Both cathartic colon （CC） and cathartic-dependent constipation （CDC） are caused by the abuse of stimulant laxatives， while their concepts are not completely the same.Starting from the disease name of CC， this article traced the origin and evolution of the concept of CC， summarizes and compared the similarities and differences between CC， CDC， and slow transit constipation （STC）， and called for strict differentiation among the three.Furthermore， this article explored the specific contents of Western medicine clinical subtypes and traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome differentiation of CDC and delved into the TCM pathogenesis of CDC according to both literature and clinical practice.The relationship between clinical subtypes and TCM syndromes was established， and the syndrome characteristics of CDC of different clinical subtypes and TCM syndromes were summarized.The recommended prescriptions for corresponding syndromes were listed.A systematic CDC diagnosis and treatment approach of "clinical subtypes-syndrome differentiation-syndrome characteristics-recommended prescriptions" was thus formed.Additionally， the paper provides an overview of current research on CDC in both Western medicine and TCM contexts， identifies future research directions， and suggests research pathways for refining and advancing CDC studies.

AIM To study the chemical constituents from the water fraction of rhizoma of Smilax trinervula Miq.and their biological activities.METHODS Polyamide,silica gel,Sephadex LH-20,ODS and semi-preparative HPLC were used for isolation and purification,then the structures of obtained compounds were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral data.The antitumor activities were determined by MTT mothod,and the inhibitory activities on α-glucosidase were determined by PNPG method.RESULTS Eleven compounds were isolated and identified as tyrosine(1),uridine(2),2-(2',3',4'-trihydroxybutyl)-6-(2",3",4"-trihydroxybutyl)-pyrazine(3),2-(1',2',3',4'-tetrahydroxybutyl)-6-(2",3",4"-trihydroxybutyl)-pyrazine(4),2-(1',2',3',4'-tetrahydroxybutyl)-5-(2",3",4"-trihydroxybutyl)-pyrazine(5),uracil(6),2-(1',2',3',4'-tetrahydroxybutyl)-5-(1",2",3",4"-tetrahydroxybutyl)-pyrazine(7),dioscin(8),shikimic acid(9),pyrazine(10),3,4-dihydroxyphenyethyl alcohol 8-O-β-D-glycopyranoside(11).The IC50 values of compounds 8 to human breast cancer cell MCF-7 was(2.36±0.26)μg/mL,and the IC50 values of compounds 3-5 and 7 to α-glucosidase were(1.54±0.15)-(10.53±0.38)μg/mL.CONCLUSION Compounds 1-7,10 are isolated from Smilax genus for the first time,and compound 9,11 are first isolated from this plant.Compound 8 has anti-tumor activity,and compounds 3-5,7 have α-glucosidase inhibitory activities.

An automated identification method for adolescent schizophrenia based on brain electroencephalogram(EEG)entropy features is proposed for further improving the diagnostic accuracy of adolescent schizophrenia.The raw EEG signals are decomposed into 5 commonly used rhythm bands:Delta,Theta,Alpha,Beta,and Gamma.The permutation entropy,fuzzy entropy,and sample entropy are extracted from each rhythm band and then organized into a feature matrix structured by electrode location×frequency band.Finally,an ECA-CNN model integrating efficient channel attention(ECA)and convolutional neural network(CNN)is constructed for feature classification and realizing the automated identification of adolescent schizophrenia.The results demonstrate that the proposed ECA-CNN model has higher recognition accuracy than the traditional machine learning models,achieving an accuracy of 99.08%,a sensitivity of 99.27%,a specificity of 98.85%,a precision of 99.01%,a F1 score of 99.14%,and a Kappa coefficient of 0.9814.This study provides a new idea and method for the diagnosis of adolescent schizophrenia.

An automated identification method for adolescent schizophrenia based on brain electroencephalogram(EEG)entropy features is proposed for further improving the diagnostic accuracy of adolescent schizophrenia.The raw EEG signals are decomposed into 5 commonly used rhythm bands:Delta,Theta,Alpha,Beta,and Gamma.The permutation entropy,fuzzy entropy,and sample entropy are extracted from each rhythm band and then organized into a feature matrix structured by electrode location×frequency band.Finally,an ECA-CNN model integrating efficient channel attention(ECA)and convolutional neural network(CNN)is constructed for feature classification and realizing the automated identification of adolescent schizophrenia.The results demonstrate that the proposed ECA-CNN model has higher recognition accuracy than the traditional machine learning models,achieving an accuracy of 99.08%,a sensitivity of 99.27%,a specificity of 98.85%,a precision of 99.01%,a F1 score of 99.14%,and a Kappa coefficient of 0.9814.This study provides a new idea and method for the diagnosis of adolescent schizophrenia.

Objective:To explore whether LBP3 exerts anti-tumor effects by promoting production of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)by intestinal microbiota and regulating function of polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells(PMN-MDSC).Methods:A subcutaneous H22 liver cancer model was employed to assess anti-tumor activity of LBP3 and its regulatory effects on PMN-MDSC.Pseudo-sterile tumor-bearing mouse model was used to investigate role of intestinal microbiota in tumor suppression of LBP3.Fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)was conducted to explore immune regulatory role of LBP3-modulated flora.Serum SCFAs levels in tumor-bearing mice were quantified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,and effect of SCFAs butyrate on arginase 1(Arg-1)expression was evaluated in vitro.Results:Both low-dose(125 mg/kg)and high-dose(250 mg/kg)LBP3 signifi-cantly inhibited tumor growth in H22 tumor-bearing mice,also led to a marked reduction in proportion of PMN-MDSC in both spleen and tumor,a reduced proportion of Treg in lymphoid tissues,a decrease in Arg-1 level within tumor,infiltration of CD8+T cells into tumor was significantly enhanced.However,these effects of LBP3 were did not observed in pseudo-sterile mice,while the above changes could be reproduced after fecal supernatant transplantation in high-dose LBP3 treatment group,suggesting a crucial role for gut microbiota.Furthermore,co-expression of Ly6G and SCFA receptor GPR43 in tumor was also observed.LBP3 treatment resulted in increased levels of SCFAs,particularly butyrate,in both blood and tumor tissues.In vitro,butyrate was shown to inhibit Arg-1 expression in MSC-2 cells,further supporting hypothesis that SCFAs mediate immune-modulatory effects of LBP3.Conclusion:LBP3 exerts its anti-tumor effects by promoting SCFA production,which subsequently inhibits function of PMN-MDSC.This highlights LBP3's potential as an immunomodulatory agent in cancer therapy.

