Pulpitis is a prevalent inflammatory disease in dentistry, and root canal therapy remains the primary clinical treatment for it. However, pulp removal leads to reduced tooth fracture resistance and complications such as secondary infection and tooth fracture. As a potential alternative, vital pulp therapy (VPT) relies on precise assessment of pulp status; yet current clinical diagnostic methods lack specificity. The establishment of appropriate animal models for pulpitis is crucial for investigating its pathogenesis, developing specific diagnostic biomarkers, and optimizing VPT strategies. This review systematically summarizes experimental animals selection based on anatomical compatibility and pathological similarity, as well as model construction methods and multimodal evaluation systems for pulpitis animal models, aiming to provide insights for related researches.

Pulpitis is a prevalent inflammatory disease in dentistry, and root canal therapy remains the primary clinical treatment for it. However, pulp removal leads to reduced tooth fracture resistance and complications such as secondary infection and tooth fracture. As a potential alternative, vital pulp therapy (VPT) relies on precise assessment of pulp status; yet current clinical diagnostic methods lack specificity. The establishment of appropriate animal models for pulpitis is crucial for investigating its pathogenesis, developing specific diagnostic biomarkers, and optimizing VPT strategies. This review systematically summarizes experimental animals selection based on anatomical compatibility and pathological similarity, as well as model construction methods and multimodal evaluation systems for pulpitis animal models, aiming to provide insights for related researches.

Objective:To explore the clinical effect of free fibular great toe flap in reconstruction of digit-tip defect with only anastomosis of artery.Methods:From February 2022 to January 2023, a total of 8 patients with digit-tip defects received reconstruction surgery using free flap of fibular great toe with anastomosis of artery only in the Department of Hand Surgery, Shunde Heping Surgical Hospital. The patients were 5 males and 3 females, with an average age of 33 (14-55) years old. Two defected digit-tips were of thumbs, 3 of index fingers, 2 of middle fingers and 1 of little finger. The digit-tip defects were 1.5 cm×0.5 cm-2.0 cm×1.2 cm in size. During the surgery, a perforator flap of fibular great toe with fibular plantar digital artery and a branch of digital nerve was harvested. And the artery and nerve carried by the flap were anastomosed to the digital artery arch and nerve of the recipient site. No reflux vein was included in the free flap due to the small size of flap. The donor sites were directly closed. Postoperative anti-infection, anti-coagulation, and anti-vasospasm were offered. Scheduled postoperative follow-ups were conducted at outpatient clinics after surgery.Results:All flaps survived smoothly without any vascular compromise. All patients were included in the follow-up with an average of 7.1 (5-13) months. At the final follow-up, the appearances of the digit-tips were full and beautiful, with recovered finger print and good stability of flaps, as well as normal sweating. All flaps had good sensation recovery, with TPD at 6.0 mm to 7.5 mm and at 6.7 mm in average. There was no significant difference in skin temperature between the donor sites and the healthy sides. According to the Evaluation Trial Standards of Upper Limb Partial Functional of Hand Surgery of Chinese Medical Association, 7 patients were rated as excellent and 1 as good.Conclusion:The clinical effect is excellent for the free flap of fibular great toe with anastomosis of artery only in the reconstruction of digit-tip defect. It not only has satisfactory reconstruction but also restores the appearance and function of the flap donor site. Worth promoting and applying in clinical practice.

