Current formulation of objective performance criteria （OPC） in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） faces methodological challenges， including poor reporting quality， insufficient standardization of methods， limited comparability of study populations， and inadequate consideration of the genetic and environment particularities of ethnic minority populations. In response to these issues， this paper proposes optimization strategies for setting OPC in TCM， with particular attention to ethnic minority medicine. These include improving methodological techniques and statistical descriptions， ensuring transparency in meta-analyses and data sources； standardizing the estimation of point estimates and confidence intervals， and incorporating multidisciplinary expert consensus for value determination； introducing local real-world data from the same period， especially cohort study evidence， to compensate for the lack of high-quality randomized controlled trial data. Through process transparency and dynamic updating mechanisms， the credibility of OPC method can be enhanced， thereby providing methodological support for strengthening evidence-based research capacity in this field.

Objective To investigate the expression levels and clinical significance of Galectin-3,interleukin(IL)-1β and IL-9 in peripheral blood of children with refractory mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia(RMPP).Methods A total of 132 hospitalized children diagnosed with RMPP were selected as the RMPP group,and another 128 children with general MPP(GMPP)in the same period were selected as the GMPP group.The clinical data of C-reactive protein(CRP),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)and procalcitonin(PCT)in pediatric patients were collected.The expression levels of Galectin-3,IL-1β and IL-9 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The correlation between Galectin-3,IL-1β and IL-9 levels in peripheral blood of RMPP children and clinical factors were analyzed by Pearson or Spearman methods.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze risk factors of GMPP progression to RMPP.The predictive value of peripheral blood Galectin-3,IL-1β and IL-9 levels to RMPP was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve.Results The heat course,CRP,TNF-α,PCT,Galectin-3,IL-1β,IL-9 and the proportion of extrapulmonary complications were higher in the RMPP group than those in the GMPP group(P＜0.01).The correlation analysis results showed that Galectin-3,IL-1β and IL-9 levels were positively correlated with heat course,extrapulmonary complications,CRP,TNF-α and PCT(P＜0.01).Logistic regression analysis showed that the increased levels of Galectin-3,IL-1β and IL-9 were independent risk factors for GMPP progression to RMPP(P＜0.05).The area under the curve(AUC)of peripheral blood Galectin-3,IL-1β,IL-9 and their combined prediction of GMPP progression to RMPP were 0.852,0.813,0.812 and 0.949,respectively,and the combined prediction showed the highest efficacy(P＜0.01).Conclusion The levels of Galectin-3,IL-1β and IL-9 in the peripheral blood of children with RMPP are abnormally elevated,and their combined detection can be used as an important indicator for evaluating the progression of GMPP to RMPP.

Objective To investigate the expression levels and clinical significance of Galectin-3,interleukin(IL)-1β and IL-9 in peripheral blood of children with refractory mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia(RMPP).Methods A total of 132 hospitalized children diagnosed with RMPP were selected as the RMPP group,and another 128 children with general MPP(GMPP)in the same period were selected as the GMPP group.The clinical data of C-reactive protein(CRP),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)and procalcitonin(PCT)in pediatric patients were collected.The expression levels of Galectin-3,IL-1β and IL-9 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The correlation between Galectin-3,IL-1β and IL-9 levels in peripheral blood of RMPP children and clinical factors were analyzed by Pearson or Spearman methods.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze risk factors of GMPP progression to RMPP.The predictive value of peripheral blood Galectin-3,IL-1β and IL-9 levels to RMPP was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve.Results The heat course,CRP,TNF-α,PCT,Galectin-3,IL-1β,IL-9 and the proportion of extrapulmonary complications were higher in the RMPP group than those in the GMPP group(P＜0.01).The correlation analysis results showed that Galectin-3,IL-1β and IL-9 levels were positively correlated with heat course,extrapulmonary complications,CRP,TNF-α and PCT(P＜0.01).Logistic regression analysis showed that the increased levels of Galectin-3,IL-1β and IL-9 were independent risk factors for GMPP progression to RMPP(P＜0.05).The area under the curve(AUC)of peripheral blood Galectin-3,IL-1β,IL-9 and their combined prediction of GMPP progression to RMPP were 0.852,0.813,0.812 and 0.949,respectively,and the combined prediction showed the highest efficacy(P＜0.01).Conclusion The levels of Galectin-3,IL-1β and IL-9 in the peripheral blood of children with RMPP are abnormally elevated,and their combined detection can be used as an important indicator for evaluating the progression of GMPP to RMPP.

