Objective To compare the mid- and long-term clinical results of mitral valve plasty (MVP) and mitral valve replacement (MVR) in the treatment of functional mitral regurgitation (FMR). Methods Patients with FMR who underwent surgical treatment in the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the General Hospital of Northern Theater Command from 2012 to 2021 were collected. The patients who underwent MVP were divided into a MVP group, and those who underwent MVR into a MVR group. The clinical data and mid-term follow-up efficacy of two groups were compared. Results Finally 236 patients were included. There were 100 patients in the MVP group, including 53 males and 47 females, with an average age of (61.80±8.03) years. There were 136 patients in the MVR group, including 72 males and 64 females, with an average age of (61.29±8.97) years. There was no statistical difference in baseline data between the two groups (P＞0.05). There was no statistical difference between the two groups in the extracorporeal circulation time, aortic occlusion time, postoperative hospital and ICU stay, intraoperative blood loss, or hospitalization death (P＞0.05), but the time of mechanical ventilation in the MVP group was significantly shorter than that in the MVR group (P=0.022). The total follow-up rate was 100.0%, the longest follow-up was 10 years, and the average follow-up time was (3.60±2.55) years. There were statistical differences in the left atrial diameter, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, left ventricular end-systolic diameter and cardiac function between the two groups compared with those before surgery (P<0.05). The postoperative left ventricular ejection fraction in the MVP group was statistically higher than that before surgery (P=0.002), but there was no statistical difference in the MVR group before and after surgery (P=0.658). The left atrial diameter in the MVP group was reduced compared with the MVR group (P=0.026). The recurrence rate of mitral regurgitation in the MVP group was higher than that in the MVR group, and the difference was statistically significant (10.0% vs. 1.5%, P=0.003). There were 14 deaths in the MVP group and 19 in the MVR group. The cumulative survival rate (P=0.605) and cardiovascular events-free survival rate (P=0.875) were not statistically significant between the two groups by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Conclusion The safety, and mid- and long-term clinical efficacy of MVP in the treatment of FMR patients are better than MVR, and the left atrial and left ventricular diameters are statistically reduced, and cardiac function is statistically improved. However, the surgeon needs to be well aware of the indications for the MVP procedure to reduce the rate of mitral regurgitation recurrence.

With the widespread use of antibiotics, drug-resistant bacterial infections have become a significant threat to human health. Finding new antibacterial strategies that can effectively control drug-resistant bacterial infections has become an urgent task. Unlike small molecule drugs that target bacterial proteins, antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) can target genes related to bacterial resistance, pathogenesis, growth, reproduction and biofilm formation. By regulating the expression of these genes, ASO can inhibit or kill bacteria, providing a novel approach for the development of antibacterial drugs. To overcome the challenge of delivering antisense oligonucleotide into bacterial cells, various drug delivery systems have been applied in this field, including cell-penetrating peptides, lipid nanoparticles and inorganic nanoparticles, which have injected new momentum into the development of antisense oligonucleotide in the antibacterial realm. This review summarizes the current development of small nucleic acid drugs, the antibacterial mechanisms, targets, sequences and delivery vectors of antisense oligonucleotide, providing a reference for the research and development of antisense oligonucleotide in the treatment of bacterial infections.

Objective To investigate the setup error in patients with spinal bone metastasis who underwent radiotherapy under the guidance of kilovoltage cone-beam CT (KV-CBCT). Methods A total of 118 patients with spinal metastasis who underwent radiotherapy, including 17 cases of cervical spine, 62 cases of thoracic spine, and 39 cases of lumbar spine, were collected. KV-CBCT scans were performed using the linear accelerators from Elekta and Varian’s EDGE system. CBCT images were registered with reference CT images in the bone window mode. A total of 973 data were collected, and 3D linear errors were recorded. Results The patients with spinal bone metastasis were grouped by site, height, weight, and BMI. The P value of the patients grouped only by site was P<0.05, which was statistically significant. Conclusion When grouped by site in the 3D direction, the positioning effect of cervical spine is better than that of thoracic and lumbar spine. The positioning effect of the thoracic spine is better in the head and foot direction but worse in the left and right direction compared with that of the lumbar spine. Instead of extending or narrowing the margin according to the BMI of patients with spinal metastasis, the margin must be changed according to the site of spinal bone metastasis.

Objective: To summarize the laboratory findings of a case of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) caused by Rh system anti-c antibodies and to review the literature, so as to explore the characteristics of anti-c HDFN. Methods: The ABO blood type, Rh blood type, direct antiglobulin test (DAT) results, and the presence of unexpected antibodies and their titers were determined by serological methods. The cases of anti-c HDFN in our laboratory in China and abroad were statistically analyzed, and the incidence of severe HDFN caused by anti-c, anti-D and anti-E was compared. Results: The blood type of the child was B (Rh CcDee) with a positive DAT. Anti-c antibody was detected in both serum and eluate, with a serum antibody titer of 4. The mother’s blood type was AB (Rh CCDee) with a negative DAT, and anti-c antibody was detected in the serum with a titer of 128. Among 20 cases of anti-c HDFN, 17 were DAT positive, and 9 (45%, 9/20) underwent blood transfusion or exchange transfusion. The incidence of severe HDFN was 47.60% (10/21) for anti-c, 47.60% (10/21) for anti-D and 31.30% (5/16) for anti-E. Conclusion: Maternal pregnancy and/or blood transfusion are the main reasons for the production of Rh alloantibodies such as anti-c. The prevention and management of anti-c should be similar to that of anti-D. Rh antigen-matched (five antigens of Rh blood group) transfusion is necessary for women of childbearing age to avoid antibody production, and Rh typing and antibody screening during prenatal examination is recommended to ensure early detection, intervention and treatment.