Objective The objective of this study was to analyze the long-term change trend of gastric cancer incidence in China from 1990 to 2021,and to provide scientific suggestion for the prevention and control of gastric cancer in China.Methods The incidence burden data of gastric cancer from 1990 to 2021 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)2021 database.The age-period-cohort model was to evaluate its independent effects,and the Nordpred model was used to predict its incidence trend from 2022 to 2031.Results The number and incidence of gastric cancer from 1990 to 2021 in China showed an upward trend,while the age-standardized incidence showed a decreasing trend.The results of age-period-cohort model showed that in the same birth cohort,the incidence of gastric cancer in China increased with age,the incidence of the total population increases from 0.91/100,000 to 233.37/100,000 in total population,the incidence of men increases from 0.91/100,000 to 508.90/100,000,and the incidence of women increases from 1.04/100,000 to 115.86/100,000.During the period from 1992-1996 to 2017-2021,the relative risk(RR)of gastric cancer incidence showed a decreasing trend with the passage of time.The RR of the total population period decreased from 1.10 to 0.72,with males decreasing from 1.06 to 0.75 and females decreasing from 1.19 to 0.65.The later the birth cohort through-out the birth cohort years,the lower the risk of onset;The RR of gastric cancer incidence in the total population decreased from 1.60 to 0.34,from 1.36 to 0.40 for males and from 2.23 to 0.22 for females.The incidence prediction results showed that by 2031,the in-cidence of gastric cancer would increase to 470,429 cases,including 323,399 cases for men and 147,029 cases for women.The stand-ardized incidence of the total population would decrease to 23.80/100,000 cases,35.13/100,000 cases for men and 24.17/100,000 cases for women.Conclusion The prevention and treatment measures of gastric cancer from 1990 to 2021 have achieved certain re-sults in reducing the risk of gastric cancer,but the incidence of gastric cancer is still serious,and it is necessary to focus on strengthe-ning the intervention for men over 50 years old.

Objective The objective of this study was to analyze the long-term change trend of gastric cancer incidence in China from 1990 to 2021,and to provide scientific suggestion for the prevention and control of gastric cancer in China.Methods The incidence burden data of gastric cancer from 1990 to 2021 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)2021 database.The age-period-cohort model was to evaluate its independent effects,and the Nordpred model was used to predict its incidence trend from 2022 to 2031.Results The number and incidence of gastric cancer from 1990 to 2021 in China showed an upward trend,while the age-standardized incidence showed a decreasing trend.The results of age-period-cohort model showed that in the same birth cohort,the incidence of gastric cancer in China increased with age,the incidence of the total population increases from 0.91/100,000 to 233.37/100,000 in total population,the incidence of men increases from 0.91/100,000 to 508.90/100,000,and the incidence of women increases from 1.04/100,000 to 115.86/100,000.During the period from 1992-1996 to 2017-2021,the relative risk(RR)of gastric cancer incidence showed a decreasing trend with the passage of time.The RR of the total population period decreased from 1.10 to 0.72,with males decreasing from 1.06 to 0.75 and females decreasing from 1.19 to 0.65.The later the birth cohort through-out the birth cohort years,the lower the risk of onset;The RR of gastric cancer incidence in the total population decreased from 1.60 to 0.34,from 1.36 to 0.40 for males and from 2.23 to 0.22 for females.The incidence prediction results showed that by 2031,the in-cidence of gastric cancer would increase to 470,429 cases,including 323,399 cases for men and 147,029 cases for women.The stand-ardized incidence of the total population would decrease to 23.80/100,000 cases,35.13/100,000 cases for men and 24.17/100,000 cases for women.Conclusion The prevention and treatment measures of gastric cancer from 1990 to 2021 have achieved certain re-sults in reducing the risk of gastric cancer,but the incidence of gastric cancer is still serious,and it is necessary to focus on strengthe-ning the intervention for men over 50 years old.

