Ischemia-reperfusion injury(IRI)of the donor liver is inevitable during procurement,preservation and transplantation,directly affecting the outcome of liver transplantation.It is the main cause of early allograft dysfunction and acute/chronic graft rejection after liver transplantation.It is also the main risk factor that affects the use of marginal grafts and exacerbates donor shortage.With the rapid development of biomedical technology,continuous improvements have been made in donor liver preconditioning,preservation perfusion techniques,and pharmacological treatments.Particularly significant progress and breakthroughs have been achieved in the areas of machine perfusion technology,ischaemia-free liver transplantation,anti-oxidation,anti-apoptosis and anti-inflammatory treatments.These advances have significantly reduced or prevented IRI in donor livers,extended the preservation time of donor livers ex vivo,reduced a series of severe complications after liver transplantation,and also significantly increased the utilization rate of marginal donor livers.This article discusses the progress in mechanisms related to liver IRI and liver preservation methods,and explores existing issues,cutting-edge explorations,and future challenges in effective organ preservation and optimization.

Ischemia-reperfusion injury(IRI)of the donor liver is inevitable during procurement,preservation and transplantation,directly affecting the outcome of liver transplantation.It is the main cause of early allograft dysfunction and acute/chronic graft rejection after liver transplantation.It is also the main risk factor that affects the use of marginal grafts and exacerbates donor shortage.With the rapid development of biomedical technology,continuous improvements have been made in donor liver preconditioning,preservation perfusion techniques,and pharmacological treatments.Particularly significant progress and breakthroughs have been achieved in the areas of machine perfusion technology,ischaemia-free liver transplantation,anti-oxidation,anti-apoptosis and anti-inflammatory treatments.These advances have significantly reduced or prevented IRI in donor livers,extended the preservation time of donor livers ex vivo,reduced a series of severe complications after liver transplantation,and also significantly increased the utilization rate of marginal donor livers.This article discusses the progress in mechanisms related to liver IRI and liver preservation methods,and explores existing issues,cutting-edge explorations,and future challenges in effective organ preservation and optimization.

Objective:To investigate the application value of 'N' shaped Trocar placement in Da Vinci robotic bariatric and metabolic surgery.Methods:The retrospective and descriptive study was conducted. The clinical data of 69 patients who underwent Da Vinci robotic bariatric and metabolic surgery in the China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University from March to October 2020 were collected. There were 18 males and 51 females, aged from 12 to 67 years, with a median age of 34 years. The surgery was performed with the 'N' shaped Trocar placement by the same team of surgeons. The Da Vinci robotic sleeve gastrectomy, Da Vinci robotic single-anastomosis duodenal-ileal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy or Da Vinci robotic biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch was selected according to the patient's condition. Observation indicators: (1) surgical and post-operative conditions; (2) follow-up. Follow-up using the outpatient examination, telephone interview and WeChat to detect the body weight, body mass index, fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, Trocar-related complications of patients at postoperative 3 months. The follow-up was up to November 2020. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean± SD, and comparison of general data before and after surgery was analyzed using the paired t test. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M (range). Count data were described as absolute numbers. Results:(1) Surgical and postoperative conditions: of the 69 patients, 34 cases received Da Vinci robotic sleeve gastrectomy, 34 cases received Da Vinci robotic single-anastomosis duodenal-ileal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy, and 1 case received Da Vinci robotic biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch. There was no conversion to open surgery or laparoscopic surgery. The operation time of 69 patients was (161±52)minutes, and the volume of intraoperative blood loss was 30 mL(range, 10-100 mL). Two of 69 patients had post-operative complications. One of them with postoperative abdominal hemorrhage was cured after symptomatic treatment and discharged on the 10th day after surgery. The other one patient with postoperative peritoneal effusion was cured and discharged from hospital after puncture drainage and symptomatic treatment. No Trocar-related complication such as Trocar foramen bleeding and Trocar foramen hernia occurred in the 69 patients. The duration of postoperative hospital stay of 69 patients was (6±3)days. (2) Follow-up: 47 of 69 patients were followed up for 3 months. The body mass, body mass index, fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, and total cholesterol were (86±19)kg, (30±5)kg/m 2, (5.2±0.7)mmol/L, 5.3%±0.6%, (4.3±1.3)mmol/L at postoperative 3 months, which had significant differences compared with the preoperative indicators ( t=6.101, 8.261, 2.973, 2.567, 2.098, P<0.05). All the 47 patients had no Trocar-related complications during the follow-up. Conclusion:The 'N' shaped Trocar placement method is safe and feasible in the Da Vinci robotic bariatric and metabolic surgery, with good efficacy.

