Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common head and neck malignancy. Approximately 50% to 60% of patients with OSCC are diagnosed at a locally advanced stage (clinical staging III-IVa). Even with comprehensive and sequential treatment primarily based on surgery, the 5-year overall survival rate remains below 50%, and patients often suffer from postoperative functional impairments such as difficulties with speaking and swallowing. Programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) inhibitors are increasingly used in the neoadjuvant treatment of locally advanced OSCC and have shown encouraging efficacy. However, clinical practice still faces key challenges, including the definition of indications, optimization of combination regimens, and standards for efficacy evaluation. Based on the latest research advances worldwide and the clinical experience of the expert group, this expert consensus systematically evaluates the application of PD-1 inhibitors in the neoadjuvant treatment of locally advanced OSCC, covering combination strategies, treatment cycles and surgical timing, efficacy assessment, use of biomarkers, management of special populations and immune related adverse events, principles for immunotherapy rechallenge, and function preservation strategies. After multiple rounds of panel discussion and through anonymous voting using the Delphi method, the following consensus statements have been formulated: 1) Neoadjuvant therapy with PD-1 inhibitors can be used preoperatively in patients with locally advanced OSCC. The preferred regimen is a PD-1 inhibitor combined with platinum based chemotherapy, administered for 2-3 cycles. 2) During the efficacy evaluation of neoadjuvant therapy, radiographic assessment should follow the dual criteria of Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1 and immune RECIST (iRECIST). After surgery, systematic pathological evaluation of both the primary lesion and regional lymph nodes is required. For combination chemotherapy regimens, PD-L1 expression and combined positive score need not be used as mandatory inclusion or exclusion criteria. 3) For special populations such as the elderly (≥ 70 years), individuals with stable HIV viral load, and carriers of chronic HBV/HCV, PD-1 inhibitors may be used cautiously under the guidance of a multidisciplinary team (MDT), with close monitoring for adverse events. 4) For patients with a poor response to neoadjuvant therapy, continuation of the original treatment regimen is not recommended; the subsequent treatment plan should be adjusted promptly after MDT assessment. Organ transplant recipients and patients with active autoimmune diseases are not recommended to receive neoadjuvant PD-1 inhibitor therapy due to the high risk of immune related activation. Rechallenge is generally not advised for patients who have experienced high risk immune related adverse events such as immune mediated myocarditis, neurotoxicity, or pneumonitis. 5) For patients with a good pathological response, individualized de escalation surgery and function preservation strategies can be explored. This consensus aims to promote the standardized, safe, and precise application of neoadjuvant PD-1 inhibitor strategies in the management of locally advanced OSCC patients.

In recent years, the prevalence of myopia has continued to rise, with an expanding affected population, making it a significant public health challenge both in China and globally. Elongation of the axial length in myopic eyes can induce a series of pathological changes in intraocular structure and function, increasing the risk of blinding ocular diseases such as retinal pathologies. Since myopia is difficult to reverse once established, scientific intervention is necessary to control its progression and reduce the likelihood of ocular complications. As a current research focus in myopia control, the clinical application of orthokeratology lenses has attracted considerable attention. This article highlights that orthokeratology lenses, worn overnight, reshape the corneal curvature and create a myopic defocus signal in the peripheral retina. This mechanism effectively inhibits excessive axial elongation and slows myopia progression. Clinical evidence indicates that orthokeratology can reduce axial elongation by 30% to 50%, accompanied by a short-term increase in choroidal thickness. This article also analyzes the advantages and limitations of orthokeratology and explores its potential synergistic effects when combined with other interventions such as low-dose atropine. The aim is to provide key theoretical and practical references for clinical myopia control.

In recent years, the incidence of myopia has been increasing alongside the growing global population, emerging as a significant public health challenge worldwide. Individuals with myopia exhibit an elongated axial length, which leads to various structural and functional ocular changes, resulting in the risk of related eye diseases and, in severe cases, blindness. Unfortunately, once myopia develops, it is irreversible. The only way to prevent or slow its progression is through appropriate treatment. The current focal point in myopia prevention and control is the peripheral myopic defocus theory. This paper summarizes the relevant research on defocus incorporated multiple segments(DIMS)lenses, following a systematic analysis of the literature. It analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of DIMS compared to other myopia control methods, and discusses the application prospects and future directions of defocus lenses represented by DIMS, aiming to provide reference and guidance for the control of myopia progression in children and adolescents.

