OBJECTIVE To optimize the extraction process of flavonoids from Potentilla discolor .METHODS Deep eutectic solvents （DESs） were used as the extraction solvent to prepare test sample solutions. The contents of rutin， quercitrin， and kaempferol were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography. The analytic hierarchy process combined with the criteria importance through intercriteria correlation weighting method was employed to assign comprehensive weights to the contents of the three flavonoids， and calculate the comprehensive score. The optimal DESs were screened based on the comprehensive score.Mean while， using the comprehensive score as the response variable and the liquid-to-solid ratio， ultrasonic time， and urltrasonic temperature as the influencing factors， the extraction technology of flavonoids from P.discolor was optimized by Box-Behnken response surface methodology and subsequently validated.RESULTS The comprehensive weight coefficients of rutin， quercitrin， and kaempferol were 0.646 7， 0.207 5， and 0.145 8， respectively. The optimal DESs were choline chloride-lactic acid （molar ratio 1∶4） with a water content of 40%. The optimal extraction conditions were determined as follows： liquid-to-solid ratio of 25∶1， ultrasonic time of 40 min， and ultrasonic temperature of 50 ℃. The validation results showed that the average comprehensive score of three batches of samples was 99.28， with an RSD of 0.54% （ n ＝3）.CONCLUSIONS The optimal extraction technology of flavonoids from P. discolor based on DESs obtained in this study was stable and feasible.

AIM:To clarify the molecular mechanism by which astragaloside Ⅳ(AS-Ⅳ)suppresses oxida-tive stress and alleviates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury(CIRI)via the PTEN-induced kinase 1(PINK1)/parkin mi-tophagy-associated pathway.METHODS:A middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion(MCAO/R)model was estab-lished in Sprague-Dawley rats.The animals were allocated to sham,MCAO/R,AS-Ⅳ,and mitochondrial division inhibi-tor-1(Mdivi-1)treatment groups.The rats in AS-Ⅳ and Mdivi-1 groups were intraperitoneally injected once daily with AS-Ⅳ(20 mg/kg)for 7 d,while those in Midivi-1 group also received intraperitoneal injection of Mdivi-1(1.2 mg·kg-1·d-1).The rats in sham and MCAO/R groups were given equivalent volume of distilled water.Neurological deficits were as-sessed using Zea Longa scoring,infarcted area volumes were measured using TTC staining,and brain tissue pathology was examined using hematoxylin and eosin staining.The levels of malondialdehyde(MDA)and superoxide dismutase(SOD)were assessed by ELISA,while those of reactive oxygen species(ROS)were measured using flow cytometry.The expres-sion levels of PINK1,parkin and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3(LC3)were quantified using Western blot and RT-qPCR.RESULTS:AS-Ⅳ administration significantly alleviated neuronal and mitochondrial damage in MCAO/R model rat brains(P＜0.05),together with significant reductions in the cerebral infarct volume and neurological dysfunc-tion(P＜0.05).Significant increases in PINK1,parkin and LC3 protein and mRNA levels were observed in response to AS-Ⅳ(P＜0.05),SOD activity rose,and ROS and MDA levels declined significantly(P＜0.05).The co-administration of Mdivi-1 abrogated the protective benefits of AS-Ⅳ,inhibited activation of the PINK1/parkin pathway,down-regulated LC3 at the mRNA and protein levels,and significantly increased mitochondrial damage.Mdivi-1 also markedly reduced autophagosome formation and SOD activity level,but increased both ROS and MDA levels,cerebral infarct volume,and the severity of neurological deficits(P＜0.05).CONCLUSION:Astragaloside Ⅳ activates the PINK/parkin-mediated mitophagy pathway,inhibits oxidative stress and alleviates CIRI in rats.

Objective To explore the prescription and preparation technology of compound Bupleurum suppository and draft its quality standard.Methods The volatile oil of Bupleurum was extracted by steam distillation,and the compound Bupleurum-based suppository was prepared by mixing the volatile oil with taurine using the melting method.The quality standard of the preparation was formulated according to the quality inspection items of the general rule 0107 of the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China(2020 Edition,Volume IV);The contents of n-hexanoic acid and n-heptanoic acid in the preparation were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).The content of taurine in the preparation was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).Results The optimized distillation time of the volatile oil was 1.5 h,The linear ranges of n-hexanoic acid,n-heptanoic acid and taurine are 23.175 0-115.875 0 μg·mL-1(R2=0.999 4),4.590 0-68.850 0 μg·mL-1(R2=0.998 9)and 15-125 μg·mL-1(R2=0.999 6),respectively.The average recoveries are 99.83%,101.96%,98.89%with RSDs of 2.84%,1.36%,2.88%,respectively.The RSDs of precision,stability,and repeatability tests are less than 5%.The properties,mass difference,melting time,microbial limit,and stability assessment of the preparationwere all in accordance with the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China.Conclusion Compound Bupleurum suppository preparation technology is reasonable and feasible,which meets the quality standard.