Objective:To examine the value of serum protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-Ⅱ (PIVKA-Ⅱ) detection in the early diagnosis and surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Methods:The clinical data of 215 patients with HCC admitted to Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery of China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University from October 2017 to May 2018 were analyzed retrospectively. There were 172 males and 43 females, aged of (59.0±9.3) years old (range 34 to 86 years old). In addition, there were 85 non HCC patients were enrolled in the control group, 42 males and 43 females, aged (54.2±11.3) years old (range 22 to 80 years old). The blood sample of 3 ml was drawn from the elbow vein at 6∶00 am on the next day of admission, and then was kept in low temperature away from light, and sent for PIVKA-Ⅱ detection on the same day. The positive value of AFP was ≥20 μg/L and PIVKA-Ⅱ was ≥32 AU/L. The data were analyzed statistically by χ 2 test, t test or rank sum test. The correlation between AFP, PIVKA-Ⅱ and tumor maximum diameter was analyzed by linear regression. Results:The sensitivity of PIVKA-Ⅱ detection only for the diagnosis of HCC in all stages was significantly higher than AFP or equivalent to AFP, the overall sensitivity of PIVKA-Ⅱ and AFP was 85.1% and 52.1%, respectively. But the specificity of PIVKA-Ⅱ was lower than that of AFP, they were 78.8% and 96.5%, respectively. In particularly, in the earlier stage of HCC (Ⅰa) , the sensitivity of PIVAK-Ⅱ to HCC was 64.5%, while the AFP was only 26.3%. Combined detection of PIVKA-Ⅱ and AFP significantly improved the diagnostic rate of HCC to 88.4%, and the specificity to 76.5%. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between PIVKA-Ⅱ level and the maximum tumor diameter ( r2=0.587, P<0.05), but there was no correlation between the AFP level and the maximum tumor diameter ( r2=0.296, P>0.05). The positive rate of PIVKA-Ⅱ in the diagnosis of HCC with vascular invasion was also significantly higher than that of AFP ( P<0.01) . Conclusions:PIVKA-Ⅱ can be used as a serological marker for HCC screening and diagnosis. In particular, PIVKA-Ⅱ detection was significantly sensitive than AFP in the earlier stage of HCC. Combined detection of PIVKA-Ⅱ and AFP can effectively improve the diagnostic rate of HCC in all stages. The significant elevation of PIVKA-Ⅱ is also helpful to determine the tumor aggressiveness, vascular invasion and prognosis of HCC patients.

Objective:To examine the value of serum protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-Ⅱ (PIVKA-Ⅱ) detection in the early diagnosis and surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Methods:The clinical data of 215 patients with HCC admitted to Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery of China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University from October 2017 to May 2018 were analyzed retrospectively. There were 172 males and 43 females, aged of (59.0±9.3) years old (range 34 to 86 years old). In addition, there were 85 non HCC patients were enrolled in the control group, 42 males and 43 females, aged (54.2±11.3) years old (range 22 to 80 years old). The blood sample of 3 ml was drawn from the elbow vein at 6∶00 am on the next day of admission, and then was kept in low temperature away from light, and sent for PIVKA-Ⅱ detection on the same day. The positive value of AFP was ≥20 μg/L and PIVKA-Ⅱ was ≥32 AU/L. The data were analyzed statistically by χ 2 test, t test or rank sum test. The correlation between AFP, PIVKA-Ⅱ and tumor maximum diameter was analyzed by linear regression. Results:The sensitivity of PIVKA-Ⅱ detection only for the diagnosis of HCC in all stages was significantly higher than AFP or equivalent to AFP, the overall sensitivity of PIVKA-Ⅱ and AFP was 85.1% and 52.1%, respectively. But the specificity of PIVKA-Ⅱ was lower than that of AFP, they were 78.8% and 96.5%, respectively. In particularly, in the earlier stage of HCC (Ⅰa) , the sensitivity of PIVAK-Ⅱ to HCC was 64.5%, while the AFP was only 26.3%. Combined detection of PIVKA-Ⅱ and AFP significantly improved the diagnostic rate of HCC to 88.4%, and the specificity to 76.5%. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between PIVKA-Ⅱ level and the maximum tumor diameter ( r2=0.587, P<0.05), but there was no correlation between the AFP level and the maximum tumor diameter ( r2=0.296, P>0.05). The positive rate of PIVKA-Ⅱ in the diagnosis of HCC with vascular invasion was also significantly higher than that of AFP ( P<0.01) . Conclusions:PIVKA-Ⅱ can be used as a serological marker for HCC screening and diagnosis. In particular, PIVKA-Ⅱ detection was significantly sensitive than AFP in the earlier stage of HCC. Combined detection of PIVKA-Ⅱ and AFP can effectively improve the diagnostic rate of HCC in all stages. The significant elevation of PIVKA-Ⅱ is also helpful to determine the tumor aggressiveness, vascular invasion and prognosis of HCC patients.