As an important protein synthesized by the liver， albumin is one of the most important markers for liver function， and its structure and function change with the progression of liver injury. Latest studies have shown that albumin in the disease state is not only reduced in quantity， but also damaged in quality， and thus the concept of “effective albumin” was proposed. This article elaborates on the research advances in the physiological structure and function of albumin， the changes of physiological function in the disease state， and the research advances in effective albumin， so as to explore precise strategies for the clinical application of albumin.

In this study,a functionalized covalent-organic framework(COF)was first synthesized using porphyrin as the fabrication unit and showed an edge-curled,petal-like and well-ordered structure.The synthesized COF was then introduced to prepare porous organic polymer monolithic materials(POPMs).Two com-posite POPM/COF monolithic materials with rod shapes,referred to as sorbent A and sorbent B,were prepared in stainless steel tubes using different monomers.Sorbents A and B exhibited relatively uniform porous structures and enhanced specific surface areas of 153.14 m2/g and 80.01 m2/g,respectively.The prepared composite monoliths were used as in-tube solid-phase extraction(SPE)sorbents combined with HPLC for the on-line extraction and quantitative analytical systems.Indole alkaloids(from Catharanthus roseus G.Don and Uncaria rhynchophylla(Miq.)Miq.Ex Havil.)contained in mouse plasma were extracted and quantitatively analyzed using the online system.The two composite multifunctional monoliths showed excellent clean-up ability for complex biological matrices,as well as superior selec-tivity for target indole alkaloids.Method validation showed that the RSD values of the repeatability(n=6)were≤3.46％,and the accuracy expressed by the spiked recoveries was in the ranges of 99.38％-100.91％and 96.39％-103.50％for vinca alkaloids and Uncaria alkaloids,respectively.Furthermore,sorbents A and B exhibited strong reusability,with RSD values≤5.32％,which were based on the peak area of the corresponding alkaloids with more than 100 injections.These results indicate that the composite POPM/COF rod-shaped monoliths are promising media as SPE sorbents for extracting trace compounds in complex biological samples.

Objective:To explore the clinical and pathological characteristics of Polygonum multiflorum-associated liver injury. Methods:Medical record data of inpatients with Polygonum multiflorum-associated liver injury diagnosed by histopathological examination between January 2009 and December 2018 in Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University were collected and analyzed retrospectively. According to the different processing methods of Polygonum multiflorum, the patients were divided into raw Polygonum multiflorum group and prepared Polygonum multiflorum group. The clinical and pathological characteristics in patients in the 2 groups were compared. Results:A total of 22 patients entered the study. Of them, 8 patients were in the raw Polygonum multiflorum group, including 4 males and 4 females with a median age of 32 (25, 37) years; 14 patients were in the prepared Polygonum multiflorum group, including 2 males and 12 females with a median age of 51 (38, 58) years. Twenty one patients were clinically identified as hepatocellular injury type and one patient (raw Polygonum multiflorum group) was identified as mixed type, which all had varying degrees of acute hepatitis related symptoms. The median peak levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and total bilirubin in the raw Polygonum multiflorum group were significantly higher than those in the prepared Polygonum multiflorum group [1 832 (1 134, 2 301) U/L vs. 900 (456, 1 102) U/L, P=0.001; 1 135 (475, 1 408) U/L vs. 466 (240, 662) U/L, P=0.017; 212.1 (102.5, 363.4) μmol/L vs. 59.7 (17.7, 117.3) μmol/L, P=0.012]. The main pathological manifestation of liver injury in patients in the 2 groups was acute lobular hepatitis. After the occurrence of liver injury, all 22 patients discontinued Polygonum multiflorum preparation and were given symptomatic treatment, and all were improved and discharged after 9-37 d of hospitalization. After discharge, one patient lost the follow-up and the other 21 patients′ liver function recovered, with a median time to recovery of 3 (2, 6) months. Three patients′ abnormal liver function lasted more than 6 months and they were diagnosed with chronic hepatitis. Conclusions:Polygonum multiflorum-associated liver injury is mainly hepatocellular injury type and the pathological feature is acute lobular hepatitis. The degree of liver injury caused by raw Polygonum multiflorum is more serious than that caused by prepared Polygonum multiflorum. After stopping Polygonum multiflorum and giving symptomatic treatment, most patients had a good prognosis.

Objective:To explore the clinical and pathological characteristics of Polygonum multiflorum-associated liver injury. Methods:Medical record data of inpatients with Polygonum multiflorum-associated liver injury diagnosed by histopathological examination between January 2009 and December 2018 in Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University were collected and analyzed retrospectively. According to the different processing methods of Polygonum multiflorum, the patients were divided into raw Polygonum multiflorum group and prepared Polygonum multiflorum group. The clinical and pathological characteristics in patients in the 2 groups were compared. Results:A total of 22 patients entered the study. Of them, 8 patients were in the raw Polygonum multiflorum group, including 4 males and 4 females with a median age of 32 (25, 37) years; 14 patients were in the prepared Polygonum multiflorum group, including 2 males and 12 females with a median age of 51 (38, 58) years. Twenty one patients were clinically identified as hepatocellular injury type and one patient (raw Polygonum multiflorum group) was identified as mixed type, which all had varying degrees of acute hepatitis related symptoms. The median peak levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and total bilirubin in the raw Polygonum multiflorum group were significantly higher than those in the prepared Polygonum multiflorum group [1 832 (1 134, 2 301) U/L vs. 900 (456, 1 102) U/L, P=0.001; 1 135 (475, 1 408) U/L vs. 466 (240, 662) U/L, P=0.017; 212.1 (102.5, 363.4) μmol/L vs. 59.7 (17.7, 117.3) μmol/L, P=0.012]. The main pathological manifestation of liver injury in patients in the 2 groups was acute lobular hepatitis. After the occurrence of liver injury, all 22 patients discontinued Polygonum multiflorum preparation and were given symptomatic treatment, and all were improved and discharged after 9-37 d of hospitalization. After discharge, one patient lost the follow-up and the other 21 patients′ liver function recovered, with a median time to recovery of 3 (2, 6) months. Three patients′ abnormal liver function lasted more than 6 months and they were diagnosed with chronic hepatitis. Conclusions:Polygonum multiflorum-associated liver injury is mainly hepatocellular injury type and the pathological feature is acute lobular hepatitis. The degree of liver injury caused by raw Polygonum multiflorum is more serious than that caused by prepared Polygonum multiflorum. After stopping Polygonum multiflorum and giving symptomatic treatment, most patients had a good prognosis.