Objective:To investigate the effect of oral capsaicin stimulation on the cerebral cortex hemodynamics of patients with post-stroke dysphagia (PSD).Methods:Thirty-four PSD patients were subjected to oral stimulation with either a saline or a capsaicin solution. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to document any changes in cortical oxyhemoglobin (HbO) concentrations and cortical activation. Functional connectivity (FC) and hemispheric lateralization were analyzed.Results:(1) Capsaicin stimulation significantly increased HbO concentration in the prefrontal and motor areas, producing significantly greater activation than saline stimulation and the resting state. (2) Both saline and capsaicin oral stimulation enhanced whole brain FC, with capsaicin producing a more pronounced increase between the bilateral prefrontal cortex and the right motor cortex. (3) Both saline and capsaicin stimulation induced a right-hemispheric lateralization trend in the whole brain and the prefrontal cortex, while the motor cortex maintained a left-lateralization pattern. Notably, the lateralization index under capsaicin oral stimulation was significantly higher than that under saline oral stimulation.Conclusions:Compared with the resting state and saline stimulation, capsaicin oral stimulation significantly enhances cortical activation above the resting state, and significantly more than saline stimulation. It increases FC between the prefrontal and motor cortices, and promotes adjustments in brain lateralization patterns in persons with PSD.

Objective:To investigate the effect of oral capsaicin stimulation on the cerebral cortex hemodynamics of patients with post-stroke dysphagia (PSD).Methods:Thirty-four PSD patients were subjected to oral stimulation with either a saline or a capsaicin solution. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to document any changes in cortical oxyhemoglobin (HbO) concentrations and cortical activation. Functional connectivity (FC) and hemispheric lateralization were analyzed.Results:(1) Capsaicin stimulation significantly increased HbO concentration in the prefrontal and motor areas, producing significantly greater activation than saline stimulation and the resting state. (2) Both saline and capsaicin oral stimulation enhanced whole brain FC, with capsaicin producing a more pronounced increase between the bilateral prefrontal cortex and the right motor cortex. (3) Both saline and capsaicin stimulation induced a right-hemispheric lateralization trend in the whole brain and the prefrontal cortex, while the motor cortex maintained a left-lateralization pattern. Notably, the lateralization index under capsaicin oral stimulation was significantly higher than that under saline oral stimulation.Conclusions:Compared with the resting state and saline stimulation, capsaicin oral stimulation significantly enhances cortical activation above the resting state, and significantly more than saline stimulation. It increases FC between the prefrontal and motor cortices, and promotes adjustments in brain lateralization patterns in persons with PSD.

Objective:To investigate the effects of different feeding formulas on the feeding and growth and metabolism of premature infants in the early postnatal period.Methods:Eligible premature infants with the gestational age of ≤ 34 weeks hospitalized from March 2023 to March 2024 were selected as per inclusion criteria, excluding those with congenital metabolic diseases, severe congenital heart disease and developmental malformations of digestive tract. According to the feeding formulas within 2 weeks after birth, premature infants were divided into three groups, namely donor human milk (DHM) group, preterm formula (PF) group and extensively hydrolyzed formula (eHF) group. The characteristics of premature infants, perinatal condition, feeding formulas, milk intake on the 7th and 14th day, the time to the daily milk intake of 120ml/kg and 150ml/kg respectively, the time on parenteral nutrition, the length of hospitalization, feeding intolerance, cholestasis, extrauterine growth retardation and biochemical metabolic indexes at 7 days, 14 days and discharge were collected. The differences of feeding and biochemical metabolic parameters were compared across the three groups.Results:A total of 108 cases were enrolled ,of whom 39 were in DHM group, 37 in PF group and 32 in eHF group. There was no significant difference in gestational age, birth weight, head circumference and maternal complications across the three groups. The milk intake in the DHM group was (50.7±29.1) ml/(kg·d) on the 7th day, compared with (34.2±27.3) ml/(kg·d) in PF group ( P=0.031), and (103.1±36.7) ml/(kg·d) on the 14th day, compared with (73.9±39.2) ml/(kg·d) in the PF group. Compared with the PF group, the DHM group reached the daily milk intake of 120 ml/(kg·d) earlier [(18.5±10.4) days vs. (24.1±10.3) days, P=0.020], had shorter duration of parenteral nutrition [(17.9±10.9) days vs. (23.2±11.2) days, P=0.042], and lower incidence of feeding intolerance (28.2% vs. 48.6%). The length of hospitalization in DHM group was shorter than that in PF group [(33.8±15.5) days vs. (37.8±17.6) days], but there was no significant difference ( P>0.05). There was no significant difference between the DHM group and the eHF group in terms of the milk intake on the 7th and 14th day, the time to the daily milk intake of 120 ml/(kg·d), the time on parenteral nutrition, the length of hospitalization and feeding intolerance. At 1 and 2 weeks after birth, alkaline phosphatase in DHM group was higher than that in PF group and eHF group ( P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in biochemical nutritional metabolism parameters (hemoglobin, urea nitrogen, albumin, prealbumin, alkaline phosphatase and total bile acid) across the three groups at discharge( P>0.05). Conclusion:Early use of DHM in premature infants is better tolerated than PF and can help achieve complete enteral nutrition earlier and shorten the use of parenteral nutrition, while not affecting the growth and development of premature infants.

