OBJECTIVE To investigate the distribution and drug resistance of pathogens isolated from the elderly population with infections in Baotou,Inner Mongolia.METHODS The clinical data were collected from 9268 elder-ly patients with infections(with no less than 60 years of age)who were treated in Baotou Medical College of Cen-ter Clinical Medical School and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College from 2017 to 2021 and were retrospectively analyzed.The 9268 samples were cultured for isolation of pathogens,the isolated pathogens were identified,and the drug susceptibility testing was performed.RESULTS Totally 9268 strains of pathogens were isolated,53.11％of which were gram-negative bacteria,28.94％were gram-positive bacteria,and 17.95％were fungi.Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the major species of gram-negative bacteria;Entero-cocci and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were dominant among the gram-positive bacteria;Candida albicans was the predominant species of fungi.There were certain differences in the pathogens isolated from the elderly pa-tients with infection between different sexes,among the different seasons and age groups.With respect to drug re-sistance,the gram-positive bacteria maintained highly sensitive to vancomycin and teicoplanin,while the drug re-sistance rates to ampicillin and penicillin were relatively high.The drug resistance rates of the gram-negative bacte-ria to carbapenems were relatively low,but the drug resistance rates to ampicillin and cefazolin were high.CONCLUSIONS The gram-negative bacteria are dominant among the pathogens isolated from the elderly population with infections in Baotou City,Inner Mongolia;the distribution of pathogens is affected by the sex,age and sea-son.There is serious problem with the drug resistance of pathogens,the strains are highly resistant to the com-monly used antibiotics such as ampicillin and penicillin.It is necessary for the hospital to reasonably use antibiotics according to the epidemiological characteristics and drug resistance trends of the pathogens and optimize the strate-gies for clinical diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases.

Objective: To explore the association between mammalian sterile 20-like kinase 2(MST2) gene polymorphism and haplotype and the risk of colorectal cancer, rectal cancer, and colon cancer in the Han population in Baotou area by case-control association study. Methods: A total of 390 patients with colorectal cancer diagnosed by pathology and 413 normal physical examination pop-ulation were collected, and 2 mL of peripheral blood was taken for subsequent gene genotyping. Single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) of MST2 gene were screened according to the genetic polymorphism data of Chinese Han population provided by the NCBI-Hapmap database. Gene genotyping was performed by Taqman method. Logistic regression was used to calculate the association between each SNP and the risk of colorectal cancer, colon cancer, and rectal cancer under codominant, dominant, overdominant, and recessive genetic models. Results: Five SNPs of MST2 gene were screened, namely rs11783149, rs10955176, rs7827435, rs4075986, rs3019295. Among them, SNP rs4075986 was associated with the risk of colorectal cancer. Compared with the rs4075986 GG+AA genotype, carrying the AG genotype [OR(95%CI)=2.473(1.844-3.316) could increase the risk of colorectal cancer. Compared with the rs4075986 GG genotype, carrying the AG+AA genotype [OR(95%CI)=2.475(1.844-3.323) could increase the risk of colorectal cancer. SNP rs4075986 and rs3019295 were associated with the risk of rectal cancer. Compared with the rs4075986 GG+AA genotype, carrying the AG genotype [OR(95%CI)=3.411(2.387-4.874)] could increase the risk of rectal cancer. Compared with the rs3019295 GG+AA genotype, carrying the AG genotype [OR(95%CI)=0.706(0.501-0.996)] could reduce the risk of rectal cancer. SNP rs11783149 and rs4075986 were associated with the risk of colon cancer. Compared with the rs11783149 CC genotype, carrying the TT [OR(95%CI)=10.883(1.186-99.862)] and CT [OR(95%CI)=1.665(1.036-2.675)] genotype could increase the risk of colon cancer, respectively. Compared with the rs4075986 GG genotype, the AG+AA genotype [OR(95%CI)=1.824(1.262-2.638)] could increase the risk of colon cancer. Conclusion MST2 gene SNP rs3019295 AG genotype may be protective factor for rectal cancer. SNP rs11783149 CT and TT genotypes maybe risk factors for colon cancer. SNP rs4075986 AG and AG+AA genotypes may be a common risk factors for colorectal cancer, rectal cancer and colon cancer.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the distribution and drug resistance of pathogens isolated from the elderly population with infections in Baotou,Inner Mongolia.METHODS The clinical data were collected from 9268 elder-ly patients with infections(with no less than 60 years of age)who were treated in Baotou Medical College of Cen-ter Clinical Medical School and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College from 2017 to 2021 and were retrospectively analyzed.The 9268 samples were cultured for isolation of pathogens,the isolated pathogens were identified,and the drug susceptibility testing was performed.RESULTS Totally 9268 strains of pathogens were isolated,53.11％of which were gram-negative bacteria,28.94％were gram-positive bacteria,and 17.95％were fungi.Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the major species of gram-negative bacteria;Entero-cocci and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were dominant among the gram-positive bacteria;Candida albicans was the predominant species of fungi.There were certain differences in the pathogens isolated from the elderly pa-tients with infection between different sexes,among the different seasons and age groups.With respect to drug re-sistance,the gram-positive bacteria maintained highly sensitive to vancomycin and teicoplanin,while the drug re-sistance rates to ampicillin and penicillin were relatively high.The drug resistance rates of the gram-negative bacte-ria to carbapenems were relatively low,but the drug resistance rates to ampicillin and cefazolin were high.CONCLUSIONS The gram-negative bacteria are dominant among the pathogens isolated from the elderly population with infections in Baotou City,Inner Mongolia;the distribution of pathogens is affected by the sex,age and sea-son.There is serious problem with the drug resistance of pathogens,the strains are highly resistant to the com-monly used antibiotics such as ampicillin and penicillin.It is necessary for the hospital to reasonably use antibiotics according to the epidemiological characteristics and drug resistance trends of the pathogens and optimize the strate-gies for clinical diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases.