Hypercoagulable state (HCS) after kidney transplantation is one of the common and serious complications in kidney transplant recipients, which has attracted increasing attention in recent years. HCS refers to the abnormal and excessive activation of blood coagulation function, leading to the increased risk of thrombosis. After kidney transplantation, the combined effects of hemodynamic changes, surgical trauma and severe rejection increase the incidence of HCS, not only raising the risk of thrombosis but also potentially causing graft failure and affecting the postoperative survival rate of patients. This article reviews the influencing factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods and preventive strategies of HCS after kidney transplantation, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for optimizing perioperative management and improving the prognosis of patients.

Objective To analyze the changes in myocardial injury markers and cardiac function in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) after Liwen surgery. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of HOCM patients who underwent Liwen surgery at the Department of Cardiac Surgery, Wuhan Asia Heart Hospital from December 2019 to April 2023, mainly including preoperative and postoperative dynamic follow-up laboratory test results and echocardiograms. Results A total of 42 patients were included, with 25 males and 17 females, aged (44.76±17.72) years, and a postoperative follow-up time of (15.02±6.97) months. The myocardial troponin level of the patients decreased from preoperative 0.03 (0.02, 0.06) ng/mL to postoperative 0.02 (0.01, 0.05) ng/mL (P=0.006), and the N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide level decreased from preoperative 748.95 (337.40, 1600.75) ng/L to postoperative 367.15 (126.93, 1030.25) ng/L (P<0.001). After surgery, the left atrial diameter of the patients decreased from preoperative (4.18±0.57) cm to postoperative (3.93±0.55) cm (P=0.004), the end-diastolic interventricular septum thickness decreased from preoperative 2.25 (1.90, 2.75) cm to postoperative 1.70 (1.50, 1.90) cm (P<0.001), the left ventricular mass index decreased from preoperative 211.73 (172.28, 261.54) g/m2 to postoperative 156.78 (132.34, 191.36) g/m2 (P<0.001), the left ventricular weight decreased from preoperative 368.89 (292.34, 477.72) g to postoperative 266.62 (224.57, 326.04) g (P<0.001), the end-diastolic posterior wall thickness of the left ventricle decreased from preoperative 1.30 (1.20, 1.60) cm to postoperative 1.20 (1.18, 1.40) cm (P<0.001), the relative wall thickness decreased from preoperative 0.78 (0.78, 1.02) to postoperative 0.63 (0.56, 0.72) (P<0.001), the end-systolic inner diameter of the left ventricle increased from preoperative (2.91±0.50) cm to postoperative (3.19±0.53) cm (P=0.001), and the end-diastolic inner diameter of the left ventricle increased from preoperative (4.41±0.48) cm to postoperative (4.66±0.52) cm (P=0.005). The left ventricular outflow diameter increased from preoperative (1.28±0.46) cm to postoperative (1.57±0.32) cm (P=0.001), the left ventricular outflow pressure gradient decreased from preoperative 58.50 (40.75, 92.50) mm Hg to postoperative 11.50 (7.75, 20.50) mm Hg (P<0.001), the left ventricular ejection fraction increased from preoperative 60.00% (56.75%, 65.00%) to postoperative 63.00% (62.00%, 66.00%) (P=0.024), and the degree of systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve leaflets decreased (P＜0.001). Conclusion The cardiac function of patients with HOCM is improved after Liwen surgery, myocardial injury marker levels are decreased, cardiac reverse remodeling occurres, and the surgical outcome is good.