To explore the clinical efficacy of the modified segmented peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) for the treatment of achalasia (AC), AC patients admitted to the Jianhu People's Hospital from December 2019 to December 2021 were included in a retrospective cohort study. Patients received segmented POEM were included in the segmented POEM group, while patients treated with progressive POEM were included in the progressive POEM group. Perioperative indicators (including Eckardt scores preoperatively and at 6 months postoperatively), clinical efficacy, and complications were compared between the two groups. A total of 65 AC patients were included, among them, 28 patients were in the segmented POEM group, and 37 patients in the progressive POEM group. There were no significant differences in the general information of the two groups, including gender, age, lesion type, or Eckardt scores before the operation ( P>0.05). There were significant differences in the incidence of postoperative complications, including subcutaneous emphysema [3.6% (1/28) VS 24.3% (9/37), P=0.035] and small pleural effusion [7.1% (2/28) VS 27.0% (10/37), χ2=4.186, P=0.041] between the two groups. Postoperative chest pain duration (36.5±10.5 hours VS 44.3±11.8 hours, t=2.765, P=0.008), severity (4.1±2.1 VS 6.2±2.3, t=3.783, P<0.001), and fever days (2.1±1.3 days VS 3.1±1.5 days, t=2.816, P=0.007) also showed statistical difference. However, there was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative pneumothorax between the two groups [0.0% (0/28) VS 2.7% (1/37), P=1.000]. At the 6-month follow-up, the segmented POEM group had a lower incidence of retrosternal pain and gastroesophageal reflux compared to the progressive POEM group ( P<0.05), and the Eckardt score was significantly improved (2.2±1.1 VS 2.9±1.3, t=2.294, P=0.025). Both segmented and progressive POEM are effective treatments for AC, but segmented POEM has higher safety, lower incidence of postoperative chest pain and gastroesophageal reflux complications, and better clinical efficacy.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of combining surgical treatment with biological agents for perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease(pfCD).Methods Sixty patients with perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease(pfCD)admitted to our hospital from May 2021 to December 2023 were randomly allocated into two groups:Treatment Group A(n=30)and Treatment Group B(n=30).Treatment Group A received pfCD surgery combined with inflix-imab(IFX)and azathioprine(AZA),while Treatment Group B underwent pfCD surgery along with ustekinumab(UST)and AZA.The CDAI score,PDAI score,and Assche score were monitored for both groups,and postoperative MRI examinations were conducted to evaluate the healing of pfCD.Results There were statistically significant differences in CDAI,PDAI,and Assche scores between pre-treatment and post-treatment comparisons within treat-ment groups A and B(P<0.05),as well as in the magnitude of change at each time point.Comparisons of CDAI,PDAI,and Assche scores at 8,16,24,and 32 weeks,and PDAI scores at 40 weeks between groups A and B using independent samples t-tests did not yield statistically significant results(P>0.05).However,significant differences were observed for CDAI and Assche scores at 40 weeks(P<0.05).Significant changes in CDAI,PDAI,and Assche scores were noted at 8,16,24,32,and 40 weeks post-treatment within both groups A and B(P<0.05).Multiple comparisons using the LSD method revealed that the changes in these scores at each time point were statistically significant(P<0.05).The data indicate a temporal trend in the changes of CDAI,PDAI,and Assche scores,with group B showing a more rapid decline compared to group A.In terms of fistula response rates,both groups A and B achieved 100%(30/30).However,the clinical healing rate of fistulas was higher in group B at 86.7%(26/30)compared to 76.7%(23/30)in group A.Conclusion The combination of surgical treatment with IFX/UST plus AZA is safe and effective for treating pfCD.However,the long-term efficacy of combining surgical treatment with UST appears to be superior.

