2021,the global incidence,age-standardized inci-dence rate(ASIR),prevalence and age-standardized prevalence rate(ASPR)of eye cancer showed an upward trend over time.Conversely,the mortality,age-standardized mortality rate(ASMR),DALYs,and age-standardized DALY rate(ASDR)declined during the same period.All the above indicators in males were higher than those in females.Regionally,Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa bore the highest disease burden,while Oceania had the lowest.It should be noted that East Asia experienced the most significant increase in ASIR,and Southern Sub-Saharan Africa showed the greatest rise in ASPR.Meanwhile,Southern Latin America demonstrated the most pronounced decrease in both ASIR and ASPR.East Asia also re-corded the largest reductions in ASMR and ASDR.At the national level,Malawi had the highest disease burden in 2021.To-kelau exhibited the most substantial increase while Norway showed the greatest decrease in disease burden.Age-specific analysis revealed a bimodal distribution,with children under 5 years and adults over 80 being the most affected groups.Furthermore,SDI-based analysis indicated a wave-like relationship between SDI and ASIR/ASPR,and both ASMR and AS-DR declined with the increasing SDI.Conclusion The global burden of eye cancer shows a decline trend generally.The difference in the burden of eye cancer between regional and national levels may be related to medical resource allocation and public health policies.The results of this study provide scientific evidence for the development of tailored eye cancer prevention and control strategies.It is recommended that more attention should be paid to high-burden regions,resource distribution should be optimized,early screening should be enhanced,and targeted interventions for different age and gen-der groups should be implemented.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological burden of age-related macular degeneration(AMD)in China and low-,middle-,and high-socio-demographic index(SDI)countries,thereby providing a theoretical foundation for the prevention and control of AMD.Methods The data published by Global Burden of Disease(GBD)from 1990 to 2021,in-cluding the number of cases,prevalence,disability-adjusted life years(DALYs),and DALYs rate,were utilized to analyze the characteristics of AMD in China and low-,middle-,and high-SDI countries and assess the burden of AMD and its corre-lation with SDI.Results In 2021,the number of patients with AMD and DALYs in China ranked first in the world.Be-sides,the age-standardized prevalence rate(ASPR)and age-standardized DALYs rate(ASDR)in China ranked 46th and 64th in the world,respectively.The number of patients with AMD and DALYs in high-SDI countries were significantly lower than those in middle-and low-SDI countries.The ASPR and ASDR in China were higher than those in high-SDI countries but lower than those in low-SDI countries,and both exceeded the global averages.The prevalence of AMD among people aged 55 years and above was significantly higher.In high-SDI countries,the highest prevalence of AMD was observed a-mong people aged 80 years or above.The prevalence of AMD in China and middle-SDI countries peaked among people aged 65-69 years;whereas that in low-SDI countries peaked among people aged 75-79 years.The AMD burden in females was significantly higher than that in males.The global number of AMD patients exhibited an increasing trend from 1990 to 2021,with the fastest increase observed in China(3.11-fold).The ASPR in China showed a wave-like increasing trend,while that in low-,middle-,and high-SDI countries showed a decreasing trend during the same period.The overall DALY showed an increasing trend,and the increase in the DALYs in China(2.84-fold)exceeded that in low-,middle-,and high-SDI countries.However,the overall ASDR declined,with the most significant decline observed in high-SDI countries.The AS-DR in China has recently rebounded after a wave-like decline from 1990 to 2021.The analysis results of the slope index of inequality(SII)and concentration index(CI)showed that the gap in the AMD burden between high-income and low-in-come countries widened progressively from 1990 to 2021,with the burden being more severe in low-SDI countries.Conclu-sion In 2021,the number of patients with AMD and DALYs in China ranked first in the world.The overall disease burden of AMD in China was between that of high-and low-SDI countries but was higher than global averages.The prevalence of AMD among people aged 55 years and above was significantly higher,and the burden was higher for females than for males.From 1990 to 2021,the number of patients with AMD and the prevalence of this disease in China exhibited an in-creasing trend,while those in low-,middle-,and high-SDI countries showed a decreasing trend.The overall DALYs in-creased,while the overall ASDR decreased.The gap in the AMD burden between high-income and low-income countries widened,and the burden was more severe in low-SDI countries.It was concluded that the burden of AMD was closely re-lated to age,gender,and SDI,and that its distribution characteristics and trends should be considered in the formulation of prevention and control strategies.