Objective To explore the association between mammalian sterile 20-like kinase 1(MST1)gene poly-morphism and haplotype and the risk of colorectal cancer,rectal cancer,and colon cancer in the Han population in Baotou area by case-control association study.Methods A total of 390 patients with colorectal cancer diagnosed by pathology and 413 normal physical examination population were collected,and 2 ml of peripheral blood was taken for subsequent gene genotyping.Single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)of MST1 gene were screened according to the genetic polymorphism data of Chinese Han population provided by the National Center for Biotechnology In-formation-Haplotype Mapping database.Gene genotyping was performed by Taqman method.Logistic regression was used to calculate the association between each SNP and the risk of colorectal cancer,colon cancer,and rectal cancer under codominant,dominant,overdominant,and recessive genetic models.Results Four SNPs of MST1 gene were screened,namely rs8000,rs2234197,rs2267853,and rs6073629.Among them,SNP rs2234197 was associated with the risk of rectal cancer.Compared with the GG+AA genotype,the AG genotype could reduce the risk of rectal cancer,OR[95%confidence interval(CI)]=0.657(0.442-0.976).SNP rs8000 was associated with the risk of colon cancer.Compared with the TT+GT genotype,the GG genotype could reduce the risk of colon cancer[OR(95%CI)=0.425(0.182-0.992)].Conclusion MST1 gene SNP rs2234197 AG genotype and SNP rs8000 GG genotype may be protective factors for rectal cancer and colon cancer,respectively.