Objective:To explore application effect of early respiratory training schemes based on 4E mode (Engage, Educate, Execute, Evaluate) in children with bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) and provide evidence for the clinical implementation of early respiratory rehabilitation in children with BO.Methods:This was a quasi-experimental study. The children with BO who were admitted to 2 wards of the Department of Respiratory Medicine of Hunan Children's Hospital from January 1 to December 31, 2021 were selected as the research objects. They were randomly divided into the control group and the experimental group, with 23 cases in each group. The control group received routine treatment, nursing and rehabilitation guidance. The experimental group established a multidisciplinary team based on the control group, and used the early respiratory training program based on the 4E model to implement intervention. The clinical symptom severity scale was used to evaluate the improvement of the clinical symptoms of the children within 24 hours of being diagnosed as BO, the day of discharge, and 1 and 3 months after discharge for re-examination, and the hospitalization time of the children and the incidence of adverse events related to respiratory training were counted by using medical records and questionnaires.Results:The clinical symptom severity scores of the experimental group within 24 hours of admission diagnosis and the day of discharge were (20.00 ± 2.51) and (11.30 ± 2.46)points respectively, while those of the control group were (20.57 ± 2.21) and (11.70 ± 2.42) points respectively, with no statistically significant difference ( t=0.81, 0.54, both P>0.05). The clinical symptom severity scores of the experimental group were(10.52 ± 2.31) and (8.55 ± 1.06) points, lower than (12.32 ± 1.39) and (12.45 ± 2.19) points of the control group when they returned to the hospital for re-examination 1 and 3 months after discharge, with a statistically significant difference ( t=3.14, 7.25, both P<0.05). The experimental group was hospitalized for (11.78 ± 1.17) days, which was showter than (13.74 ± 1.63) days in the control group, with a statistically significant difference ( t=4.68, P<0.05). No respiratory training-related adverse events occurred in both groups of children during hospitalization. During home respiratory training after discharge, 1 and 2 respiratory training-related adverse events occurred in the experimental group 1 and 3 months after discharge, respectively, compared with 6 and 9 in the control group. The difference was statistically significant ( χ2=4.64, 5.94, both P<0.05). Conclusions:Early respiratory training solutions based on the 4E mode can improve the clinical symptoms of BO children, shorten the hospitalization time, reduce the number of adverse events related to respiratory training, and promote the recovery of children.