Background: Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) due to variants of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-beta (HNF1β) (MODY5) has not been well studied in the Chinese population. This study aimed to estimate its prevalence and evaluate the application of a clinical screening method (Faguer score) in Chinese early-onset diabetes (EOD) patients. Methods: Among 679 EOD patients clinically diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (age at diagnosis ≤40 years), the exons of HNF1β were sequenced. Functional impact of rare variants was evaluated using a dual-luciferase reporter system. Faguer scores ≥8 prompted multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) for large deletions. Pathogenicity of HNF1β variants was assessed following the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines. Results: Two rare HNF1β missense mutations (E105K and G454R) were identified by sequencing in five patients, showing functional impact in vitro. Another patient was found to have a whole-gene deletion by MLPA in 22 patients with the Faguer score above 8. Following ACMG guidelines, six patients carrying pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant were diagnosed with MODY5. The estimated prevalence of MODY5 in Chinese EOD patients was approximately 0.9% or higher. Conclusion MODY5 is not uncommon in China. The Faguer score is helpful in deciding whether to perform MLPA analysis on patients with negative sequencing results.

Background: Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) due to variants of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-beta (HNF1β) (MODY5) has not been well studied in the Chinese population. This study aimed to estimate its prevalence and evaluate the application of a clinical screening method (Faguer score) in Chinese early-onset diabetes (EOD) patients. Methods: Among 679 EOD patients clinically diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (age at diagnosis ≤40 years), the exons of HNF1β were sequenced. Functional impact of rare variants was evaluated using a dual-luciferase reporter system. Faguer scores ≥8 prompted multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) for large deletions. Pathogenicity of HNF1β variants was assessed following the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines. Results: Two rare HNF1β missense mutations (E105K and G454R) were identified by sequencing in five patients, showing functional impact in vitro. Another patient was found to have a whole-gene deletion by MLPA in 22 patients with the Faguer score above 8. Following ACMG guidelines, six patients carrying pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant were diagnosed with MODY5. The estimated prevalence of MODY5 in Chinese EOD patients was approximately 0.9% or higher. Conclusion MODY5 is not uncommon in China. The Faguer score is helpful in deciding whether to perform MLPA analysis on patients with negative sequencing results.

Background: Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) due to variants of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-beta (HNF1β) (MODY5) has not been well studied in the Chinese population. This study aimed to estimate its prevalence and evaluate the application of a clinical screening method (Faguer score) in Chinese early-onset diabetes (EOD) patients. Methods: Among 679 EOD patients clinically diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (age at diagnosis ≤40 years), the exons of HNF1β were sequenced. Functional impact of rare variants was evaluated using a dual-luciferase reporter system. Faguer scores ≥8 prompted multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) for large deletions. Pathogenicity of HNF1β variants was assessed following the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines. Results: Two rare HNF1β missense mutations (E105K and G454R) were identified by sequencing in five patients, showing functional impact in vitro. Another patient was found to have a whole-gene deletion by MLPA in 22 patients with the Faguer score above 8. Following ACMG guidelines, six patients carrying pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant were diagnosed with MODY5. The estimated prevalence of MODY5 in Chinese EOD patients was approximately 0.9% or higher. Conclusion MODY5 is not uncommon in China. The Faguer score is helpful in deciding whether to perform MLPA analysis on patients with negative sequencing results.

Background: Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) due to variants of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-beta (HNF1β) (MODY5) has not been well studied in the Chinese population. This study aimed to estimate its prevalence and evaluate the application of a clinical screening method (Faguer score) in Chinese early-onset diabetes (EOD) patients. Methods: Among 679 EOD patients clinically diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (age at diagnosis ≤40 years), the exons of HNF1β were sequenced. Functional impact of rare variants was evaluated using a dual-luciferase reporter system. Faguer scores ≥8 prompted multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) for large deletions. Pathogenicity of HNF1β variants was assessed following the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines. Results: Two rare HNF1β missense mutations (E105K and G454R) were identified by sequencing in five patients, showing functional impact in vitro. Another patient was found to have a whole-gene deletion by MLPA in 22 patients with the Faguer score above 8. Following ACMG guidelines, six patients carrying pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant were diagnosed with MODY5. The estimated prevalence of MODY5 in Chinese EOD patients was approximately 0.9% or higher. Conclusion MODY5 is not uncommon in China. The Faguer score is helpful in deciding whether to perform MLPA analysis on patients with negative sequencing results.

In recent years,more and more researches has focused on the correlation between cognitive activity and physiological variables.The change of pupil is regarded as an important target in the cognitive process,and has become a hot research field.This review focuses on the three key brain regions that regulate pupil change,and reflects the neurophysiological mechanism behind pupil change by elaborating the neural pathways related to pupil change and cognitive performance.Based on recent studies on pupil change in cognitive diseases,it aims to promote the application of pupil change in the field of cognitive science in the future.