Objective To evaluate the inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rg3 combined with 5-fluorouracil(5-FU)on tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth in colon cancer in mice.Methods CT26 mouse model of colon cancer was established and the mice were randomly assigned to the control group,the ginsenoside Rg3 group,the 5-FU group,and the Rg3 combined with 5-FU group.The 5-FU group was injected intraperitoneally at the dose of 20 mg/kg,0.2 mL/animal,and once a day for 10 days.Treatment for the Rg3 group was given at the dose of 20 mg/kg,0.2 mL/animal,and once a day for 21 days via gastric gavage.The dose and the mode of treatment for the Rg3+5-FU combination group were the same as those for the 5-FU and the Rg3 group.The control group was intraperitoneally injected with 0.2 mL/d of normal saline for 10 days.The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)and CD31 and the microvascular density(MVD)of the tumor tissues were examined by immunohistochemistry.The blood flow signals and tumor necrosis were examined by color Doppler flow imaging(CDFI).The quality of life,survival rate,tumor volume,tumor mass,and tumor inhibition rate of the mice were monitored.Results After 21 days of treatment,the tumor volume and the tumor mass of all treatment groups were significantly decreased compared with those the control group,with the combination treatment group exhibiting the most significant decrease.The tumor inhibition rates of the Rg3 group,the 5-FU group,and the combination group were 29.96%,68.78%,and 73.42%,respectively.Rg3 treatment alone had inhibitory effect on tumor growth to a certain degree,while 5-FU treatment alone or 5-FU combined with Rg3 had a stronger inhibitory effect on tumor growth.The tumor inhibition rate of the combination group was higher than that of the 5-FU group,but the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05).Color Doppler ultrasound showed that there were multiple localized and large tumor necrotic areas that were obvious and observable in the Rg3 group and the combination group,and that there were only small tumor necrotic areas in the 5-FU group and the control group.The tumor necrosis rate of the combination group was(55.63±3.12)%,which was significantly higher than those of the other groups(P<0.05).CDFI examination of the blood flow inside of the tumor of the mice showed that the blood flow signals in the combination group were mostly grade 0-Ⅰ,and that the blood flow signals in the control group were the most abundant,being mostly grade Ⅱ-Ⅲ.The abundance of the blood flow signals in the Rg3 and 5-FU groups were between those of the control group and the combination group.Compared with those of the control group,the expression levels of MVD and VEGF in the tumor tissues of the Rg3 group,the 5-FU group,and the combination group were significantly decreased,with the combination group showing the most significant decrease(P<0.05).HE staining results indicated that there was significant tumor necrosis in mice in the control group and that there were more blood vessels.In contrast,in the tumor of the Rg3 group and the 5-FU group,there were fewer blood vessels and necrotic gaps appeared within the tumors.In the combination group,the tumor tissues had the fewest blood vessels and rope-like necrosis was observed.The mice started dying on the 18th day after treatment started,and all the mice in the control group died on the 42nd day.By this time,there were 3,5,and 7 mice still alive in the Rg3 group,the 5-FU group,and the combination group,respectively,presenting a survival rate of 30%,50%,and 70%,respectively.All mice in all the groups died on day 60 after treatment started.Conclusion Ginsenoside Rg3 combined with 5-FU can significantly inhibit tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth of colon cancer in mice and improve the survival and quality of life of tumor-bearing mice.

Objective: To investigate the associations between the single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) in vestigial like family member 4(VGLL4) gene and Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) infection. Methods: The blood samples of 450 normal physical examiners were collected , and the samples were divided into H. pylori negative group( n =220) and H. pylori positive group(n = 230) using enzyme⁃linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) . SNP rs1803489 ,rs7617620 , and rs13078528 in VGLL4 gene were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction ( PCR) Ⅳrestriction fragment length polymorphism ( RFLP) technology. Results: SNP rs1803489 , rs7617620 , and rs13078528 in VGLL4 gene were not associated with H. pylori infection in the Han population in Baotou , Inner Mongolia. Conclusion SNP rs1803489 , rs7617620 , and rs13078528 in VGLL4 gene may not play a major role in H. pylori infection in Baotou Han population.

Objective: To investigate the associations of the single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) rs1803489, rs7617620 and rs13078528 in vestigial like family member 4(VGLL4) gene with the risk of non-cardia gastric cancer. Methods: The case-control study design was used. 450 cases with non-cardia gastric cancer confirmed by pathology and 450 normal controls were collected in the Han population in Baotou; SNP rs1803489, rs7617620, and rs13078528 inVGLL4were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction(PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism(RFLP) technology. Results: VGLL4gene SNP rs1803489 was associated with the risk of non-cardia gastric cancer in the Han population in Baotou. Compared with the carriers of GG genotype, the carriers of AG genotype had a higher risk of non-cardia gastric cancer(OR=1.511, 95%CI=1.095-2.085,P<0.05). SNP rs7617620 and rs13078528 were not associated with non-cardia gastric cancer(P>0.05). Conclusion SNP rs1803489 inVGLL4may have an effect on the risk of non-cardia gastric cancer in the Han population in Baotou. SNP rs7617620 and rs13078528 may not play a major role in the risk of non-cardia gastric cancer.