Objective To observe the effects of Xuanfei Tongfu formula on the prognosis of patients with severe pneumonia.Methods Sixty patients with severe pneumonia admitted to the First People's Hospital of Fuyang District,Hangzhou City from June 1,2022 to April 1,2024 were selected as the research subjects.Patients were divided into control group(31 cases)and observation group(29 cases)by randomly number table method.Upon hospital admission,the control group received conventional Western medicine treatment,while the observation group received Xuanfei Tongfu formula in addition to conventional Western medicine treatment[Rhubarb 8 g(decocted later),Aurantii Fructus Immaturus 12 g,Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex 12 g,Agastache Rugosa 10 g,Tatarian Aster Root 15 g,Natrii Sulfas Exsiccatus 10 g(dissolved in water),decocted to 150 mL each time and taken],once a day for 5 days.Observe the changes of inflammatory indicators such as serum levels of C-reactive protein(CRP),procalcitonin(PCT),interleukin-6(IL-6)in both groups before and after treatment.To evaluate the severity indicators of diseases such as acute physiology and chronic health evaluationⅡ(APACHEⅡ)and sequential organ failure assessment(SOFA),as well as the clinical efficacy after treatment.Record the duration of mechanical ventilation,intensive care unit(ICU)length of stay and total hospitalization length of the two groups,calculate the oxygenation index level,and statistically analyze the 28-day survival rate.Results Compared with before treatment,the levels of inflammatory indicators CRP,PCT,and IL-6,as well as the scores of APACHEⅡand SOFA in both groups were significantly lower than those after treatment,the oxygenation index was significantly higher than that before treatment,and the changes in the observation group were more obvious than those in the control group[CRP(mg/L):28±17 vs.50±34,PCT(μg/L):2.0±1.5 vs.4.1±2.7,IL-6(ng/L):52±28 vs.97±61,APACHEⅡscore:12.8±5.1 vs.16.1±6.1,SOFA score:3.9±1.8 vs.6.2±2.7,oxygenation index(mmHg,1 mmHg≈0.133 kPa):302±57 vs.252±85,all P<0.05].Compared with the control group,the observation group exhibited a markedly reduced duration of mechanical ventilation(days:8.3±3.8 vs.11.4±6.4,P<0.05),and a significantly higher total effective rate of clinical efficacy[82.76%(24/29)vs.54.84%(17/31),P<0.05].Conclusion The application of Xuanfei Tongfu formula can effectively enhance the clinical treatment outcomes for severe pneumonia,reduce systemic inflammatory responses,promote organ function recovery,and improve the prognosis of patients.

Thoracolumbar spine fracture often leads to severe pain, functional impairments, and neurological deficits, for which open reduction and internal fixation can effectively restore the spinal structural stability. Open decompression and reduction with internal fixation can help relieve spinal cord compression and improve spinal function in cases of concomitant cord injury. Although spinal stability can be restored through surgery, patients often face chronic pain and functional impairments postoperatively. A postoperative rehabilitation program is critical in optimizing therapeutic outcomes, reducing complications, and minimizing the risk of secondary injuries. However, current rehabilitation methods, such as physical therapy, functional training, and pain management, are confronted with problems in clinical practice, including significant variation in efficacy, poor patient adherence, and prolonged rehabilitation period. There is an urgent need for a unified rehabilitation strategy to address these problems. To this end, the Spinal Trauma Group of the Orthopedic Physicians Branch of the Chinese Medical Association and the Spine Health Professional Committee of the Chinese Human Health Technology Promotion Association organized experts from relevant fields to formulate Evidence-based guidelines for rehabilitation treatment after internal fixation of thoracolumbar spine fracture in adults ( version 2025) by integrating evidences from clinical researches and advanced rehabilitation concepts at home and abroad. A total number of 14 recommendations concerning the rehabilitation treatment with multimodal analgesia, psychological intervention, deep vein thrombosis prevention, core muscle and extremity exercise, appropriate use of braces, early weight-bearing, device-aided rehabilitation exercise, neuroregulatory therapy, rehabilitation team were put forward, aiming to standardize the post-operative rehabilitation process following internal fixation, promote the functional recovery, and enhance patients′ quality of life.