Objective To analyze the application characteristics,trends,and special advantages of anti-infection research using the Bayesian method,and to provide methodological reference for the development of anti-infection research.Methods PubMed,CNKI and WanFang Data were electronically searched for the studies on anti-infection using Bayesian method published from January 1,2015 to November 21,2023.The relevant information of publication time,anti-infection type,sample size,Bayesian characteristics and Bayesian application pattern were analyzed descriptively and reviewed.Results A total of 86 studies were included,of which 41.9％were observational studies,only 7.0％were enterprise-initiated studies,and 48.8％were mentioning prior information studies.There was no domestic intervention study.The application characteristics and advantages of Bayesian method in intervention study,observational study and pharmacokinetic study are different.In intervention researches and observational researches,the application of Bayesian design decision and the application of Bayesian analysis and estimation accounts for 69.2％and 52.8％at most,respectively.Conclusions The Bayesian method is flexible,can be used for small sample sizes and complex model research,and can deal with uncertainty.In intervention studies in the field of anti-infection in China,the Bayesian method has not been applied widely.Only a handful of studies applying Bayesian method have been initiated by companies.In the future,it is still necessary to promote the advantages and application scenarios of Bayesian methods in the field of anti-infection research and strengthen the standardization of the application of Bayesian method.

Objective To study the causal relationship between time spent outdoors in summer and myopia by using a two-sample Mendel randomization analysis.Methods In this study,a two-sample Mendelian randomization(MR)a-nalysis was conducted,and the data from the Genome-Wide Association Studies(GWAS)were analyzed to identify whether time spent outdoors in summer could exert a causal effect on myopia.The data of exposure events and outcome events were collected based on European descent,with the significant whole genome(P＜0.5 × 10-8)and independent(r2＜0.001)single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)as instrumental variables.The data on time spent outdoors in summer in-cluded 419 314 samples,and the data on myopia included 367906 samples.The OR values were used to evaluate the causal effect of time spent outdoors in summer on myopia risk.Meanwhile,the robustness and pleiotropy of the effect estimates of the heterogeneity and sensitivity analysis were also analyzed.Results The results of inverse variance weighted(IVW)random effects after the analysis based on 33 SNPs were:OR=0.604 952 2;95％CI:0.527-0.693;P=4.959 237 × 10-13.It was found that there was a causal relationship between time spent outdoors in summer and myopia.At the same time,there was some heterogeneity(I2=0.42)and no significant pleiotropy(intercept=-0.0066,SE=0.004 82,P=0.182)in the effect estimation.The IVW analysis results showed that shorter time spent outdoors in summer could increase the risk of myopia.Meanwhile,the analysis results based on the weighted median(WM)method and MR-Egger regression also re-sulted in similar results.The sensitivity analysis showed that genetic pleiotropy did not induce bias in the results.In sum-mary,for every one standard deviation decrease in the time spent outdoors in summer after the logarithmic transformation,the risk of myopia increased by 39％.Conclusion There may be a negative causal relationship between time spent out-doors in summer and myopia.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of cases involving monkey injuries at medical institutions surrounding Qianlingshan Park in Guiyang City, and to provide a reference basis for preventive measures to reduce monkey injuries and standardized post-exposure treatment.Methods:A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted, collecting 1 900 cases of monkey-induced injuries in Qianlingshan Park treated at the outpatient clinic of Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the Department of Surgery at Qianling Hospital, Guiyang City, from 2021 to 2024. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson′s chi-square test.Results:Total of 1 900 cases of monkey-related injuries in Qianlingshan Park were collected from 2021 to 2024. The exposure time distribution exhibited significant seasonality, with 48.58% of cases occurring during July and August, totaling 923 cases, indicating a peak in the summer. There were 774 male patients and 1 126 female patients, with a ratio of 1∶1.45.and significant differences were observed between different age groups and genders (χ2=195.00, P<0.001), with the highest number of cases occurring in the 0-9 and 20-29 age groups, accounting for 22.05%(419 cases) and 21.79%(414 cases), respectively. The upper limbs were the most common injury site, accounting for 50.84% of the total cases(966 cases in total), with significant differences between gender and injury location (χ2=22.00, P<0.001), Among females, the proportion of injuries to the upper and lower limbs (30.11% and 16.47%, respectively) was higher than that among males (20.74% and 8.63%, respectively). The majority of injuries were classified as Grade Ⅲ, making up 57.38% of cases(1 069 cases in total). Self-treatment after exposure was the most common approach(60.44%), with significant differences observed between wound severity and treatment method (χ2=6.90, P=0.032), Patients with Grade Ⅱ and Grade Ⅲ wounds were more likely to choose self-management (26.84% and 33.23%, respectively) than outpatient management (15.14% and 24.15%). Approximately 98.05% (1 863 cases) of monkey-injured patients had received rabies vaccinations. Conclusions:This study analyzes monkey-related injuries in Qianlingshan Park from 2021 to 2024, clarifying the temporal distribution of injuries, demographic characteristics, injury sites, and treatment methods. The findings provide references for optimizing human-monkey conflict management and the prevention and control of zoonotic diseases in urban ecological parks.