Objective: To detect the differences in the expression of Yes-associated protein(YAP) in non-cardia gastric cancer and normal gastric tissue and analyze the associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNP) in the YAP gene andits protein expression,and to preliminarily discuss the correlationbetween YAP and the development of non-cardia gastric cancer,so as to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of non-cardia gastric cancer. Methods: 126 casesofnon-cardia gastric cancer tissues and 104 cases of paracancerous normal tissues were collected and set as case group and control group,respectively. Immunohistochemical SP assay was used to detect the expression of YAP in non-cardia gastric cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues. Taqman method was used for genotyping. The unconditional logistic regression method was used to calculate the odds ratio(OR) and its 95%confidence interval(CI) to detect the associations between YAP SNPs and the expression of YAP protein under Codominant,Dominant,Overdominant,Recessive,and Log-additive genetic models. Results: The expression of YAP protein in non-cardia gastric cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in normal gastric tissues(P<0. 001).The expression level of YAP protein was negatively correlated with the degree of tumor differentiation(P<0. 05).There was no correlationbetween the expression level of YAP protein and gender,age,lymph node metastasis and tumor size respectively(P>0. 05). No associations were found between SNP rs11225163 and rs1820453 and the expression of YAP protein under Codominant,Dominant,Overdominant,Recessive and Log-additive genetic models.Haplotype was constructed by Haploview 4. 2 software,and the association between haplotype and YAP protein expression was analyzed. Conclusion YAP may be involved in the development of non-cardia gastric cancer.

Objective : To investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphism ( SNP) rs558614， rs9552315，rs7317471 and rs9509492 in large tumor suppressor kinase 2 (LATS2) gene and the risk of colorectal cancer． Methods : A total of 390 colorectal cancer patients and 413 healthy subjects were genotyped by Taqman method．The odds ratio ( OR) and its 95% CI were calculated by unconditional logistic regression，to estimate the associations between SNP rs558614，rs9552315，rs7317471，rs9509492 in LATS2 gene and the risk of colorectal cancer，rectal cancer，as well as colon cancer under codominant，dominant，recessive，overdominant，and log-ad- ditive genetic models． Haplotypes were constructed by haploview software 4. 2 . Results : SNP rs558614， rs7317471，rs9552315 and rs9509492 in LATS2 gene were not associated with the risk of colorectal cancer，rectal cancer and colon cancer under codominant，dominant，recessive，overdominant，and log-additive genetic models. No haploid blocks were formed between the 4 SNPs． Conclusion SNP rs558614 ，rs7317471 ，rs9552315， rs9509492 in LATS2 gene may not play a major role in the development of colorectal cancer，rectal cancer and co- lon cancer.

Objective To investigate the expressions of large tumor suppressor kinase 1 (LATS1) and large tumor suppressor kinase 2 (LATS2) proteins in gastric cancer tissues, and to explore the correlation between expressions of LATS1 and LATS2 proteins and the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. Methods A total of 93 gastric cancer paraffin tissues and the corresponding adjacent gastric normal mucosa in the Department of Pathology in Baotou Cancer Hospital from September 2008 to June 2010 were collected. The immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expressions of LATS1 and LATS2 proteins in gastric cancer and adjacent normal tissues. The differences of the expressions of LATS1 and LATS2 proteins in gastric cancer and adjacent normal tissues were compared by usingχ2 test. The relationship between the expressions of LATS1 and LATS2 proteins and the clinicopathological features was also analyzed. Results In gastric cancer tissues, LATS1 was negatively expressed in 54 cases (58.1％), weakly positive expressed in 15 cases (16.1％), moderately positive expressed in 16 cases (17.2％), and strongly positive expressed in 8 cases (8.6％);in adjacent normal tissues, LATS1 was negatively expressed in 17 cases (18.3％), weakly positive expressed in 16 cases (17.2％), moderately positive expressed in 31 cases (33.3％), and strongly positive expressed in 29 cases (31.2％). The positive expression rate of LATS1 in gastric cancer tissues was lower than that in adjacent normal tissues, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=37.460, P<0.01). In gastric cancer tissues, LATS2 was negatively expressed in 28 cases (30.1％), weakly positive expressed in 17 cases (18.3％), moderately positive expressed in 33 cases (35.5％), strongly positive expressed in 15 cases (16.1％);in adjacent normal tissues, LATS2 was negatively expressed in 5 cases (5.4％), weakly positive expressed in 7 cases (7.5％), moderately positive expressed in 32 cases (34.4％), strongly positive expressed in 49 cases (52.7％). The positive expression rate of LATS2 in gastric cancer tissues was lower than that in adjacent normal tissues, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=38.275, P<0.01). The expressions of LATS1 and LATS2 were not related to patients'age, gender, lymph node metastasis, degree of differentiation and tumor diameter (all P>0.05). Conclusion LATS1 and LATS2 proteins may be involved in the occurrence of gastric cancer and have the inhibiting effect on the occurrence and development of gastric cancer.