Objective To investigate the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profiles of clinically isolated Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis in hospitals across China from 2015 to 2021,and provide evidence for rational use of antimicrobial agents.Methods Data of H.influenzae and M.catarrhalis strains isolated from 2015 to 2021 in CHINET program were collected for analysis,and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion method or automated systems according to the uniform protocol of CHINET.The results were interpreted according to the CLSI breakpoints in 2022.Beta-lactamases was detected by using nitrocefin disk.Results From 2015 to 2021,a total of 43 642 strains of Haemophilus species were isolated,accounting for 2.91％of the total clinical isolates and 4.07％of Gram-negative bacteria in CHINET program.Among the 40 437 strains of H.influenzae,66.89％were isolated from children and 33.11％were isolated from adults.More than 90％of the H.influenzae strains were isolated from respiratory tract specimens.The prevalence of β-lactamase was 53.79％in H.influenzae strains.The H.influenzae strains isolated from children showed higher resistance rate than the strains isolated from adults.Overall,779 strains of H.influenzae did not produce β-lactamase but were resistant to ampicillin(BLNAR).Beta-lactamase-producing strains showed significantly higher resistance rates to these antimicrobial agents than the β-lactamase-nonproducing strains.Of the 16 191 M.catarrhalis strains,80.06％were isolated from children and 19.94％isolated from adults.M.catarrhalis strains were mostly susceptible to both amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and cefuroxime,evidenced by resistance rate lower than 2.0％.Conclusions The emergence of antibiotic-resistant H.influenzae due to β-lactamase production poses a challenge for clinical anti-infective treatment.Therefore,it is very important to implement antibiotic resistance surveillance for H.influenzae and guide rational antibiotic use.All local clinical microbiology laboratories should actively improve antibiotic susceptibility testing and strengthen antibiotic resistance surveillance for H.influenzae.

Objective To investigate the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profiles of clinically isolated Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis in hospitals across China from 2015 to 2021,and provide evidence for rational use of antimicrobial agents.Methods Data of H.influenzae and M.catarrhalis strains isolated from 2015 to 2021 in CHINET program were collected for analysis,and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion method or automated systems according to the uniform protocol of CHINET.The results were interpreted according to the CLSI breakpoints in 2022.Beta-lactamases was detected by using nitrocefin disk.Results From 2015 to 2021,a total of 43 642 strains of Haemophilus species were isolated,accounting for 2.91％of the total clinical isolates and 4.07％of Gram-negative bacteria in CHINET program.Among the 40 437 strains of H.influenzae,66.89％were isolated from children and 33.11％were isolated from adults.More than 90％of the H.influenzae strains were isolated from respiratory tract specimens.The prevalence of β-lactamase was 53.79％in H.influenzae strains.The H.influenzae strains isolated from children showed higher resistance rate than the strains isolated from adults.Overall,779 strains of H.influenzae did not produce β-lactamase but were resistant to ampicillin(BLNAR).Beta-lactamase-producing strains showed significantly higher resistance rates to these antimicrobial agents than the β-lactamase-nonproducing strains.Of the 16 191 M.catarrhalis strains,80.06％were isolated from children and 19.94％isolated from adults.M.catarrhalis strains were mostly susceptible to both amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and cefuroxime,evidenced by resistance rate lower than 2.0％.Conclusions The emergence of antibiotic-resistant H.influenzae due to β-lactamase production poses a challenge for clinical anti-infective treatment.Therefore,it is very important to implement antibiotic resistance surveillance for H.influenzae and guide rational antibiotic use.All local clinical microbiology laboratories should actively improve antibiotic susceptibility testing and strengthen antibiotic resistance surveillance for H.influenzae.

Objective To investigate the most appropriate surgical methods,different surgical modes of osmidrosis and their clinical effi-cacy were observed. Methods Clinical data was collected from 200 cases of axillary osmidrosis from January 2011 to July 2013. These cases were divided into four groups of the traditional group,minimally invasive group,RF pen-frequency electric cautery group and improved curet-tage group. Results The traditional group(80 cases) has an average healing period of 18. 7 days for operative incision including 78 cured cases(97. 5%)and 2 significant improved cases(2. 5%). The minimally invasive group(60 cases)has an average healing time of 8. 6 days, among which there are 3 cured cases(5%),8 significant improved cases(13. 3%),16 improved cases(26. 7%),4 cases(6. 7%)with weak curative effect and 29 failed cases(48. 3%). In the RF pen-frequency electric cautery group(30 cases),there are 5 significant improved ca-ses(16.7%),8improvedcases(26.7%)and17failedcases(56.6%).Theimprovedcurettagegroup(30cases)withanaverageincision healingtimeof9.8dayscontains28curedcases(93.3%)and2significantimprovedcases(6.7%). Conclusion Thetraditionalgroup shows the best curative effect,nevertheless the incision needs a considerably amount of time to recover. The patients under the treatment of minimally invasive surgery or RF pen-frequency electric cautery can recover in short time but recrudescence always occur. The improved cu-rettage method,which is effective and safe,combines the advantages of traditional surgery and minimally invasive surgery. However,large scar left from this method still remains as its major disadvantage but the overall curative effect is satisfactory. The improved curettage is proved to be the most appropriate method for axillary osmidrosis.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the risk factors for congenital external malformation.

METHODSA 1:2 matched case-control study was conducted with 52 cases of congenital external malformation during perinantal period collected from surveillance in Baoan District of Shenzhen City from January to June in 2000.

RESULTSSimple and multiple conditional logistic regression analysis showed that the major risk factors for congenital external malformations during perinatal period were preterm labor (beta(k) = 1.4171, s(theta, beta(kappa)) = 0.4601, OR = 4.115), adverse mental stimulus (beta(kappa) = 2.1870, s(theta beta(kappa)) = 0.7873, OR = 8.909), taking medicine (beta(k) = 1.9178, s(theta beta(kappa)) = 0.8072, OR = 6.808) and exposure to hazardous chemicals during early pregnancy (beta(k) = 0.9602, s(theta beta(kappa)) = 0.4262, OR = 2.612).

CONCLUSIONSCongenital external malformation during perinatal period was caused by multiple risk factors and results of the study showed that environmental and mental factors were in obvious connection with its occurrence.

Case-Control Studies ; Congenital Abnormalities ; etiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Multivariate Analysis ; Perinatal Care ; Pregnancy ; Risk Factors