Breast cancer, a malignant tumor that significantly endangers women′s health, has shown a gradually rising incidence in recent years. Some breast cancer patients experienced poor prognosis. The commonly used imaging techniques for breast cancer include ultrasound, mammography, and magnetic resonance (MR), which suffer from certain limitations in accurately diagnosing and staging breast cancer. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) enables tumor imaging at the cellular and molecular levels by utilizing radiolabeled molecular probes targeting different ligands. This technique facilitates precise localization and qualitative diagnosis of lesions to improve the staging accuracy, thereby reducing biopsy frequency and enhancing treatment effects for patients. Therefore, PET/CT has gradually developed into an essential imaging method for breast cancer in clinical practice. It plays a critical role in assessing the extent of lesion invasion, predicting immune subtypes, and estimating targeted therapy efficacy, holding promising application prospects. Recently, significant research breakthroughs have been achieved in this field. This review summarized the advances in clinical applications of different PET/CT molecular probes in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer, aiming to enhance the understanding of this aspect.

Objective:To study the effect and mechanism of ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptide(GLPP)on renal anti oxidative stress and immune inflammation in diabetes nephropathy mice.Methods:The C57 male mice model of diabetes nephropathy was established by streptozotocin combined with high glucose and high-fat diet.Sixty diabetes nephropathy mice were divided into model group,losartan group,GLPP group(low,medium and high dose groups),GLPP high-dose+losartan group,with 10 mice in each group,10 mice fed with normal diet as the blank group.The losartan group was given 10 mg/kg losartan by gavage,and GLPP low,medium and high dose groups was given 50,100,and 200 mg/kg GLPP by gavage,while the GLPP high-dose+losartan group were given 200 mg/kg GLPP+10 mg/kg losartan by gavage.The blank group and model group were given physiological saline by gavage.After gastric lavage,observe the diet,water intake,renal pathology,structure,and apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells in mice,and analyze the levels of blood biochemical indicators,immune inflammation,oxidative stress indicators,and expression of apoptosis/cycle regulatory proteins in mice.Results:Compared with the blank group,the model group showed an increase in blood biochemical indicators such as Scr,BUN,TC,TG and GSP(P<0.05),as well as inflammation indicators such as level of IL-6 and TNF-α、MCP-1 were decreased(P<0.05),the oxidative stress indicator MDA was increased,T-AOC,GSH-PX,SOD were decreased(P<0.05),the apoptosis rate of renal tubular epithelial cells were increased(P<0.05),the expression levels of Bax,Caspase-3,P53,P21 were all increased,and the expression levels of Bcl-2 and Cyclin D1 were decreased(P<0.05).Compared with the model group,the losartan group,GLPP dose groups,GLPP high-dose+losartan group Scr,BUN,TC,TG,GSP,IL-6,TNF-α,MCP-1,MDA levels,apoptosis rate of renal tubular epithelial cells,Bax,Caspase-3,P53,P21 expression levels were all reduced,while T-AOC,SOD,GSH-PX levels,Bcl-2,and Cyclin D1 expression levels were all increased.Renal pathological changes were improved,and mitochondrial swelling was reduced.The GLPP high-dose+losartan group showed the most significant improvement(P<0.05).Conclusion:GLPP can reverse the renal injury in diabetes nephropathy mice,which may be related to the inhibition of apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells by alleviating renal oxidative stress and immune inflammatory damage.

Breast cancer, a malignant tumor that significantly endangers women′s health, has shown a gradually rising incidence in recent years. Some breast cancer patients experienced poor prognosis. The commonly used imaging techniques for breast cancer include ultrasound, mammography, and magnetic resonance (MR), which suffer from certain limitations in accurately diagnosing and staging breast cancer. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) enables tumor imaging at the cellular and molecular levels by utilizing radiolabeled molecular probes targeting different ligands. This technique facilitates precise localization and qualitative diagnosis of lesions to improve the staging accuracy, thereby reducing biopsy frequency and enhancing treatment effects for patients. Therefore, PET/CT has gradually developed into an essential imaging method for breast cancer in clinical practice. It plays a critical role in assessing the extent of lesion invasion, predicting immune subtypes, and estimating targeted therapy efficacy, holding promising application prospects. Recently, significant research breakthroughs have been achieved in this field. This review summarized the advances in clinical applications of different PET/CT molecular probes in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer, aiming to enhance the understanding of this aspect.