Objective To optimize the extraction process of chlorogenic acid and three other organic acids from Picris hieracioides L.with deep eutectic solvents using response surface methodology.Methods By comparing the extraction rate of organic acids in seven deep eutectic solvents,the best solvent combinations were identified,and the optimal extraction process of organic acids from Picris hieracioides L.was obtained by optimizing the liquid/feed ratio,extraction temperature,extraction time and other parameters using the response surface method on the basis of a one-way experiment.Results The deep eutectic solvent with 30%water content(choline chloride∶urea=1∶2)was effective in extracting organic acids from Picris hieracioides L.The optimal extraction process optimized by response surface method was:extraction temperature 30℃,extraction time 30 min,liquid-solid ratio 20∶1(mL·g-1),the extraction rate of organic acids under this condition was 1.092 9%.Conclusion The deep eutectic solvent optimized through response surface methodology is an efficient,green and eco-friendly extraction method.This study provides a theoretical foundation for the subsequent development and utilization of Picris hieracioides L..

Objective To optimized the extraction process of the"Honghuangbai"gel and to establish the content determination method of the gel.Methods The contents of salidroside,berberine hydrochloride and 1,4-bis[4-(glucose-oxy)benzyl]-2-isobutyl malate in"honghuangbai"extract were determined by HPLC with gradient elution;the content of total polysaccharide was determined by anthrone-sulfuric acid method.AHP-CRITIC composite weighting method was used to calculate the weight coefficient of 4 indicators,and the comprehensive score was taken as the evaluation index.Combined with L9(34)orthogonal experiment design,the effects of solid-liquid ratio,extraction time and times on the extraction process of"honghuangbai"gel were investigated,and the optimal extraction process was selected and verified.The method for the determination of 4 index components in the gel was established and the methodology was investigated.Results The optimal solid-liquid ratio was 1∶45,the optimal extraction time was 2 h and the optimal extraction times was twice.The linear relationships of the four indexes were good in their respective linear ranges,with R2＞0.999 0.The average recoveries were 98.67％～102.09％,and RSD was 0.77％～3.17％.Good precision,repeatability and stability,RSD≤2.28％.Conclusion The optimal extraction process of"honghuangbai"gel optimized by AHP-CRITIC combined with orthogonal test is stable and economical.The method of the gel content determination is feasible and the result is reliable,which provides experimental basis for the establishment of the quality standard of the gel.

AIM:To clarify the molecular mechanism by which astragaloside Ⅳ(AS-Ⅳ)suppresses oxida-tive stress and alleviates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury(CIRI)via the PTEN-induced kinase 1(PINK1)/parkin mi-tophagy-associated pathway.METHODS:A middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion(MCAO/R)model was estab-lished in Sprague-Dawley rats.The animals were allocated to sham,MCAO/R,AS-Ⅳ,and mitochondrial division inhibi-tor-1(Mdivi-1)treatment groups.The rats in AS-Ⅳ and Mdivi-1 groups were intraperitoneally injected once daily with AS-Ⅳ(20 mg/kg)for 7 d,while those in Midivi-1 group also received intraperitoneal injection of Mdivi-1(1.2 mg·kg-1·d-1).The rats in sham and MCAO/R groups were given equivalent volume of distilled water.Neurological deficits were as-sessed using Zea Longa scoring,infarcted area volumes were measured using TTC staining,and brain tissue pathology was examined using hematoxylin and eosin staining.The levels of malondialdehyde(MDA)and superoxide dismutase(SOD)were assessed by ELISA,while those of reactive oxygen species(ROS)were measured using flow cytometry.The expres-sion levels of PINK1,parkin and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3(LC3)were quantified using Western blot and RT-qPCR.RESULTS:AS-Ⅳ administration significantly alleviated neuronal and mitochondrial damage in MCAO/R model rat brains(P＜0.05),together with significant reductions in the cerebral infarct volume and neurological dysfunc-tion(P＜0.05).Significant increases in PINK1,parkin and LC3 protein and mRNA levels were observed in response to AS-Ⅳ(P＜0.05),SOD activity rose,and ROS and MDA levels declined significantly(P＜0.05).The co-administration of Mdivi-1 abrogated the protective benefits of AS-Ⅳ,inhibited activation of the PINK1/parkin pathway,down-regulated LC3 at the mRNA and protein levels,and significantly increased mitochondrial damage.Mdivi-1 also markedly reduced autophagosome formation and SOD activity level,but increased both ROS and MDA levels,cerebral infarct volume,and the severity of neurological deficits(P＜0.05).CONCLUSION:Astragaloside Ⅳ activates the PINK/parkin-mediated mitophagy pathway,inhibits oxidative stress and alleviates CIRI in rats.

