Objective: To design HBV DNA proficiency testing and system comparison samples with different concentration gradients, analyze their detection results in PCR detection systems, evaluate the nucleic acid detection capabilities of laboratories and differences between detection systems, and put forward suggestions for continuous quality improvement to participating laboratories. Methods: Three groups of randomly numbered proficiency testing samples (with HBV DNA reference concentrations of <2, 7.5, and 30 IU/mL respectively) were taken as the detection objects. Using nucleic acid test data from 11 provincial blood station laboratories as the source, the samples were grouped by detection system and laboratory successively, and statistical analysis was conducted. Results: Statistical analysis of the detection data of the three groups of samples based on detection systems and laboratories showed that from low to high concentration, the coincidence rate between the detection results of different detection systems and laboratories and the expected results showed an increasing trend: 38.89%, 85.90%, and 100.00%; the same system exhibited certain differences in performance among different laboratories. Conclusion: Through this proficiency testing and system comparison, it is found that there are certain differences in the detection capabilities of different laboratories and different nucleic acid test systems. Blood station laboratories should standardize processes, strengthen quality management and data analysis on the basis of being familiar with the detection performance of their detection systems, and at the same time strengthen the control of laboratory interference factors to continuously improve the nucleic acid detection capabilities of blood station laboratories.

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of patients with malignant melanoma liver metastasis. Methods The clinical data of patients with melanoma liver metastasis before first-line systemic therapy were retrospectively collected. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was conducted to evaluate the association of clinical characteristics with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Prognostic factors associated with PFS and OS were determined through Cox regression analysis. Results A total of 80 patients were included in this study. Six of these patients did not receive systemic or local antitumor therapy after the diagnosis of liver metastasis. Their median survival time after the diagnosis of liver metastasis was 2.3 months. The median OS of the remaining 74 patients was 12.83 months. Cox regression analysis determined that in the patients receiving systemic or local antitumor therapy, age and local treatment were independent prognostic factors for OS; gender and serum NSE levels were independent prognostic factors for systemic PFS and intrahepatic PFS. First-line treatment including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) may have survival benefits for patients but the difference was not statistically significant (HR=0.716, P=0.255). Among gene mutations, NRAS mutations had the highest rates (11.25%) and were associated with poor prognosis. In addition, BRAF and CKIT mutations were detected in eight (10%) and four (5%) patients, respectively. Conclusion Patients who are younger and receive local treatment have a relatively better prognosis. The first-line ICI therapy may have survival benefits for patients.

Objective To investigate the predictive value of tissue plasminogen activator(t-PA),chro-mogranin A(CgA),and lipoprotein related phospholipase A2(LP-PLA2)in serum for major adverse cardio-vascular event(MACE)after percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI).Methods A total of 120 patients with coronary heart disease who underwent PCI in the hospital from August 2020 to August 2022 were en-rolled in the study.According to whether MACE occurred within 1 year after PCI,the patients were divided into MACE group(33 cases)and non-MACE group(87 cases).The levels of serum t-PA,CgA,LP-PLA2 and clinical data were compared between the MACE group and the non-MACE group.Multivariate Logistic regres-sion was used to analyze the risk factors of MACE after PCI.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to analyze the predictive value of t-PA,CgA and LP-PLA2 alone or in combination for MACE after PCI.Results The proportion of patients with smoking history,NT-proBNP,CgA,LP-PLA2,and the propor-tion of patients with hypertension in the MACE group were higher than those in the non-MACE group(P＜0.05),while left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF)and t-PA were lower than those in the non-MACE group(P＜0.05).There were no significant differences in age,gender composition,serum creatinine,triglyc-erides(TG),total cholesterol(TC),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),drinking history,NYHA cardiac function classification,combined diabetes,application of aspirin,and application of clopidogrel between the two groups(P＞0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that smoking history,increased NT-proBNP,hypertension,decreased LVEF,decreased t-PA,increased CgA and increased LP-PLA2 were risk factors for MACE after PCI(P＜0.05).ROC curve analysis showed that the areas under the curves(AUCs)of serum t-PA,CgA and LP-PLA2 alone or in combination for predicting MACE after PCI were 0.785(95％CI:0.693-0.877),0.678(95％CI:0.564-0.791),0.730(95％CI:0.636-0.824),0.888(95％CI:0.830-0.946),respectively.The efficacy of combined prediction was bet-ter than those of single detections(P＜0.05).Conclusion The lower the serum t-PA level is and the higher the CgA and LP-PLA2 levels are,the greater the risk of MACE after PCI is.The combination of the three in-dicators has higher value in predicting MACE after PCI.