Acute symptomatic osteoporotic thoracolumbar compression fracture (ASOTLF) can lead to chronic low back pain, kyphosis deformity, pulmonary dysfunction, loss of mobility, and even life-threatening complications. Vertebral augmentation is currently the mainstream treatment method for this condition. In 2019, the Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Trauma and the Spinal Trauma Group of Orthopedic Surgeons Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association collaboratively led the development of Clinical guideline for vertebral augmentation for acute symptomatic osteoporotic thoracolumbar compression fractures. Six years later, with advances in clinical diagnosis and treatment techniques as well as accumulating evidence in related fields, the 2019 guideline requires updating. To this end, the Spinal Trauma Group of Orthopedic Surgeons Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, the Spinal Health Professional Committee of China Human Health Science and Technology Promotion Association, and the Minimally Invasive Orthopedics Professional Committee of Shaanxi Medical Doctor Association have organized experts in the field to develop the Clinical guideline for vertebral augmentation of acute symptomatic osteoporotic thoracolumbar compression fractures ( version 2025) , based on the latest evidence-based medical researches. This guideline incorporates 3 recommendations retained from the 2019 version with updated strength of evidence, along with 12 new recommendations. It provides recommendations from six aspects of diagnosis, pain management, treatment option selection, prevention of postoperative complications, anti-osteoporosis therapy, and postoperative rehabilitation, aiming to provide a reference for standard treatment of vertebral augmentation for ASOTLF in hospitals at all levels.

Gliomas, with their infiltrative growth and malignant potential, present considerable therapeutic challenges. Maximal safe resection is essential for optimizing patient survival and quality of life. Despite this, existing intraoperative visualization techniques suffer from limited sensitivity and accuracy. Label-free Raman spectroscopy has emerged as a non-invasive, rapidly diagnostic, and highly accurate technique. It accurately diagnoses tumors, identifies infiltration margins, and classifies molecular subtypes, enhancing the precision of glioma surgery. This review summarizes the latest advances and applications of label-free Raman spectroscopy in glioma surgery.

Objective To explore the efficacy,safety,and technical advantages of laparoscopic combined with calyceal lithotomy in the simultaneous treatment of parapelvic cyst with renal calculi.Methods The clinical data of two patients diagnosed with parapelvic cyst and renal calculi in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed.Both patients received transabdominal laparoscopic excision of parapelvic cyst and calyceal lithotomy under general anesthesia.Preoperative CT plus intravenous pyelography(IVP)was performed to localize the calculi within the renal calyx.During operation,the cyst wall was dissected and exposed using an ultrasonic scalpel,followed by incision of the cyst wall,aspiration of cystic fluid,and excision of redundant cyst wall.Methylene blue was instilled through the ureteral catheter to mark the renal pelvis and calyces,followed by incision of the target calyx and extraction of the calculi.The changes of the cysts and calculi were analyzed.Operation time and complications were recorded.Results Both patients were admitted due to recurrent right flank pain as the chief complaint and were diagnosed with right renal multiple calculi complicated with hydronephrosis and parapelvic cysts through preoperative imaging examinations.The parapelvic cyst measured approximately 6.4 cm ×5.3 cm and 4.5 cm × 4.1 cm,respectively.The operations were successfully completed without major complications such as hemorrhage or infection.The operation time was 180 and 125 minutes,respectively.Postoperative ultrasound and abdominal plain film confirmed complete resolution of cysts and calculi.During the 2-year follow-up,both patients experienced complete resolution of flank pain with no recurrence of cysts or calculi.Conclusion Transabdominal laparoscopic combined with calyceal lithotomy is a safe and feasible technique for synchronous treatment of parapelvic cysts with renal calculi,offering advantages such as minimal trauma,rapid postoperative recovery,and low recurrence rates.This procedure should be performed in patients with parapelvic cysts larger than 4 cm.Intraoperative ureteral catheterization with methylene blue infusion is utilized to delineate the renal pelvis and calyces,which is combined with preoperative imaging findings to assist in precise stone localization.