Objective To optimize the extraction process of chlorogenic acid and three other organic acids from Picris hieracioides L.with deep eutectic solvents using response surface methodology.Methods By comparing the extraction rate of organic acids in seven deep eutectic solvents,the best solvent combinations were identified,and the optimal extraction process of organic acids from Picris hieracioides L.was obtained by optimizing the liquid/feed ratio,extraction temperature,extraction time and other parameters using the response surface method on the basis of a one-way experiment.Results The deep eutectic solvent with 30%water content(choline chloride∶urea=1∶2)was effective in extracting organic acids from Picris hieracioides L.The optimal extraction process optimized by response surface method was:extraction temperature 30℃,extraction time 30 min,liquid-solid ratio 20∶1(mL·g-1),the extraction rate of organic acids under this condition was 1.092 9%.Conclusion The deep eutectic solvent optimized through response surface methodology is an efficient,green and eco-friendly extraction method.This study provides a theoretical foundation for the subsequent development and utilization of Picris hieracioides L..

Objective To explore the prescription and preparation technology of compound Bupleurum suppository and draft its quality standard.Methods The volatile oil of Bupleurum was extracted by steam distillation,and the compound Bupleurum-based suppository was prepared by mixing the volatile oil with taurine using the melting method.The quality standard of the preparation was formulated according to the quality inspection items of the general rule 0107 of the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China(2020 Edition,Volume IV);The contents of n-hexanoic acid and n-heptanoic acid in the preparation were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).The content of taurine in the preparation was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).Results The optimized distillation time of the volatile oil was 1.5 h,The linear ranges of n-hexanoic acid,n-heptanoic acid and taurine are 23.175 0-115.875 0 μg·mL-1(R2=0.999 4),4.590 0-68.850 0 μg·mL-1(R2=0.998 9)and 15-125 μg·mL-1(R2=0.999 6),respectively.The average recoveries are 99.83%,101.96%,98.89%with RSDs of 2.84%,1.36%,2.88%,respectively.The RSDs of precision,stability,and repeatability tests are less than 5%.The properties,mass difference,melting time,microbial limit,and stability assessment of the preparationwere all in accordance with the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China.Conclusion Compound Bupleurum suppository preparation technology is reasonable and feasible,which meets the quality standard.

Objective To optimized the extraction process of the"Honghuangbai"gel and to establish the content determination method of the gel.Methods The contents of salidroside,berberine hydrochloride and 1,4-bis[4-(glucose-oxy)benzyl]-2-isobutyl malate in"honghuangbai"extract were determined by HPLC with gradient elution;the content of total polysaccharide was determined by anthrone-sulfuric acid method.AHP-CRITIC composite weighting method was used to calculate the weight coefficient of 4 indicators,and the comprehensive score was taken as the evaluation index.Combined with L9(34)orthogonal experiment design,the effects of solid-liquid ratio,extraction time and times on the extraction process of"honghuangbai"gel were investigated,and the optimal extraction process was selected and verified.The method for the determination of 4 index components in the gel was established and the methodology was investigated.Results The optimal solid-liquid ratio was 1∶45,the optimal extraction time was 2 h and the optimal extraction times was twice.The linear relationships of the four indexes were good in their respective linear ranges,with R2＞0.999 0.The average recoveries were 98.67％～102.09％,and RSD was 0.77％～3.17％.Good precision,repeatability and stability,RSD≤2.28％.Conclusion The optimal extraction process of"honghuangbai"gel optimized by AHP-CRITIC combined with orthogonal test is stable and economical.The method of the gel content determination is feasible and the result is reliable,which provides experimental basis for the establishment of the quality standard of the gel.

Objective:To analyze the general chapter for lotions 0127 of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 Vol-ume Ⅳ,and discuss how to improve the general technical requirements of lotions 0127 in the Chinese Pharma-copoeia.Methods:By comparing the general chapter for lotions in domestic and international pharmacopoe-ias,the definition,classification,process,storage and corresponding inspection requirements were analyzed.Results and Conclusions:The general chapter for lotions 0127 of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia should be revised,including improvement of the definition,increasement of forms of preparations,and expansion of included varieties,so as to promote scientific regulation for drugs and exhibit a guiding role of the Chinese pharmacopoeia in drug control.