Objective:To compare the ecchymosis of affected limb in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis using low molecular weight heparin sodium and enoxaparin sodium after total knee arthroplasty.Methods:A total of 160 patients (31 males and 129 females) who underwent unilateral knee replacement in Department of Orthopedics of Chengdu Second People's Hospital from Oct. 2020 to Dec. 2023 were included. According to the random number method, all patients were evenly divided into the low molecular weight heparin sodium group (16 males and 64 females) and the enoxaparin sodium group (15 males and 65 females). All patients were treated with low molecular weight heparin sodium or enoxaparin sodium to prevent deep vein thrombosis in the lower limbs after surgery. The ecchymosis area on the affected limb was observed 7 days after surgery, and the incidence and difference in ecchymosis area between the two groups of patients were statistically analyzed. Simultaneously evaluate whether there are differences in hemoglobin, platelet, and coagulation related indicators between the two groups of patients before and after surgery.Results:There were no significant differences in hemoglobin, platelet, and coagulation parameters between the low molecular weight heparin sodium group and the enoxaparin sodium group before and after surgery ( t=1.13, -0.27, -0.47, 0.27, 0.34, -0.27, -0.89, -0.46, P=0.27, 0.34, 0.64, 0.83, 0.74, 0.97, 0.24, 0.65). The incidence of ecchymosis in patients with low molecular weight heparin sodium group and enoxaparin sodium group was 61.25% and 67.50%, respectively, with no statistically significant difference in the incidence of ecchymosis between the two groups ( P=0.41). The average size of ecchymosis in the two groups of patients was (40.40 ± 60.07) cm 2 and (37.41 ± 43.21) cm 2, respectively. And there was no statistically significant difference in ecchymosis area ( P=0.61) . Conclusion:Both patients had limbs’ecchymosis in the process of preventing deep venous thrombosis of lower limbs after total knee replacement. This indicates that the two anticoagulants had a certain effect on postoperative skin ecchymosis of total knee. And the incidence rate and area of ecchymosis of affected limbs were similar in the two groups.

Objective:To compare the ecchymosis of affected limb in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis using low molecular weight heparin sodium and enoxaparin sodium after total knee arthroplasty.Methods:A total of 160 patients (31 males and 129 females) who underwent unilateral knee replacement in Department of Orthopedics of Chengdu Second People's Hospital from Oct. 2020 to Dec. 2023 were included. According to the random number method, all patients were evenly divided into the low molecular weight heparin sodium group (16 males and 64 females) and the enoxaparin sodium group (15 males and 65 females). All patients were treated with low molecular weight heparin sodium or enoxaparin sodium to prevent deep vein thrombosis in the lower limbs after surgery. The ecchymosis area on the affected limb was observed 7 days after surgery, and the incidence and difference in ecchymosis area between the two groups of patients were statistically analyzed. Simultaneously evaluate whether there are differences in hemoglobin, platelet, and coagulation related indicators between the two groups of patients before and after surgery.Results:There were no significant differences in hemoglobin, platelet, and coagulation parameters between the low molecular weight heparin sodium group and the enoxaparin sodium group before and after surgery ( t=1.13, -0.27, -0.47, 0.27, 0.34, -0.27, -0.89, -0.46, P=0.27, 0.34, 0.64, 0.83, 0.74, 0.97, 0.24, 0.65). The incidence of ecchymosis in patients with low molecular weight heparin sodium group and enoxaparin sodium group was 61.25% and 67.50%, respectively, with no statistically significant difference in the incidence of ecchymosis between the two groups ( P=0.41). The average size of ecchymosis in the two groups of patients was (40.40 ± 60.07) cm 2 and (37.41 ± 43.21) cm 2, respectively. And there was no statistically significant difference in ecchymosis area ( P=0.61) . Conclusion:Both patients had limbs’ecchymosis in the process of preventing deep venous thrombosis of lower limbs after total knee replacement. This indicates that the two anticoagulants had a certain effect on postoperative skin ecchymosis of total knee. And the incidence rate and area of ecchymosis of affected limbs were similar in the two groups.

