Hydropic ear disease is an otological disease caused by hydrops in the labyrinth of the inner ear membrane. According to the medical history and imaging classification system, it is mainly divided into two types: primary hydropic ear disease and secondary hydropic ear disease. The clinical manifestations vary depending on the anatomical localization of hydrops. Cochlear endolymphatic hydrops can lead to hearing loss, tinnitus, and ear fullness. Vestibular endolymphatic hydrops can cause dizziness, vertigo, nausea, vomiting, and gait instability. A number of studies on magnetic resonance imaging of hydropic ear disease have been carried out globally and relevant results have been obtained. This article reviews the research advances of magnetic resonance imaging of hydropic ear disease.
Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Endolymphatic Hydrops/diagnosis* ; Ear, Inner/pathology*

Facial paralysis causes both physical pain and psychological distress to patients. It is difficult for a patient with facial paralysis to engage with a normal social life and at work. Progresses have been made in recent years in the treatment of facial paralysis. More attentions have been caught by masseteric to facial nerve transposition, which has advantages of adjacency in location, abundancy in nerve supply and reliability in the outcome and now has deemed an important option of facial reanimation. It has not been long since the application of the technique of masseteric to facial nerve transposition in China, therefore it still lacks a universal guidance on practice. In order to achieve the aim of better quality control and popularisation of the technique, hereby a consensus with suggestions on facial reanimation with masseteric to facial nerve transposition is proposed as the reference for surgeons specialised in facial reanimation. This consensus is proposed, discussed and drafted by experts from plastic and reconstructive surgery, oral and maxillofacial surgery, head and neck surgery and neurosurgery.

Objective:To analyze the clinical features and surgical outcomes of petrous bone cholesteatomas (PBCs).Methods:Data from 39 PBCs patients treated in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Xijing Hospital from September 2011 to December 2017 were reviewed retrospectively, including 23 males, 16 femals, aged 12-71 years old, with the median age of 37. Clinical classifications, surgical methods, facial and hearing function, and intraoperative and postoperative complications were made summary analysis.Results:In this study, five patients were congenital PBCs and 34 patients were acquired PBCs. The common clinical symptoms were hearing loss (100%, 39/39), ear discharge/pus (89.7%, 35/39) and facial paralysis (46.2%, 18/39). According to Sanna′s classification, 14 cases were supralabyrinthine, including three cases underwent transcochlear (TC) approach, six cases underwent transotic (TO) approach and five underwent translabyrinthine (TL) approach. 10 cases were infralabyrinthine, including eight cases underwent subtotal petrosectomy, one case underwent TO approach and one underwent TL approach.10 cases were massive, including seven cases underwent TC approach, three cases underwent TO approach. Five cases were infralabyrinthine-apical, including two cases underwent TC approach, two cases underwent TO approach, and one case underwent endoscope assisted infratemporal fossa type B. The degree of facial nerve (FN) dysfunction from high to low was massive (6/10), supralabyrinthine (8/14), infralabyrinthine-apical (2/5) and infralabyrinthine (2/10). 19 cases involved in facial nerve operation, three cases underwent FN decompression, four cases underwent FN rerouting, four cases underwent nerve grafting, and one case underwent facial-hypoglossal anastomosis. Preoperative FN involvement in 18 cases, and the FN function was improved in 14 cases after surgery. The improved rate of postoperative FN function was 77.8%. The bone conducted hearing retained 50.0% (14/28) postoperatively. Five cases with cerebrospinal fluid leak were managed by inserting free muscle plugs and cavity obliteration. Two cases with the cholesteatomas matrix involved the sigmoid sinus and the jugular bulb, and occlusion of the sigmoid sinus was performed. Postoperatively, two patients presented with synkinesis. The patients were followed up for 40 to 115 months, and there was no recurrence.Conclusions:There are no specific clinical manifestations for PBCs, thus, it is difficult in early diagnosis and treatment. According to Sanna′s classification, preoperative FN and hearing function, the best surgical approach should be selected with minimal recurrences and perioperative morbidity.