Objective:To evaluated the options in selection of surgical procedures for treatment of the patients suffering from diabetic feet with chronic refractory wounds.Methods:From January 2020 to June 2021, 23 patients with diabetic feet complicated with refractory wounds were treated in Department of Hand Surgery, Shunde Heping Surgical Hospital. The patients were 15 males and 8 females, aged 51-86 years old and with an average age of 65 years old. All the patients had Type-II diabetes for over 5 - 22 years. Average blood glucose of the patients was found at 15.6 mmol/L on admission. Free anterolateral thigh perforator flaps (ALTPF) were used for reconstruction of the wound of diabetic feet in 19 patients, 2 patients received vascular bypass surgery and 2 had amputations. Regular outpatient follow-up were conduct on all patients after surgery.Results:Follow-up time lasted for 8 to 30 months, 12 months in average. At the last follow-up, the donor and recipient sites healed well in the 19 patients who received flap reconstruction, without an infection, necrosis and wound recurrence. Pains were significantly relieved after the surgery in the 2 patients who received vascular bypass surgery, and wounds all healed well after symptomatic treatment and dressing change without recurrence of wounds at the last follow-up. Average Maryland score of foot function was 84 for the patients who had limb salvage, and 2 patients were in excellent and 19 in good at the last follow-up. The 2 patients who had amputation successfully survived through the perioperative period, and the wounds healed well at the last follow-up.Conclusion:The treatment is complicated in the patient suffering from diabetic foot with chronic refractory wounds due to factors such as advanced age, co-existing and complicated underlying diseases together with the complex wounds. Most patients can achieve good prognosis in wound treatment of free flap transfer or vascular bypass surgery. However, a limb salvage is recommended with caution for the patients who have severe infections and dry gangrene.

Objective:To study a deep learning-based dual-modality fundus camera which was used to study retinal blood oxygen saturation and vascular morphology changes in eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO).Methods:A prospective study. From May to October 2020, 31 patients (31 eyes) of BRVO (BRVO group) and 20 healthy volunteers (20 eyes) with matched gender and age (control group) were included in the study. Among 31 patients (31 eyes) in BRVO group, 20 patients (20 eyes) received one intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs before, and 11 patients (11 eyes) did not receive any treatment. They were divided into treatment group and untreated group accordingly. Retinal images were collected with a dual-modality fundus camera; arterial and vein segments were segmented in the macular region of interest (MROI) using deep learning; the optical density ratio was used to calculate retinal blood oxygen saturation (SO 2) on the affected and non-involved sides of the eyes in the control group and patients in the BRVO group, and calculated the diameter, curvature, fractal dimension and density of arteriovenous in MROI. Quantitative data were compared between groups using one-way analysis of variance. Results:There was a statistically significant difference in arterial SO 2 (SO 2 -A) in the MROI between the affected eyes, the fellow eyes in the BRVO group and the control group ( F=4.925, P<0.001), but there was no difference in the venous SO 2 (SO 2-V) ( F=0.607, P=0.178). Compared with the control group, the SO 2-A in the MROI of the affected side and the non-involved side of the untreated group was increased, and the difference was statistically significant ( F=4.925, P=0.012); there was no significant difference in SO 2-V ( F=0.607, P=0.550). There was no significant difference in SO 2-A and SO 2-V in the MROI between the affected side, the non-involved side in the treatment group and the control group ( F=0.159, 1.701; P=0.854, 0.197). There was no significant difference in SO 2-A and SO 2-V in MROI between the affected side of the treatment group, the untreated group and the control group ( F=2.553, 0.265; P=0.088, 0.546). The ophthalmic artery diameter, arterial curvature, arterial fractal dimension, vein fractal dimension, arterial density, and vein density were compared in the untreated group, the treatment group, and the control group, and the differences were statistically significant ( F=3.527, 3.322, 7.251, 26.128, 4.782, 5.612; P=0.047, 0.044, 0.002, <0.001, 0.013, 0.006); there was no significant difference in vein diameter and vein curvature ( F=2.132, 1.199; P=0.143, 0.321). Conclusion:Arterial SO 2 in BRVO patients is higher than that in healthy eyes, it decreases after anti-anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs treatment, SO 2-V is unchanged.

