N-glycosides comprise a broad range of compounds, some of which have demonstrated a variety of bioactivities, such as antiviral, antitumor, and antibacterial activities. Serving as essential building blocks for DNA and RNA, nucleosides are a particularly important subclass of N-glycosides. Accordingly, natural N-glycosides and their analogs have garnered great interests of both organic and pharmaceutical chemists, who have developed numerous synthetic methods for the preparation of N-glycosides. By reviewing the natural N-glycosides published between 1980 and 2023, this article summarizes current strategies for synthesizing N-glycosides, aiming to provide support for the development and research of N-glycosides.

In recent years， neurotoxicity caused by traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has frequently occurred and has become one of the important factors restricting the development and application of TCM. TCM contains active components and its dosage-effect relationship is the key to determine its pharmacological activity and toxic effects. Among them， the endogenous toxic components include alkaloids， glycosides， diterpenoids， animal and plant toxic proteins and heavy metals， and so on； exogenous toxic components mainly refer to some harmful elements and pesticide residues during the cultivation， processing， transportation and storage of medicinal materials that are not synthesized by themselves. Effect on the processes such as oxidative stress， inflammation， ion exchange， and energy metabolism may be important mechanisms of TCM-induced neurotoxicity. Neural cells， myelin cells， axons and neurotransmitter systems are common targets of TCM-induced neurotoxicity. In the future， we can use modern research methods and big data mining means to establish a safety evaluation mode of “toxic symptoms-poisoning dose-toxic original agent-detoxification scheme” with the basic component group of toxic substances as the core， so as to provide support for development and clinical intervention of neurotoxic traditional Chinese medicine.

Objective To study the relationship of carotid atherosclerosis with phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene 1 (PCK1) exon 4 144 polymorphism in southern Han Chinese population.Methods Ninety-five patients with carotid atherosclerosis confirmed by carotid artery ultrasound in our hospital fiom May 2012 to February 2013 and 106 healthy physical examination subjects (control group) at the same time period were chosen in our study;genetic polymorphism of exon-4 144 variant of PCK1 was determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP);trig1yceride (TG),total cholesterol (TC),high density lipoprotein cholesteml (HDL-C),low density lipoproteill cholesterol (LDL-C) and fasting blood glucose (FPG),glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) and postprandial 2-h blood glucose (HPG) levels were detected.Results (1) The exon-4 144 genotypes (GC,GG and CC) and G and C allele frequency distribution showed no statistical differences between the patient group and control group (x2=2.243,P=0.317;x2=1.021,P=0.352).(2) In the carotid atherosclerosis group and the control group,there was no significant difference in blood glucose and blood lipid indexes among each genotypes of the fourth exon 144.(3) Hypertension history,TC and HPG were the risk factors of carotid atherosclerosis (OR=2.473,P=0.001,95％CI:0.349-0.862;OR=0.816,P=-0.031,95％CI:0.677-0.936;OR=2.201,P=0.004,95％CI:1.803-9.772).Conclusion PCK1 of exon 4 144 G/C gene polymorphism may not be risk factor for carotid atherosclerosis.