Objective:To realize prokaryotic expression, purification and identification of 2019-novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) nucleocapsid protein (NP), and apply it to the serological diagnosis.Methods:The synthetic 2019-nCoV NP gene was cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET28a to construct expression plasmid, and then purified by Ni-chelating affinity. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot (WB), and immunochromatography were used to test the purified protein. Indirect ELISA reaction conditions were optimized for serum antibody detection.Results:The relative molecular mass of recombinant NP was about 50×10 3 after SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, which was consistent with the expectation. Indirect ELISA and WB results showed that it could specifically bind to the serum of patients infected with 2019-nCoV. The detection limit of NP was 0.2 ng/ml by immunochromatography. The sera from 32 patients infected with 2019-nCoV and the control sera were detected by indirect ELISA, and the results showed that they were clearly clustered. Conclusions:Prokaryotic expression of 2019-nCoV NP has good immunogenicity and can be used for the development of serological diagnostic reagents.

Objective: Differences in the activated coagulation time (ACT) during ablation and adequate heparin dosing were observed among atrial fibrillation (AF) patients undergoing AF catheter ablation receiving different anticoagulation therapies and the suitable heparin dosing during ablation among patients treated with different anticoagulation therapies was explored. Methods: Patients who received warfarin (n=100), low-molecular-weight heparin (n=100), dabigatran etexilate (n=98, 110 mg, Bid) and rivaroxaban (n=48, 20 mg, Qd) were included. All of them underwent the first AF ablation during January 2016 to December 2017 and patients with hepatic and renal dysfunction were excluded. Initial bolus heparin (100 U/kg, intravenous) was applied to all patients. Additional heparin dosage was added according to the ACT, which was measured in 15-minute interval to maintain the ACT within 250-350 seconds until the end of ablation. Patient characteristics, ACT and complications were compared among various groups. Results: The baseline general characteristics among patients were similar. The baseline ACTs in the dabigatran groups were significantly longer than those in the rivaroxaban group ((133±36) seconds vs. (113±22) seconds, P<0.05). The 15 min ACT in the warfarin group was longer than in the dabigatran group ((259±56) seconds vs. (243±43) seconds, P<0.05). The 15-minute ACTs were significantly longer in the warfarin ((259±56) seconds) and dabigatran ((243±43) seconds) groups compare with low-molecular-weight heparin group ((224±40) seconds) and rivaroxaban group ((226±32) seconds) (all P<0.05). The same trend was also observed in the rate of reaching ACT goal after initial-standard-dosage of heparin (warfarin (53%, 53/100), dabigatran (45%,44/98), low-molecular-weight heparin (28%,28/100), rivaroxaban (23%,11/48), P<0.05). The 1 hour ACT in the warfarin group ((254±49) seconds) was significantly longer than the other three groups (dabigatran (233±33) seconds, low-molecular-weight heparin (226±34) seconds, rivaroxaban (231±30) seconds, all P<0.01). The rate of reaching ACT goal at 1 hour were significantly higher in the warfarin group (66%,35/53) than in the dabigatran group (41%,18/44), and rivaroxaban group (27%,3/11) (all P<0.05). The total heparin required was significantly higher in rivaroxaban group than in the dabigatran and warfarin groups (all P<0.05). During the perioperative period, no patient exhibited any thromboembolic complications, and only a few minor bleeding complications was observed among patients, which was similar between the four groups (P>0.05). Conclusion Higher dosage of heparin is required during AF ablation to achieve the satisfactory anticoagulant intensity for AF patients under dabigatran etexilate (110 mg, Bid), low-molecular-weight heparin and rivaroxaban (20 mg, Qd) anticoagulation therapy before AF ablation.