Objective:To establish a IgA nephropathy (IgAN) standard dataset for the structured and standardization of IgAN clinical information, which will be beneficial to the integration and utilization of clinical information among different medical institutions. Therefore, the IgAN Expert Collaboration Group composed the "IgA Nephropathy Standard Dataset".Methods:Referring to the domestic information standards, guidelines, data standard and consensus of related fields, based on electronic medical history, the patient identification number was used as the primary key of the system to collect information. By standardizing each data element in the data set, the standardization of the management system in data and information exchange, data collaboration and sharing was ensured, and a quality control system was developed.Results:This standard dataset included 607 data elements and 8 business domains, which were patient information, medical history information, physical examination, laboratory examination, assistant examination, renal pathology, drug treatment, and follow-up, respectively. Each module was composed of module name, data element name, English name, definition, range, reference standard, etc. At the same time, a corresponding quality control system was formulated to evaluate data quality from multiple dimensions such as completeness, standardization, accuracy, timeliness, and security for ensuring the high quality and security of the data.Conclusion:The IgAN standard dataset is established, which will contribute to the structuration and standardization of clinical information of IgAN patients.

Objective Childhood asthma is closely related to MP infection.This study was to investigate the distribution of ORMDL3 and HLA-DQ gene SNP in children with MP-associated asthma and gene-gene interactions.Methods One hundred and ninety-four patients with MP infection were enrolled.Extraction of whole blood genomic DNA was carried out.The genotype was collected by Flnidigm Juno 96.96 Genotyping integrated fluid pathway system.The patients were divided into MP-asthma group and MP-non-asthma group.Gene-gene interaction was analyzed by generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction.Results MP-asthma group included 63 cases (32.5％),MP-non asthma group included 131 cases (67.5％).ORMDL3 gene rs4794820 had three genotypes of AG,GG,AA.,MP-asthma group GG genotype and G allele frequency was higher than that in MP-non-asthma group.The frequency of AA genotype was the lowest among the two groups,but in the MP-non-asthma group were higher than that in the MP-asthma group.The rs7216389 had three genotypes of TT、TC、CC,the frequency of TT genotype and T allele in MP-asthma group was significantly higher than that in MP-non-asthma group.The frequency of CC genotype was the lowest among the two groups,but CC genotype in MP-non-asthma group was significantly higher than that in MP-asthma group.The rs794820 GG genotype and rs7216389 TT genotype were found to be risk factors.ORMDL3、HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQA2 have gene-gene interaction.Conclusion MP infection is an important external cause of asthma in children.The genotype of rs7794820 GG genotype and rs7216389 TT genotype are an important internal cause of asthma after childhood MP infection.ORMDL3 rs4794820,rs7216389 and HLA-DQA1 rs9272346,HLADQA2 rs7773955 have gene-gene interaction,synergistically enhance the risk of asthma associated with asthma in children with MP.

Objective To investigate the value of color Doppler ultrasonography in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant testicular tumors in children. Methods The sonographic findings of 63 children pathologically confirmed testicular tumors were retrospectively analyzed.All children were divided into benign group and malignant group according to pathologic diagnosis. The tumor size,shape,border, echo texture,calcification and color blood flow were compared between two groups. Logistic regression analysis was employed to predict sonographic features of benign and malignant testicular tumors.Receiver operating curve (ROC) was employed to assess the diagnostic performance of sonographic features. Results Among the 63 cases of pediatric testicular tumors,42 cases were histologically confirmed as benign testicular tumors (66.7% ),and the rest 21 cases were malignant testicular tumors (33.3% ). The maximum diameter of tumor in benign tumors was significantly smaller than that in malignant tumors[(1.75 ± 0.75) cm vs (2.90 ± 1.22)cm,P =0.000].In the sonographic features,malignant testicular tumors were more likely to present with solid masses,and benign testicular tumors were more likely to be cystic or cystic-solid ( P =0.024).Calcification was more common in benign tumors than that in malignant tumors ( P =0.000).Compared with benign tumors,malignant tumors had increased blood flow on color Doppler images ( P =0.000).Logistic regression analysis indicated that flow grade was the independent prognostic factors for malignant tumor. By using Alder grade of 2 or above as threshold,the sensitivity,specificity and accuracy were 95.2%,78.6% and 84.1%,respectively. Conclusions The sonographic features vary between benign and malignant testicular tumors. Blood flow is the independent factors for predicting malignant tumor. Color Doppler ultrasonography is an important method for differential diagnosis of testicular tumors in children.