Abstract Modern western medicine typically focuses on treating specific symptoms or diseases, and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) emphasizes the interconnections of the body’s various systems under external environment and takes a holistic approach to preventing and treating diseases. Phenomics was initially introduced to the field of TCM in 2008 as a new discipline that studies the laws of integrated and dynamic changes of human clinical phenomes under the scope of the theories and practices of TCM based on phenomics. While TCM Phenomics 1.0 has initially established a clinical phenomic system centered on Zhenghou (a TCM definition of clinical phenome), bottlenecks remain in data standardization, mechanistic interpretation, and precision intervention. Here, we systematically elaborates on the theoretical foundations, technical pathways, and future challenges of integrating digital medicine with TCM phenomics under the framework of “TCM phenomics 2.0”, which is supported by digital medicine technologies such as artificial intelligence, wearable devices, medical digital twins, and multi-omics integration. This framework aims to construct a closed-loop system of “Zhenghou–Phenome–Mechanism–Intervention” and to enable the digitization, standardization, and precision of disease diagnosis and treatment. The integration of digital medicine and TCM phenomics not only promotes the modernization and scientific transformation of TCM theory and practice but also offers new paradigms for precision medicine. In practice, digital tools facilitate multi-source clinical data acquisition and standardization, while AI and big data algorithms help reveal the correlations between clinical Zhenghou phenomes and molecular mechanisms, thereby improving scientific rigor in diagnosis, efficacy evaluation, and personalized intervention. Nevertheless, challenges persist, including data quality and standardization issues, shortage of interdisciplinary talents, and insufficiency of ethical and legal regulations. Future development requires establishing national data-sharing platforms, strengthening international collaboration, fostering interdisciplinary professionals, and improving ethical and legal frameworks. Ultimately, this approach seeks to build a new disease identification and classification system centered on phenomes and to achieve the inheritance, innovation, and modernization of TCM diagnostic and therapeutic patterns.

OBJECTIVE To promote the application of drones in emergency rescue and related fields， expand “low-altitude+ medical” rescue services， and advance the standardization of “low-altitude+medical” distribution services. METHODS The Consensus on Low-altitude Transport and Delivery Services for Emergency Medicines via Drones （2025 Edition） （hereinafter referred to as the Consensus） was jointly initiated by the Division of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring， Chinese Pharmacological Society and the Expert Committee on Precision Medication of the Guangdong Pharmaceutical Association. Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital served as the leading unit， organizing 53 multidisciplinary experts nationwide to participate in drafting and reviewing. A nominal group technique was employed to discuss and finalize the consensus outline， resulting in a preliminary draft. Delphi method was employed， and 11 external review experts were invited to conduct the evaluation. After the experts’ opinions were analyzed and integrated， the Consensus was finalized. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS The finalized Consensus includes its purpose， principles， and applicable scenarios， basic requirements， and operational procedures for low-altitude transport and delivery of emergency medications； distribution requirements and precautions for controlled substances， fragile medications， and temperature-sensitive medications； and recommendations for emergency medications supplies suitable for the low-altitude transportation and distribution. The release of this Consensus is expected to provide guidance and support for the standardization of “low-altitude+medical” distribution services and the application of low-altitude economy in the healthcare sector.

OBJECTIVE To improve the quality standard of Zhuang medicine Yingbupu （Aralia armata）. METHODS A total of 23 batches of Yingbupu （A. armata） were studied. Their macroscopic characteristics and powder microscopic features were observed. TLC was employed for the qualitative identification of oleanolic acid and araloside A. Items such as water content， total ash， acid-insoluble ash， and ethanol-soluble extract were determined according to the methods specified in the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia （part Ⅳ）. UPLC fingerprint was established for 23 batches of samples by using Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprints of Traditional Chinese Medicine （2012 edition）， and the contents of oleanolic acid and araloside A were determined. RESULTS The powder microscopic characteristics of the medicinal material were distinctive. Oleanolic acid and araloside A were detected by TLC in all 23 batches. Among the 23 batches of samples， the content ranges of moisture， total ash， acid-insoluble ash， and ethanol-soluble extract were 6.9% to 10.4%， 1.8% to 6.8%， 0.1% to 1.9%， and 2.8% to 8.4%， respectively. Based on the UPLC fingerprint， a total of 15 common peaks were obtained， and 9 of these common peaks were identified. The content ranges of oleanolic acid and araloside A in the 23 batches of samples were 0.86% to 2.69% and 0.16% to 1.10%， respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study has added items such as moisture and total ash content fingerprint， TLC identification. A preliminary quality standard has been established for the medicinal material of Yingbupu （A. armata）， stipulating that the moisture content should not exceed 11.0%， the total ash content should not exceed 5.0%， the acid-insoluble ash content should not exceed 2.5%， the ethanol-soluble extract（No. content should not be less than 4.0%， and the contents of zyyzdxk-2023165） oleanolic acid and araloside A should not be less than 1.00% and 0.45%（ calculated by a dried basis）， respectively.

Plants of the Isodon genus are an important source of terpenoids， with their constituents exhibiting rich structural diversity and remarkable biological activities （such as anticancer， antimicrobial， and anti-inflammatory properties）， demonstrating significant potential in the field of immunomodulation. This review summarizes recent advances in the immunomodulatory mechanisms， development and application of terpenoid compounds from the Isodon genus. It has been found that these compounds can modulate key inflammatory signaling pathways， such as nuclear factor-kappa B （NF-κB） and mitogen-activated protein kinases （MAPKs）， thereby blocking the cascade amplification of inflammatory factors， alleviating chronic inflammatory responses， and correcting immune dysregulation. Additionally， they can influence the polarization direction of macrophages and dynamically regulate the balance among different functional subsets of T cells， restoring immune homeostasis. Their clinical translation faces multiple challenges， including poor druggability， a lack of systematic safety data， the absence of precise pharmacodynamic biomarkers， complexities in clinical trial design， and unclear industrialization pathways.