Objective Differences in the activated coagulation time (ACT) during ablation and adequate heparin dosing were observed among atrial fibrillation (AF) patients undergoing AF catheter ablation receiving different anticoagulation therapies and the suitable heparin dosing during ablation among patients treated with different anticoagulation therapies was explored. Methods Patients who received warfarin (n=100), low?molecular?weight heparin (n=100), dabigatran etexilate (n=98, 110 mg, Bid) and rivaroxaban (n=48, 20 mg, Qd) were included. All of them underwent the first AF ablation during January 2016 to December 2017 and patients with hepatic and renal dysfunction were excluded. Initial bolus heparin (100 U/kg, intravenous) was applied to all patients. Additional heparin dosage was added according to the ACT, which was measured in 15?minute interval to maintain the ACT within 250-350 seconds until the end of ablation. Patient characteristics, ACT and complications were compared among various groups. Results The baseline general characteristics among patients were similar. The baseline ACTs in the dabigatran groups were significantly longer than those in the rivaroxaban group ((133±36) seconds vs. (113±22) seconds, P<0.05). The 15 min ACT in the warfarin group was longer than in the dabigatran group ((259 ± 56) seconds vs. (243 ± 43) seconds, P<0.05). The 15?minute ACTs were significantly longer in the warfarin ((259 ± 56) seconds) and dabigatran ((243±43) seconds) groups compare with low?molecular?weight heparin group ((224± 40) seconds) and rivaroxaban group ((226±32) seconds) (all P<0.05). The same trend was also observed in the rate of reaching ACT goal after initial?standard?dosage of heparin (warfarin (53%, 53/100), dabigatran (45%,44/98),low?molecular?weight heparin (28%,28/100), rivaroxaban (23%,11/48), P<0.05). The 1 hour ACT in the warfarin group ((254 ± 49) seconds) was significantly longer than the other three groups (dabigatran (233 ± 33) seconds, low?molecular?weight heparin (226 ± 34) seconds, rivaroxaban (231 ± 30) seconds, all P<0.01). The rate of reaching ACT goal at 1 hour were significantly higher in the warfarin group (66%,35/53) than in the dabigatran group (41%,18/44), and rivaroxaban group (27%,3/11) (all P<0.05). The total heparin required was significantly higher in rivaroxaban group than in the dabigatran and warfarin groups (all P<0.05). During the perioperative period, no patient exhibited any thromboembolic complications, and only a few minor bleeding complications was observed among patients, which was similar between the four groups (P>0.05). Conclusion Higher dosage of heparin is required during AF ablation to achieve the satisfactory anticoagulant intensity for AF patients under dabigatran etexilate (110 mg, Bid), low?molecular?weight heparin and rivaroxaban (20 mg, Qd) anticoagulation therapy before AF ablation.

Objective To investigate the value of hepatic T2 value in evaluation of chronic HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-ACLF).Methods The HBV-ACLF group,chronic hepatitis B group and control group who underwent liver MRI (M-GRASE sequence) were enrolled.The T2 map was produced from the post-processing software,and the mean T2 and R2 value of liver was calculated.The blood biochemical indexes from HBV-ACLF and chronic hepatitis B group were collected in 2 days pre-MR scaning.The differences of T2 and R2 values among 3 groups and the correlation between biochemical indexes and T2 value were analyzed.ROC curve was conducted to evaluate diagnostic efficiency of T2 value for HBV-ACLF.Results There were significant differences of T2value (x2 =19.074,P＜0.001) or R2 value (F=10.411,P＜0.001) among the 3 groups.The AUC of T2 value for diagnosing HBV-ACLF was 0.86 (P＜0.001),with the cut-off value 57.73 ms (R2=0.017).Moderate positive correlation was shown between T2 values and international normalized ratio (INR),prothrombin time (PT),haluronicacid (HA) values (rs =0.65,0.67,0.39,all P＜0.05),and moderate negative correlation was shown between T2 values and prothrombin activity (PTA),albumin (ALB),prealbumin (PA) values (rs =-0.67,-0.48,-0.37,all P＜0.05).Conclusion T2 or R2 value could reflect the liver function,and were correlated with some biochemical indexes,which illustrated a good diagnostic efficiency for diagnostic of HBV-ACLF.