Objective:To study the effect and mechanism of ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptide(GLPP)on renal anti oxidative stress and immune inflammation in diabetes nephropathy mice.Methods:The C57 male mice model of diabetes nephropathy was established by streptozotocin combined with high glucose and high-fat diet.Sixty diabetes nephropathy mice were divided into model group,losartan group,GLPP group(low,medium and high dose groups),GLPP high-dose+losartan group,with 10 mice in each group,10 mice fed with normal diet as the blank group.The losartan group was given 10 mg/kg losartan by gavage,and GLPP low,medium and high dose groups was given 50,100,and 200 mg/kg GLPP by gavage,while the GLPP high-dose+losartan group were given 200 mg/kg GLPP+10 mg/kg losartan by gavage.The blank group and model group were given physiological saline by gavage.After gastric lavage,observe the diet,water intake,renal pathology,structure,and apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells in mice,and analyze the levels of blood biochemical indicators,immune inflammation,oxidative stress indicators,and expression of apoptosis/cycle regulatory proteins in mice.Results:Compared with the blank group,the model group showed an increase in blood biochemical indicators such as Scr,BUN,TC,TG and GSP(P<0.05),as well as inflammation indicators such as level of IL-6 and TNF-α、MCP-1 were decreased(P<0.05),the oxidative stress indicator MDA was increased,T-AOC,GSH-PX,SOD were decreased(P<0.05),the apoptosis rate of renal tubular epithelial cells were increased(P<0.05),the expression levels of Bax,Caspase-3,P53,P21 were all increased,and the expression levels of Bcl-2 and Cyclin D1 were decreased(P<0.05).Compared with the model group,the losartan group,GLPP dose groups,GLPP high-dose+losartan group Scr,BUN,TC,TG,GSP,IL-6,TNF-α,MCP-1,MDA levels,apoptosis rate of renal tubular epithelial cells,Bax,Caspase-3,P53,P21 expression levels were all reduced,while T-AOC,SOD,GSH-PX levels,Bcl-2,and Cyclin D1 expression levels were all increased.Renal pathological changes were improved,and mitochondrial swelling was reduced.The GLPP high-dose+losartan group showed the most significant improvement(P<0.05).Conclusion:GLPP can reverse the renal injury in diabetes nephropathy mice,which may be related to the inhibition of apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells by alleviating renal oxidative stress and immune inflammatory damage.

ObjectiveTo compare the effect of toe-spread-out exercises (TSO) and modified TSO in females with hallux valgus. MethodsFrom September to December, 2023, a total of 45 females with hallux valgus were recruited in Capital University of Physical Education and Sports and randomly divided into blank control group (n = 15), TSO group (n = 15), and modified TSO group (n = 15). The blank control group received no intervention, the TSO group received routine TSO, and the modified TSO group received fibularis longus fascia release followed by TSO, for eight weeks. Changes in the hallux valgus angle (HVA) and the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the abductor hallucis muscle were measured before intervention, and four and eight weeks after intervention, respectively. ResultsOne case dropped out from the blank control group. The changes of HVA in the TSO and modified TSO groups were significantly greater than in the blank control group (F > 15.263, P < 0.05). After four weeks of intervention, the change of left HVA in the modified TSO group was significantly greater than in the TSO group (P < 0.05). The main effect of time was significant on the CSA of the abductor hallucis muscle (F > 13.245, P < 0.05). The main effect of group was significant on the left foot's CSA of the abductor hallucis (F = 3.798, P < 0.05). The interaction effect of time and group was also significant (F > 4.744, P < 0.05). The CSA of the abductor hallucis in both the TSO and modified TSO groups after four weeks and eight weeks of intervention was significantly greater than before intervention (P < 0.05). At eight weeks, the CSA of the right foot in the modified TSO group was significantly greater than in the blank control group (P < 0.05). ConclusionBoth TSO and modified TSO can improve HVA and the CSA of the abductor hallucis muscle in females with hallux valgus, and modified TSO is better.