Background::Risk assessment and treatment stratification for three-vessel coronary disease (TVD) remain challenging. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of left atrial volume index (LAVI) with the Synergy Between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery (SYNTAX) score II, and its association with the long-term prognosis after three strategies (percutaneous coronary intervention [PCI], coronary artery bypass grafting [CABG], and medical therapy [MT]) in patients with TVD.Methods::This study was a post hoc analysis of a large, prospective cohort of patients with TVD in China, that aimed to determine the long-term outcomes after PCI, CABG, or optimal MT alone. A total of 8943 patients with TVD were consecutively enrolled between 2004 and 2011 at Fuwai Hospital. A total of 7818 patients with available baseline LAVI data were included in the study. Baseline, procedural, and follow-up data were collected. The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), which was a composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke. Secondary endpoints included all-cause death, cardiac death, MI, revascularization, and stroke. Long-term outcomes were evaluated among LAVI quartile groups. Results::During a median follow-up of 6.6 years, a higher LAVI was strongly associated with increased risk of MACCE (Q3: hazard ratio [HR] 1.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-1.37, P = 0.005; Q4: HR 1.85, 95%CI 1.64-2.09, P <0.001), all-cause death (Q3: HR 1.41, 95% CI 1.17-1.69, P <0.001; Q4: HR 2.54, 95%CI 2.16-3.00, P <0.001), and cardiac death (Q3: HR 1.81, 95% CI 1.39-2.37, P <0.001; Q4: HR 3.47, 95%CI 2.71-4.43, P <0.001). Moreover, LAVI significantly improved discrimination and reclassification of the SYNTAX score II. Notably, there was a significant interaction between LAVI quartiles and treatment strategies for MACCE. CABG was associated with lower risk of MACCE than MT alone, regardless of LAVI quartiles. Among patients in the fourth quartile, PCI was associated with significantly increased risk of cardiac death compared with CABG (HR: 5.25, 95% CI: 1.97-14.03, P = 0.001). Conclusions::LAVI is a potential index for risk stratification and therapeutic decision-making in patients with three-vessel coronary disease. CABG is associated with improved long-term outcomes compared with MT alone, regardless of LAVI quartiles. When LAVI is severely elevated, PCI is associated with higher risk of cardiac death than CABG.

The efficacy of adaptive immune responses in cancer treatment relies heavily on the state of the T cells. Upon antigen exposure, T cells undergo metabolic reprogramming, leading to the development of functional effectors or memory populations. However, within the tumor microenvironment (TME), metabolic stress impairs CD8 + T cell anti-tumor immunity, resulting in exhausted differentiation. Recent studies suggested that targeting T cell metabolism could offer promising therapeutic opportunities to enhance T cell immunotherapy. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the intrinsic and extrinsic factors necessary for metabolic reprogramming during the development of effector and memory T cells in response to acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, we delved into the different metabolic switches that occur during T cell exhaustion, exploring how prolonged metabolic stress within the TME triggers alterations in cellular metabolism and the epigenetic landscape that contribute to T cell exhaustion, ultimately leading to a persistently exhausted state. Understanding the intricate relationship between T cell metabolism and cancer immunotherapy can lead to the development of novel approaches to improve the efficacy of T cell-based treatments against cancer.

Objective:To explore the feasibility of the post process of computed tomography angiography(CTA)on head and neck based on artificial intelligence(AI)deep learning on stenosis assessment.Methods:A total of 108 patients who underwent CTA on head and neck at Shunyi Hospital of Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital from January 2022 to June 2023 were selected,and they were divided into an AI group(54 cases)and a manual group(54 cases)based on different diagnostic methods.Dual source CT was used to conduct examination,and data was transmitted to"Shenrui Dr.Wise Head and Neck CTA Intelligent Assistance System"and"Siemens Syngo View Post Process Workstation".The image evaluation was conducted on a 5-point scale.The time-consuming of post process and diagnosis of CTA images of the artery of head and neck between two groups were observed and compared,and the quality of CTA images of the artery of head and neck,and the diagnostic results of the degree of the artery stenosis of head and neck also were observed and compared between two groups.Results:The differences of the time-consuming of post process of images and the time-consuming of diagnosis between two groups were all statistically significant(t=52.315,24.509,P<0.05),respectively.The intra-group correlation coefficient(ICC)of each branch of the artery of head and neck was 0.996 between two physicians.In AI group,the score of common carotid artery was(4.77±0.12),and the score of internal carotid artery was(4.56±0.13),and the score of vertebral artery was(4.55±0.16),and the score of middle cerebral artery was(4.78±0.16).In manual group,the score of common carotid artery was(3.02±0.12),and the score of internal carotid artery was(3.02±0.12),and the score of vertebral artery was(3.02±1.14),and the score of middle cerebral artery was(3.11±1.09).The differences of the image scores of each main branch of the artery of head and neck between two groups were significant(t=107.165,94.590,13.812,15.753,P<0.05),respectively,and scores of AI group all higher than these of manual group.The result of digital subtraction angiography(DSA)was used as the"gold standard".A total of 44 stenosis arteries were included for comparison,and the DSA results indicated that there were 12 cases with mild stenosis,12 cases with moderate stenosis and 10 cases with severe stenosis in AI group,and there were 12 cases with mild stenosis,8 cases with moderate stenosis and 7 cases with severe stenosis in manual group.There was a favorable diagnostic consistency in AI group(Kappa=0.898,P<0.05).The compliance rate of each stenosis of AI group was higher than that of manual group.The sensitivity(96.80%)and specificity(66.52%)of AI group were all higher than those(68.36 and 14.75%)of manual group,and the difference of specificity was significant.Conclusion:The time-consuming of post process,the time-consuming of diagnosis and the quality of CTA image of the artery of head and neck in AI mode are better than those in manual mode,and the consistency of diagnostic efficacy between two modes is favorable.