OBJECTIVE To explore the characteristics,the therapeutic methods and effects of external auditory canal cholesteatoma(EACC).METHODS The clinical records of 66 cases diagnosed with EACC between January 2014 and January 2016 were retrospectively reviewed.Their ages ranged from 3 to 75 years (average 32.5± 1.68 years).There were 32 men and 34 women.According to Holt's grading criteria for EACC,there were 10 ears of phase Ⅰ,26 ears of phase Ⅱ,and 30 ears of phase Ⅲ.The phase Ⅰ ears were treated by removing cholesteatoma from the external auditory canal.Canaloplasty and/or tympanoplasty were performed in phase Ⅱ ears.The phase Ⅲ ears were managed by canaloplasty and tympanoplasty or radical mastoidectomy.The duration of follow-up ranged from 6 months to 2 years.RESULTS In the present study,hearing impairment was the most common symptoms(61 ears,92.42％),other symptoms include ear fullness(49 cases,74.24％),otalgia(45 cases,68.18％),otorrhea(44 cases,66.67％),peripheral facial paralysis(lcase,1.52％).There were 2 recurrences at 11 and 14 months postoperatively.All the other ears remained patent and dry with good skin coverage.Apart from 5 patients who underwent radical mastoidectomy,the rest of patients obtained intact tympanic membranes and impoved hearing.Facial nerve function of 1 patient with peripheral facial paralysis returned to normal6 months after operation.CONCLUSION The EACC can easily damage the bony meatus of external auditory canal and the adjacent structure.The clinical stages can help identify the primary lesions and determine the choice of the best treatment approach.

Objectives The function of the semicircular canal receptors and the pathway of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) can be diagnosed with the clinical head impulse test.The aim of the study was to investigate the horizontal VOR by means of video head impulse test in peripheral vestibular disorders.Methods Using the vHIT,we examined horizontal semicircular canal VOR in a group of 55 patients and a control group of 20 healthy subjects.The group of patients included 10 cases of vestibular neuritis (VN),6 cases of vestibular schwannoma (VS),12 cases of Meniere's disease (MD),and 15 cases of bilateral vestibulopathy (BV),as well as 13 cases of idiopathic sudden hearing loss with vertigo(ISHL).Results Instantaneous gains of 40 ms,60 ms and 80 ms of horizontal VOR were 0.88 ± 0.17,0.94 ± 0.13 and 0.96 ±0.13,respectively.Regression gain at 60 ms was 0.99 ± 0.11,and asymmetry was 5.6 ± 3.5.Normal range of 60 ms instantaneous gain was ＞ 0.73,normal range of regression gain was ＞ 0.80.AbnormalvHIT was found in VS (100％),VN (90.9％),BV (86.7％),MD (40.0％) and ISHL (38.5％).Three conditions of refixation saccades occurred in cases with abnormal VOR:isolated covert saccades (12.5％),isolated overt saccades (45.0％) and the combination of overt and covert saccades (42.5％).Conclusions The vHIT detects abnormal VOR changes in the combination of gain assessment and refixation saccades.Since isolated covert saccades in VOR changes can only be seen with vHIT,peripheral vestibular disorders are likely to be misdiagnosed with the HIT.

Objective To study the effects of chronic manganism on hearing and cochlear cells in rats by using animal model of chronic manganism .Methods Sixty adult SD rats were randomly divided into Mn - exposed and controlgroups.RatsweretreatedwithMnCl24H2O(100mg·kg -1·d-1)ordeionizedwaterbygastricperfusion, lasted for 12 weeks .The Mn concentration in peripheral blood was measured respectively at 4 weeks ,8 weeks and 12 weeks after treatment .At 12 weeks after treatment ,the auditory brainstem response was recorded ,the hair cells morphology and counting were examined by stretched preparation of basilar membrane stained with FITC -phalloi-din ,and the spiral ganglion cells morphology and counting were studied by HE staining ,the ultrastructure changes of hair cells and spiral ganglion cells were detected by transmission electron microscopy .Results The blood Mn concentration increased gradually with time after treatment .ABR thresholds at 4 ,8 ,16 ,24 and 32 kHz were sig-nificantly increased at 12 weeks after treatment ,especially in the high-frequency range .Morphological study at 12 weeks after treatment showed loss of outer hair cells ,mainly in the basal turn of the cochlea ,and decreased number of spiral ganglion cells .The ultrastructure changes of outer hair cells and spiral ganglion cells included the break -ups ,disappearance or vacuolar change of mitochondria cristas .Conclusion Our data demonstrate that chronic man-ganism can cause loss of outer hair cells and spiral ganglion cells in cochlear in rats ,leading to hearing loss .