Objective To discuss the polymorphisms of asthma susceptibility gene ORMDL3 in infantile wheezing,in order to provide a theoretical basis for early diagnosis of asthma.Methods One hundred and fifty wheezing infants were recruited and divided into 2 groups as asthma predictive index(API) positive group(n =80) and negative group (n =70).Taqman probe was applied to detect the genotypes of 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)in childhood asthma susceptibility gene ORMDL3,which were rs4794820 and rs7216389.The genotype distributions were analyzed and compared between 2 groups,and the correlations among genotype distribution and tidal breath pulmonary function,fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) concentration,percentage of eosinophils (EOS％),serum immune globulin E (total IgE) levels respectively were also analyzed,respectively.Results (1) The frequencies of rs4794820 AG and rs7216389 TC heterozygotes in the API positive group were the highest,which were significantly higher than those in the negative group(58.75％ vs.31.42％,56.25％ vs.32.86％ respectively,all P ＜0.01).The frequencies of GG and TT homozygotes in the API negative group were the highest,which were significantly higher than those in the positive group (58.57％ vs.30.00％,57.14％ vs.31.25％ respectively,all P ＜0.01).(2)The time to reach the peak expiratory flow in tidal breathing over the total expiratory time (TPTEF/TE) and the volume to reach the peak expiratory flow in tidal breathing over the total expiratory volume (VPEF/VE) of the infants in the API positive group were less than those in the API negative group(16.87 ±5.31 vs.20.12 ± 5.23,20.87 ± 5.92 vs.25.56 ± 6.77,respectively),and the FeNO concentration was higher than that in the API negative group [(22.44 ± 9.77) ppb vs.(13.23 ± 7.90)ppb],and the differences were significant (t =-3.776,-4.490,6.377,respectively;all P ＜ 0.01).(3) In the API positive group,the TPTEF/TE and VPEF/VE of the infants who expressed AG/TC genotype were lower than those who expressed GG/TT genotype (14.55 ± 4.83 vs.19.91 ± 4.17,18.85 ± 4.26 vs.25.20 ± 7.06,respectively,t =-4.727,-3.976,all P ＜ 0.01);while the FeNO concentrations,EOS％ and total IgE levels were higher than those who expressed GG/TT genotype [(25.02 ± 8.77) ppb vs.(18.39 ± 6.56) ppb,7.16 ± 2.62 vs.5.50 ± 1.34,(366 727 ±275 533) IU/L vs.(166 826 ± 62 865) IU/L,respectively] (t =3.484,3.409,4.589 respectively;all P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions Childhood asthma susceptibility gene ORMDL3 SNPs rs4794820 AG and rs7216389 TC heterozygotes are the risk factors for API positive infantile wheezing.The pulmonary function damage and airway inflammation of the infants who expressed AG/TC genotype are more serious than those who expressed GG/TT genotype,and more likely to develop persistent asthma.

Objective To investigate the effect of pidotimod granules and Carboxymethyl starch sodium solution in treating children with recurrent respiratory tract infection curative effect and effect on immune function of children.Methods 128 cases of children with recurrent respiratory tract infection in our hospital from June 2013 to June 2016 were selected and divided into treatment group and control group with 64 cases in each group. Children in the control group were treated with Carboxymethyl starch sodium solution, the treatment group was given pidotimod granules on the basis of the control group.Two groups of children were treated for 12 weeks.The therapeutic effects of the two groups were compared, the changes of immune function before and after treatment, cough, fever, lung rales disappear time, and the incidence of adverse reactions.Results The total effective rate of the treatment group (90.62%) was higher than the control group (75.00%), the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05), the levels of IgA, IgM and IgG increased after treatment in both groups, the levels of IgA, IgM and IgG in the treatment group were higher than those in the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05), the levels of CD3 +, CD4 +and CD4 +/CD8 +increased after treatment in both groups, and the levels of CD3 +, CD4 +and CD4 +/CD8 +in the treatment group were higher than those in the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05), the treatment group in children with cough, fever, pulmonary rales disappeared faster than the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P <0.05), two groups were no obvious adverse reactions.Conclusion Pidotimod granules combined with carboxymethyl starch sodium solution in treating children with recurrent respiratory tract infections is effective, and could significantly improve the immune function of children.