Objective : To discuss and summarize the preventive measures and treatment methods for aspiration/ingestion during dental procedures. Methods : One case of aspiration during an implant operation was reported, and the literature on aspiration/ingestion during oral procedures was reviewed. Results: An implant screwdriver accidentally slipped into the mouth of the patient during implant surgery. The patient experienced no obvious discomfort except a few coughs. The surgeon and assistant paused the procedure immediately to search for the screwdriver, but it was not found. The patient declared that there was no special abnormality, such as breathing disorder or chest distress, so we considered that the foreign body was ingestion. After the implant surgery was completed, no foreign body was found in the stomach via gastroscopy. Chest X-ray and CT showed a dense metal shadow in the lower lobe of the left lung. Under local anesthesia, bronchoscopy and biopsy forceps were used by respiratory physicians to clip out the foreign body. After removal of the foreign body, the patient had no obvious discomfort but a slight cough. Cephalexin and metronidazole were given for three days to prevent infection. Three days later, the patient had no complaints of respiratory discomfort. After reviewing the literature, we found that the operation should be paused immediately after aspiration/ingestion occurs during dental procedures and that the dental chair should be laid down to prevent the foreign body from descending deeper, which may increase the difficulty of removal and cause gastrointestinal and respiratory tract injury. The position of the foreign body should be determined by imaging examination, and the corresponding means to remove the foreign body should be performed. Conclusion Patients may have no obvious symptoms after aspiration/ingestion during dental procedures, and the foreign body can be removed after imaging examination.

Antibodies, Antiphospholipid ; Antiphospholipid Syndrome ; Female ; Humans ; Killer Cells, Natural ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications

Objective:To observe the expression of Galectin-1 in human ectopic endometrial cells with different receptivity and its role in the process of embryo implantation.Methods:The expression and localization of Galectin-1 in high tolerance endometrial cell RL-95-2 and low tolerance endometrial cell HEC-1-A were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), Western blotting and immunofluorescence assay. The invasion and migration of the two kinds of cells were detected by Transwell assay and scratch assay. JAR cells were used to mimic embryos and to detect the migration rate. The expression levels of Galectin-1, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins and WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway-related proteins were analyzed by transfecting Galection-1 siRNA and Galection-1 overexpression vector in the RL-95-2 cells and HEC-1-A cells, respectively. Then the transfected endometrial cells were added with WNT pathway inhibitor DKK1 and activator LiCl respectively, and the changes of EMT-related proteins and the invasion, migration of cells were examined.Results:1) RT-qPCR and Western blotting results showed that Galectin-1 was significantly higher in RL-95-2 than in HEC-1-A ( P=0.020, P=0.030); immunofluorescence experiments showed that Galectin-1 was mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of RL-95-2, while in HEC-1-A cells, Galectin-1 was mainly expressed in the nucleus. 2) The results of cell adhesion assay showed that the adhesion rate of JAR cells to RL-95-2 cells was significantly higher than that to HEC-1-A cells ( P=0.010). 3) After Galectin-1 overexpression, the expression of E-cadherin protein was decreased in the HEC-1-A cells ( P=0.001), and the expressions of N-cadherin and Vimentin were increased ( P=0.003, P=0.023); the exprssioins of β-catenin, WNT4a, WNT5a, and WNT7a were increased ( P=0.025, P=0.004, P=0.005, P=0.001), and the migration ability and invasion ability of HEC-1-A cells were significantly enhanced ( P=0.022, P=0.003). 4) After DKK1 treatment of HEC-1-A cells overexpressing Galectin-1, E-cadherin protein expression was decreased ( P=0.003), N-cadherin and Vimentin protein expressions were increased ( P=0.015, P=0.033), and the migratory ability as well as invasive ability of HEC-1-A cells were significantly increased ( P=0.030, P=0.040). 5) After down-regulation of Galectin-1 expression in RL-95-2 cells, E-cadherin protein expression was increased ( P=0.004), N-cadherin and Vimentin protein expressions were significantly decreased ( P=0.030, P=0.023), and β-catenin, WNT4a, WNT5a, and WNT7a protein expressions were reduced ( P=0.001, P=0.005, P=0.023, P=0.020). 6) After LiCl treatment of RL-95-2 cells with down-regulated Galectin-1 expression, E-cadherin protein expression was increased, and N-cadherin protein and Vimentin protein expressions were decreased compared with LiCl-treated RL-95-2 cells ( P=0.012, P=0.035, P=0.020); RL-95-2 cells migration rate, and invasion number were decreased ( P=0.040, P=0.020). Conclusion:The expression level of Galectin-1 was increased in highly receptivity endometrium compared with low receptivity endometrium. Galectin-1 may regulate the expression of EMT-related proteins through WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway, thus affecting embryo implantation.