Central nervous system (CNS) injuries, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, and spinal cord injury, are essential causes of death and long-term disability and are difficult to cure, mainly due to the limited neuron regeneration and the glial scar formation. Herein, we apply extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by M2 microglia to improve the differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) at the injured site, and simultaneously modify them with the injured vascular targeting peptide (DA7R) and the stem cell recruiting factor (SDF-1) on their surface via copper-free click chemistry to recruit NSCs, inducing their neuronal differentiation, and serving as the nanocarriers at the injured site (Dual-EV). Results prove that the Dual-EV could target human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs), recruit NSCs, and promote the neuronal differentiation of NSCs in vitro. Furthermore, 10 miRNAs are found to be upregulated in Dual-M2-EVs compared to Dual-M0-EVs via bioinformatic analysis, and further NSC differentiation experiment by flow cytometry reveals that among these miRNAs, miR30b-3p, miR-222-3p, miR-129-5p, and miR-155-5p may exert effect of inducing NSC to differentiate into neurons. In vivo experiments show that Dual-EV nanocarriers achieve improved accumulation in the ischemic area of stroke model mice, potentiate NSCs recruitment, and increase neurogenesis. This work provides new insights for the treatment of neuronal regeneration after CNS injuries as well as endogenous stem cells, and the click chemistry EV/peptide/chemokine and related nanocarriers for improving human health.

ObjectiveTo compare the effect of three kinds of intrinsic foot muscle exercise on flatfoot. MethodsFrom September to November, 2022, 45 subjects with flatfoot from Capital University of Physical Education and Sports were randomly divided into short foot exercise (SFE) group (n = 15), toe-spread-out exercise (TSOE) group (n = 15) and short foot & toe-spread-out exercise (SF+TSOE) group (n = 15), who received SFE, TSOE and SF+TSOE, respectively, for eight weeks. The cross-sectional area of abductor hallucis muscle, navicular drop test (NDT) and Chippaux-Smirak index (CSI) were measured before treatment, four weeks after treatment and eight weeks after treatment. ResultsThree subjects dropped out in each group. The main effect of time was significant for left and right cross-sectional area of abductor hallucis muscle, NDT and CSI (F > 13.906, P < 0.001). The main effect of group was not significant for left and right cross-sectional area of abductor hallucis muscle, NDT and CSI (F < 1.934, P > 0.05). The interaction effect of group and time was significant for left and right NDT (F > 3.044，P < 0.05), and it was better in SF+TSOE group than in SFE group and TSOE group (P < 0.05). ConclusionSF and TSOE can improve the cross-sectional area of abductor hallucis muscle and foot morphology in subjects with flatfoot, and the combination of them may be more effective.