Objective:To identify risk factors influencing clinical efficacy of endoscopic resection of small rectal neuroendocrine tumor (NETs).Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients with rectal NETs ≤10 mm who underwent endoscopic resection from 2013 to 2022. Patients were divided into the endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) group and the endoscopic mucosal resection with ligation (EMRL) group according to the treatment methods. After comparing the baseline data, propensity score matching was performed to compare the rates of R1 resection and adequacy of vertical margin distance.Results:A total of 186 patients were included in this study, with 139 receiving ESD and 47 receiving EMRL. The R1 resection rates were 12.2% (17/139) and 2.1% (1/47) in the ESD and EMRL group, respectively ( χ2=3.027, P=0.082). A significant difference in vertical margin adequacy was observed between the two groups [69.1% (96/139) VS 85.1% (40/47), χ2=4.598, P=0.032]. After propensity score matching, 46 pairs of cases were included, and there were no significant differences in the R1 resection rate [6.5% (3/46) VS 2.2% (1/46), χ2=0.261, P=0.609] and vertical margin adequacy [78.3% (36/46) VS 84.8% (39/46), χ2=0.649, P=0.420] between the two groups. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses revealed that operator experience and preoperative biopsy were independent risk factors for inadequate margin. Conclusion:Treatment method may not be the key factor affecting the distance of the vertical margin after endoscopic resection, but preoperative biopsy and operator experience have a significant impact on margins. Biopsy before endoscopic resection should be avoided, and less experienced doctors are recommended to use EMRL method for small NETs due to its ease of execution.