Objective:To observe the expression of Galectin-1 in human ectopic endometrial cells with different receptivity and its role in the process of embryo implantation.Methods:The expression and localization of Galectin-1 in high tolerance endometrial cell RL-95-2 and low tolerance endometrial cell HEC-1-A were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), Western blotting and immunofluorescence assay. The invasion and migration of the two kinds of cells were detected by Transwell assay and scratch assay. JAR cells were used to mimic embryos and to detect the migration rate. The expression levels of Galectin-1, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins and WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway-related proteins were analyzed by transfecting Galection-1 siRNA and Galection-1 overexpression vector in the RL-95-2 cells and HEC-1-A cells, respectively. Then the transfected endometrial cells were added with WNT pathway inhibitor DKK1 and activator LiCl respectively, and the changes of EMT-related proteins and the invasion, migration of cells were examined.Results:1) RT-qPCR and Western blotting results showed that Galectin-1 was significantly higher in RL-95-2 than in HEC-1-A ( P=0.020, P=0.030); immunofluorescence experiments showed that Galectin-1 was mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of RL-95-2, while in HEC-1-A cells, Galectin-1 was mainly expressed in the nucleus. 2) The results of cell adhesion assay showed that the adhesion rate of JAR cells to RL-95-2 cells was significantly higher than that to HEC-1-A cells ( P=0.010). 3) After Galectin-1 overexpression, the expression of E-cadherin protein was decreased in the HEC-1-A cells ( P=0.001), and the expressions of N-cadherin and Vimentin were increased ( P=0.003, P=0.023); the exprssioins of β-catenin, WNT4a, WNT5a, and WNT7a were increased ( P=0.025, P=0.004, P=0.005, P=0.001), and the migration ability and invasion ability of HEC-1-A cells were significantly enhanced ( P=0.022, P=0.003). 4) After DKK1 treatment of HEC-1-A cells overexpressing Galectin-1, E-cadherin protein expression was decreased ( P=0.003), N-cadherin and Vimentin protein expressions were increased ( P=0.015, P=0.033), and the migratory ability as well as invasive ability of HEC-1-A cells were significantly increased ( P=0.030, P=0.040). 5) After down-regulation of Galectin-1 expression in RL-95-2 cells, E-cadherin protein expression was increased ( P=0.004), N-cadherin and Vimentin protein expressions were significantly decreased ( P=0.030, P=0.023), and β-catenin, WNT4a, WNT5a, and WNT7a protein expressions were reduced ( P=0.001, P=0.005, P=0.023, P=0.020). 6) After LiCl treatment of RL-95-2 cells with down-regulated Galectin-1 expression, E-cadherin protein expression was increased, and N-cadherin protein and Vimentin protein expressions were decreased compared with LiCl-treated RL-95-2 cells ( P=0.012, P=0.035, P=0.020); RL-95-2 cells migration rate, and invasion number were decreased ( P=0.040, P=0.020). Conclusion:The expression level of Galectin-1 was increased in highly receptivity endometrium compared with low receptivity endometrium. Galectin-1 may regulate the expression of EMT-related proteins through WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway, thus affecting embryo implantation.

Azoospermia accounts for 10%-15% of male infertility, with the prevalence of 1% in male population. Obstructive azoospermia (OA) accounts for 40% of azoospermia and can be caused by a variety of factors, including male reproductive duct inflammation and genetic factors. Given the fact that the spermatogenesis is normal in the testis of OA patients, the OA patients can have their own offspring through testicular biopsy and sperm retrieval followed by assisted reproductive technology (ART). Therefore, the genetic etiology of OA is often overlooked. Subsequently, studies of the following ART strategies and offspring birth defects are also ignored. This article reviewed the genetic disorders of OA patients, and the animal model with OA, providing new ideas for management of OA patients, genetic counseling, and development of male contraceptives.

Azoospermia accounts for 10%-15% of male infertility, with the prevalence of 1% in male population. Obstructive azoospermia (OA) accounts for 40% of azoospermia and can be caused by a variety of factors, including male reproductive duct inflammation and genetic factors. Given the fact that the spermatogenesis is normal in the testis of OA patients, the OA patients can have their own offspring through testicular biopsy and sperm retrieval followed by assisted reproductive technology (ART). Therefore, the genetic etiology of OA is often overlooked. Subsequently, studies of the following ART strategies and offspring birth defects are also ignored. This article reviewed the genetic disorders of OA patients, and the animal model with OA, providing new ideas for management of OA patients, genetic counseling, and development of male contraceptives.