Objective To analyze histomorphometrical characteristics of the bone and bone marrow tissues of the lumbar vertebrae in rabbits with fluoride treatment,and its correlation with signal intensity of MRI.Methods Forty New Zealand albino rabbits aged three months old were randomly divided into fluoride exposure of 30 cases and control of 10 cases,male and female,half each.One hundred milligrams of sodium fluoride were added to the municipal water each liter (fluoride content 100 mg/L) as drinking waterto fluorine for 180 days.Twenty-four of 30 cases with fluoride exposure had complete data (male10 casesand female14 cases).The same municipal water was used as control drinking water (fluoride content ＜ 0.9 mg/L).Eight of 10 cases with control had complete data (male andfemale in half).Twenty-four cases with fluoride treatment and complete data were classified into sensitive and resistant type according to the MRI signal intensity of the lumbar vertebra.Histomorphometrics of the vertebra and its correlation with the MRI signal intensity,and sensitivity in early diagnosis of osteofluorosis and feasibility of susceptibility to osteofluorosis detected with MRI were analyzed.Results Theratios of trabecular bone volume (BV),hematopoietic cell volume (HV) and fluid volume (FV) in bone marrow tissue to total cavernous tissue volume (TT) in group with fluoride treatment were 18.3％±2.6％,45.2％±6.0％ and 10.4％±5.7％ respectively.These were 14.5％±2.8％,36.3％±7.3％ and 6.2％±2.1％ in control group respectively.These parameters in fluoride group were significantly increased compared to control group.The ratio 26.0％± 8.0％ of adipocyte volume (AV) to TV in fluoride group was significantly lower than that 43.3％±5.6％ in control group.Two of 24 cases with fluoride exposure (8.3％,2/24) were sensitive and the remaining 22 (91.7％,22/24) were in resistance.The valuesof BV/TT,HV/TV and FV/TV were considered to be sensitive,resistant and control from large to small,while AV/TV value were opposite.A comparison resuhs of signal intensity in MRI showed that vertebra T1WI contrast to noise ratio (CNR) in the sensitive was the minimum (3.0±0.8),followed by resistance (21.3±3.8) andmaximum in the control (28.3±3.1),but CNR of FsT2WIwas opposite.There were positive associations between T1WI and AV/TV,FV/TV and BV/TV,and between FsT2WI and FV/TV and BV/ TV.There were inverse associationsbetween FsT2WI and AV/TV.Theoptimal threshold value of the vertebra T1WI CNR was 23.2 or lessin early diagnosis of skeletal fluorosis,with sensitivity of 83.3％ and specificity of 100％.FsT2WI was 5.7 or more,with sensitivity of 45.8％ and specificity of 100％.Conclusion The pathogenesis of osteofluorosis is relative to changes in bone marrow microenvironment and cells number in bone marrow tissue,and is correlated to MRI signal intensity.

Objective To study the relationship between osteopontin (OPN) gene expression and the development and metastasis of esophageal cancer, and explore the effect of growth inhibitory of artesunate (Art) on regulating the expression of OPN in esophageal carcinoma cells.Methods The expressions of OPN gene and protein were detected in normal esophageal tissue (24 cases), esophageal dysplasia (21 cases) and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tissue (45 cases) byin situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, and the relationships between the OPN gene and protein expressions and the pathological features were analyzed with SAS software. After intervention with different concentrations of Art (0, 30, 60, 120mol/L) on ESCC Eca109 cells for 24h, the levels of OPN expression and cell cycle were detected by flow cytometry.Results The expression levels of OPN gene and protein were significantly higher in esophageal cancer tissues than in esophageal dysplasia and normal esophageal tissue (P<0.01), and in esophageal dysplasia than in normal esophageal tissue (P<0.05). The expression levels of OPN gene and protein in esophageal cancer tissues showed no relations with patients' gender, age and the degree of tumor differentiation (P>0.05), but showed a positive correlation with lymph node metastasis and the invasion depth of esophageal cancer (P<0.05). After treatment by Art for 24h, the proliferation index of Eca109 cells and the expression of OPN protein decreased significantly (P<0.01) in a concentration dependent manner.Conclusions The abnormal high expression of OPN gene may participate in the occurrence, invasion and metastasis of esophageal cancer, so can be used as an objective index of metastasis for esophageal cancer. Art inhibits the growth of esophageal carcinoma cells by down-regulating the expression of OPN protein.

To investigate the effects of Sangen Decoction, a compound Chinese herbal medicine, on osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption function of osteoclasts induced by polymethylmethacrylate particles in vitro.