Objective To explore the molecular mechanisms by which cytochrome P4502C regulates ferroptosis in hu-man retinal microvascular endothelial cells(hRMECs)under high-glucose conditions.Methods Human retinal microvas-cular endothelial cells(hRMECs)were cultured in vitro and divided into six groups:the NG group(cells cultured in ser-um-free DMEM medium containing 5.5 mmol·L-1 glucose);the NG+fenofibrate group(10 μmol·L-1 fenofibrate added to the NG group);the NG+rifampicin group(10 μmol·L-1 rifampicin added to the NG group);the HG group(cells cul-tured in serum-free DMEM medium containing 25.5 mmol·L-1 glucose);the HG+fenofibrate group(10 μmol·L-1 feno-fibrate added to the HG group);and the HG+rifampicin group(10 μmol·L-1 rifampicin added to the HG group).After 48 hours of culture,subsequent experiments were conducted.Cell viability was assessed using the CCK-8 assay.The levels of malondialdehyde(MDA)and iron content in hRMECs were measured using commercial assay kits.The relative fluores-cence intensity of Liperfluo was quantified by flow cytometry.The mRNA expression levels of glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4),cytochrome P4502C,and acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4(ACSL4)in hRMECs were analyzed using real-time quantitative PCR.The protein expression levels of GPX4,cytochrome P4502C,and ACSL4 in hRMECs were evaluated using Western blot analysis.Results Optimal concentration analysis showed that the 10 μmnol·L-1 fenofibrate group had the highest cell viability compared to the HG group(P＜0.05),while the 10 μmol·L-1 rifampicin group had the lowest cell viability(P＜0.05).Thus,10 μmol·L-1 was selected as the optimal concentration for both fenofibrate and rif-ampicin for subsequent experiments.Cell viability in the NG,NG+fenofibrate,NG+rifampicin,HG,HG+fenofibrate,and HG+rifampicin groups was(100.00±7.85)％,(102.15±9.07)％,(69.97±4.22)％,(61.74±6.13)％,(83.64±7.58)％,and(56.96±5.34)％,respectively.Compared with the NG group,the HG group had significantly lower cell via-bility(P＜0.05).Compared with the HG group,the HG+fenofibrate group had significantly higher cell viability(P＜0.05).Compared with the NG group,the HG group had higher levels of MDA,iron content,and Liperfluo relative fluores-cence intensity(all P＜0.05).Compared with the HG group,the HG+fenofibrate group had lower levels of MDA,iron content,and Liperfluo relative fluorescence intensity(all P＜0.05);the HG+rifampicin group had higher levels of these parameters(all P＜0.05).Compared with the NG group,the HG group had higher mRNA and protein expression levels of cytochrome P4502C and ACSL4,but lower levels of GPX4 mRNA and protein(all P＜0.05).Compared with the HG group,the HG+fenofibrate group had lower mRNA and protein expression levels of cytochrome P4502C and ACSL4,but higher lev-els of GPX4 mRNA and protein(all P＜0.05);the HG+rifampicin group had higher mRNA and protein expression levels of cytochrome P4502C and ACSL4,but lower levels of GPX4 mRNA and protein(all P＜0.05).Conclusion Cytochrome P4502C can promote ferroptosis of hRMECs under high-glucose conditions by regulating the GPX4/ACSL4 signaling axis;in-hibition of cytochrome P4502C expression can exert a protective effect on DR;modulation of the expression levels or bal-ance of the key factors GPX4 and ACSL4 in this pathway may hold promise as a potential strategy to slow the progression of DR.