Objective To evaluate the role of monocyte chemotactic factor-1 (MCP-1)∕chemokine C-C receptor 2 ( CCR2) in amygdala in neuropathic pain ( NP) in rats. Methods Clean-grade healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 200-260 g, aged 2 months, in which NP model was established by ligating the left L5,6spinal nerve, were used in this study. The experiment was performed in two parts. Ex-periment Ⅰ Thirty-two rats were divided into 2 groups using a random number table method: control group (C group, n＝8) and NP group (n＝24). Rats were sacrificed at 7, 14 and 21 days after establis-hing NP model in group NP or at the corresponding time points before establishing NP model in group C, and the amygdala was removed for determination of the expression of MCP-1 and CCR2 mRNA and positive cell count using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Experiment ⅡThirty-two rats were divided into 4 groups ( n＝8 each) using a random number table method: control group (C group), NP group, MCP-1 group and specific CCR2 antagonist RS102895 group (RS group). MCP-1 (50 pmol for each side) or RS102895 (100 pmol for each side) was injected into the bilateral a-mygdala at days 3, 6, 13 and 20 after establishing NP model in MCP-1 and RS groups, respectively. The thermal paw withdrawal latency (TWL) and mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) were measured at days 4, 7, 14 and 21 after establishing NP model (T1-4). Rats were sacrificed at T4and the L5segment of the spinal cord was removed for determination of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), IL-6 and tumor necrosis fac-tor-alpha ( TNF-α) contents by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Experiment Ⅰ Compared with group C, the expression of MCP-1 and CCR2 mRNA in amygdala was significantly up-regulated, and the number of MCP-1 and CCR2 positive cells was increased in group NP ( P＜0. 05). Experiment ⅡCompared with group C, the MWT was significantly decreased and TWL was shortened at T1-4, and the contents of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were increased in the other three groups ( P＜0. 05). Compared with group NP, the MWT was significantly decreased and TWL was shortened at T1, and the contents of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were increased in group MCP-1, and the MWT was significantly increased and TWL was prolonged at T1-4, and the contents of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were decreased in group RS ( P＜0. 05 or 0. 01). Conclusion Enhanced function of MCP-1∕CCR2 in amygdala may be involved in the pathophysio-logical process of NP in rats.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between neuropeptide S (NPS) in the amygdala and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and GABA in spinal dorsal horns of rats with neuropathic pain.Methods Eighty pathogen-free healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 200-260 g,aged 2 months,were divided into 4 groups (n =20 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (group Sham),neuropathic pain group (group NP),low dose NPS group (group L-NPS) and high dose NPS group (group H-NPS).The neuropathic pain model was established by left L5,6 spinal nerve ligation (SNL) in anesthetized rats.NPS was injected into the bilateral amygdala at 3,6,9,12,15 and 18 days after SNL in LNPS group (10 pmol per side) and H-NPS group (100 pmol per side).The mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal paw withdrawal latency (TWL) were measured at 2 days before SNL and 1,4,7,11,14,17 and 21 days after SNL.Five rats were selected at 7,14 and 21 days after SNL and sacrificed,and the lumbar segment (L5) of the spinal cord was removed for detection of the expression of 5-HT and GABA in spinal dorsal horns by immunofluorescence histochemistry.Results Compared with group Sham,the MWT was significantly decreased,the TWL was shortened,and the expression of 5-HT and GABA in spinal dorsal horns was down-regulated in NP,L-NPS and H-NPS groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group NP,the MWT was significantly increased,the TWL was prolonged,and the expression of 5-HT and GABA in spinal dorsal horns was up-regulated in L-NPS and H-NPS groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group L-NPS,the MWT was significantly increased,the TWL was prolonged,and the expression of 5-HT and GABA in spinal dorsal horns was up-regulated in group H-NPS (P＜0.05).Conclusion The spinal mechanism of endogenous analgesia induced by NPS in the amygdala may be related to up-regulation of the expression of 5-HT and GABA in spinal dorsal horns of rats with neuropathic pain.