Objective:To investigate the correlation between peripheral blood lymphocyte immunophenotyping,cytokine levels before and after immune and anti-angiogenesis combined therapy,and treatment efficacy as well as prognosis in patients with advanced mucosal melanoma.Methods:A total of 28 patients with advanced mucosal melanoma admitted to the Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University School of Medicine from April 2019 to June 2022 were included in this analysis.All patients received combined treatment of camrelizumab(PD-1 inhibitor)and apatinib(anti-angiogenic drug).Peripheral blood samples were collected before treatment and after two cycles of treatment for lymphocyte immunophenotyping and cytokine level testing.The correlation between these immune markers and treatment efficacy as well as patient prognosis was evaluated.Results:After two cycles of treatment with camrelizumab and apatinib in patients with mucosal melanoma,the proportion of PD-1 positive cytotoxic T lymphocytes(CD3+CD8+CD279+cells)in peripheral blood was significantly reduced(P<0.001),while the proportion of NK cells(CD3-CD16+CD56+cells)was significantly increased(P=0.0054).Pre-treatment peripheral blood IFN-γ levels were found to be associated with overall survival(OS)(P=0.013).Patients with low IFN-γ levels had a median OS of 329 days,while the median OS for patients with high IFN-γ levels was not reached.Higher baseline IFN-γ levels were associated with a greater benefit in progression-free survival(PFS).Conclusion:The proportion of PD-1-positive T lymphocytes,NK cells and IFN-γ levels in peripheral blood may have predictive value for the efficacy and prognosis of advanced mucosal melanoma patients undergoing immunotherapy and anti-angiogenesis combined therapy.Future large-sample studies are needed to better characterize the clinical potential of these markers.

Uveal melanoma originates from the uveal tract and has a significant tendency to liver metastasis.Once metastasis occurs,the prognosis is poor.The current treatment options for uveal melanoma are liver-directed therapies including liver partial resection,ablation,isolated hepatic perfusion and percutaneous hepatic perfusion,hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy,transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,immune embolization,and radioembolization,and systemic treatment for metastatic uveal melanoma.This review discusses the pathogenesis of liver metastasis in uveal melanoma and reviews the current treatment options for uveal melanoma.

Uveal melanoma originates from the uveal tract and has a significant tendency to liver metastasis.Once metastasis occurs,the prognosis is poor.The current treatment options for uveal melanoma are liver-directed therapies including liver partial resection,ablation,isolated hepatic perfusion and percutaneous hepatic perfusion,hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy,transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,immune embolization,and radioembolization,and systemic treatment for metastatic uveal melanoma.This review discusses the pathogenesis of liver metastasis in uveal melanoma and reviews the current treatment options for uveal melanoma.

In order to evaluate the efficacy of peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) for achalasia, data of 63 patients with achalasia who were treated with POEM in China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University from 2017 to 2021 were collected. Postoperative Eckardt score, high-resolution manometry and upper gastrointestinal radiography were compared with preoperative data. The mean age of the 63 patients was 49.0 years, and there were 31 famales. The preoperative Eckardt score was 9 (3), and the postoperative Eckardt score was 2 (2), with significant difference ( V=1 953, P<0.001). The lower esophageal sphincter pressure decreased significantly after operation compared with that before operation [9.90 (3.35) mmHg VS 26.80（13.85）mmHg， V=2 016, P<0.001]. Fifty-three patients (84.1%) had satisfactory curative effects. The incidence of adverse events was 3.2% (2/63). POEM is safe, effective and minimally invasive for the treatment of achalasia.