Objective To analyze the application characteristics,trends,and special advantages of anti-infection research using the Bayesian method,and to provide methodological reference for the development of anti-infection research.Methods PubMed,CNKI and WanFang Data were electronically searched for the studies on anti-infection using Bayesian method published from January 1,2015 to November 21,2023.The relevant information of publication time,anti-infection type,sample size,Bayesian characteristics and Bayesian application pattern were analyzed descriptively and reviewed.Results A total of 86 studies were included,of which 41.9％were observational studies,only 7.0％were enterprise-initiated studies,and 48.8％were mentioning prior information studies.There was no domestic intervention study.The application characteristics and advantages of Bayesian method in intervention study,observational study and pharmacokinetic study are different.In intervention researches and observational researches,the application of Bayesian design decision and the application of Bayesian analysis and estimation accounts for 69.2％and 52.8％at most,respectively.Conclusions The Bayesian method is flexible,can be used for small sample sizes and complex model research,and can deal with uncertainty.In intervention studies in the field of anti-infection in China,the Bayesian method has not been applied widely.Only a handful of studies applying Bayesian method have been initiated by companies.In the future,it is still necessary to promote the advantages and application scenarios of Bayesian methods in the field of anti-infection research and strengthen the standardization of the application of Bayesian method.

Objective: To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of human brucellosis in Jiande City, Zhejiang Province from 2005 to 2024, so as to provide the evidence for strengthening the prevention and control of brucellosis. Methods: Data on brucellosis cases and surveillance in Jiande City from 2005 to 2024 were collected through the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System, the annual brucellosis surveillance reports from the Jiande Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and the annual summaries of brucellosis prevention and control efforts. The epidemiological characteristics of human brucellosis were analyzed using a descriptive epidemiological method. Results: A total of 1 125 individuals were monitored in Jiande City from 2005 to 2024, with 18 seropositive cases identified and the seropositivity rate of 1.60%. The average annual seropositivity rate from 2015 to 2024 was 3.35%, which was significantly higher than that of 0.57% from 2005 to 2014 (P<0.05). There were 10 confirmed brucellosis cases and 8 asymptomatic infections, with no reported deaths. The peak incidence occurred between March and August. Among the 16 towns (streets) in Jiande City, 8 reported brucellosis cases. Of the brucellosis cases, 14 were male and 4 were female, with a male-to-female ratio of 3.5∶1. The majority of cases (13 cases) were aged between 40 and 60 years. Occupational exposure was identified in 16 cases, all of whom were infected through direct hand contact with the excreta, secretions, or animal products of infected sheep or cattle. The primary source of infection was sheep, followed by cattle. Five strains of Brucella were isolated and cultured, all identified as Brucella melitensis biovar 3. Conclusions The brucellosis epidemic in Jiande City remained at a sporadic and low prevalence level from 2005 to 2024, with an increasing trend observed from 2015 to 2024. Male occupational groups aged 40 to 60 years were the key population for brucellosis prevention and control, and sheep were the primary source of infection.

Objective: To investigate the correlation of chemerin levels in the serum and intestinal mucosal with in- testinal mucosal inflammation in IBS-D mice . Methods: A total of 128 female C57BL/6J mice were randomly di- vided into IBS-D group and control group , with 64 mice in each group . Wire Restraint Stress method (WRS) was used to construct an animal model of IBS-D . Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect serum and co- lonic mucosal chemerin levels in mice . Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to observe colonic mucosal in- flammation . Geboes value was used to evaluate the severity of colonic mucosal inflammation . Results: In the IBS- D group , the concentration of serum chemerin increased and reached the peak in the first week of the experiment ( t = 6. 538 , P < 0. 001) , and the concentration of colonic mucosa chemerin increased and reached the peak in the fourth week of the experiment ( t = 8 . 104 , P < 0. 001) ; in the first week of experiment , the colonic mucosa of IBS- D mice showed inflammatory reaction , which was the most significant in the fifth week (P < 0. 05) . Geboes score was ( 1 . 75 ±0. 50) vs (0. 55 ±0. 52) . Conclusion There is a temporal sequence between the elevation of serum and intestinal mucosal chemerin levels and the severity of intestinal mucosal inflammation , and it is hypothesized that the elevated serum and intestinal mucosal chemerin levels correlate with the onset and progression of intestinal mucosal inflammation .