Objective:To investigate the removal of ALTPF pedicled with the lateral branch of the descending branch of the lateral femoral circumflex artery and its application in wound repair.Methods:From January, 2019 to March, 2021, 32 cases of limb wounds were repaired with ALTPF pedicled with the lateral branch of the descending branch of the lateral femoral circumflex artery, including 25 males and 7 females. The age ranged from 21 to 63 years, with an average of 34 years. Injury mechanism: there were 12 cases of traffic accident injury, 8 cases of machine injury, 6 cases of heavy object crushing injury and 6 cases of chronic infectious wound. The area of soft tissue defect was 8.2 cm × 6.3 cm-18.6 cm × 11.2 cm. There were 25 cases of direct suture and 7 cases of free skin grafting. All patients who needed flap repair underwent CTA and high-frequency CDU before operation to judge the approximate direction of the lateral branch of the descending branch of the lateral femoral circumflex artery and the position of the perforating branch. All patients were followed-up regularly for 3 - 13 months, with an average of 11 months.Results:All patients who underwent free flap surgery had no vascular crisis and the flap survived smoothly. At the last follow-up, the appearance of the flap was beautiful without bloating and there were no complications in the donor area.Conclusion:Compared with the traditional ALTPF, the perforator flap of the lateral branch of the descending branch of the anterolateral femoral artery is relatively simple, which can replace the traditional ALTPF to a certain extent, and is worthy of popularization and application in clinic.

Objective:To explore the performance of the commonly used whole blood C-reactive protein (CRP) detection systems and give related recommendation on the performance requirements of detection systems.Methods:A total of 7 540 venous blood samples from 26 maternal, child and children′s hospitals were collected to conduct this multi-center study on the analytical performance of 5 commonly used whole blood CRP detection systems from March to April in 2019. The blank check, carryover, repeatability, intermediate precision, linearity, sample stability, influence of hematocrit/triglyceride/bilirubin, comparison with SIEMENS specific protein analyzer and trueness were evaluated. The 5 systems included BC-5390CRP autohematology analyzer, AstepPLUS specific protein analyzer, Ottoman-1000 Automated Specific Protein POCT Workstation, i-CHROMA Immunofluorometer equipment Reader and Orion QuikRead go detecting instrument. The 5 systems were labeled as a, b, c, d and e randomly.Results:Within the 5 systems, all values of blank check were less than 1.00 mg/L, the carryovers were lower than 1.00%. The repeatability of different ranges of CRP concentrations including 3.00-10.00, 10.00-30.00 and>30.00 mg/L were less than 10.00%, 6.00% and 5.00%, respectively, and the intermediate precision was less than 10.00%. The linearity correlation coefficients of the 5 systems were all above 0.975, while the slope was within 0.950-1.050. Whole blood samples were stable within 72 hours both at room temperature (18-25 ℃) and refrigerated temperature (2-8 ℃). The CRP results were rarely influenced by high triglyceride or bilirubin, except for the immmunoturbidimetric test based on microparticles coated with anti-human CRP F(ab) 2 fragments. When triglyceride was less than 15.46 mmol/L, the deviation of CRP was less than 10.00%. When bilirubin was less than 345.47 μmol/L, the deviation of CRP was less than 10.00%. CRP was more susceptible to Hct on the systems without Hct correction. The deviation of CRP between different Hct dilution concentration and 40% dilution concentration can reach as high as 67.48%. The correlation coefficients ( r) of 5 systems were all more than 0.975 in the range of 0-300.00 mg/L compared with Siemens specific protein analyzer. All systems passed the trueness verification using the samples with specified values of 12.89 and 30.60 mg/L. Conclusion:The performance of 5 systems can basically meet the clinical needs, but it is suggested that the whole blood CRP detection system without automatic Hct correction should be modified manually.

To report a 4-year-old boy with severed right index finger amputations in 2 segments. There were severe contusion on the 2 amputated sections of finger. According to the prevention and control requirement for the novel coronavirus disease(COVID-19), the patient was firstly checked to exclude the COVID-19. Then the replantation surgery was successfully carried out under the strict protective measures. The replanted index finger survived well at 2 weeks after surgery.