ObjectiveThis paper aims to clarify the material basis of Gualou Niubangtang and establish a quantitative analysis method for its main constituents， providing a reference for the overall quality control of this preparation. MethodsThe constituents in the formula were systematically characterized based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS）. Identification was performed by matching with the UNIFI 9.6 software and utilizing database platforms such as PubChem， ChemicalBook， and ChemSpider， combined with relevant literature reports. A quantitative analysis method for the seven main constituents in Gualou Niubangtang was established by using high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. ResultsUPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis identified 155 constituents， including 69 flavonoids， 36 terpenoids， 23 phenylpropanoids， 8 phenylethanoid glycosides， and 19 other types of constituents. In the established quantitative analysis method， the seven main constituents showed good linearity within their respective linear ranges. The precision， repeatability， stability， and spike recovery all met the required standards. The results showed that the content ranges of geniposide， liquiritin， hesperidin， arctiin， baicalin， oroxylin A-7-O-β-D-glucuronide， and wogonoside in 15 batches of Gualou Niubangtang were 13.67-21.25， 1.20-7.64， 5.45-7.45， 22.97-33.51， 29.95-39.07， 2.58-4.80， and 6.56-9.31 mg·g^-1， respectively. ConclusionThis study successfully characterizes and attributes multi-category constituents in Gualou Niubangtang， clarifying that its material basis is primarily composed of flavonoids， terpenoids， phenylethanoid glycosides， and phenylpropanoids. Furthermore， it enables the quantification of seven constituents within the formula. This work lays a foundation for research on the quality control， action mechanism， and clinical application of this formula.

To systematically analyzed the reporting status of core elements in publicly available clinical practice guideline(hereafter referred to as "guideline") protocols published domestically and internationally over the past decade, identified existing problems, and provided evidence to inform the standardized writing and publication of future guideline protocols.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the anticoagulant efficacy and safety of nafamostat mesylate （NM） in the treatment of uremic patients at high risk of bleeding undergoing continuous veno-venous hemofiltration （CVVH） with different methods （pre- dilution and post-dilution）. METHODS A total of 130 uremic patients at high risk of bleeding who underwent CVVH treatment in the nephrology department of Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital from July 2023 to September 2024 were selected. They were divided into pre-dilution group and post-dilution group according to the random number table method， with 65 cases in each group. Both groups of patients received CVVH treatment under NM anticoagulation. The pre-dilution group adopted the pre-dilution replacement method， while the post-dilution group adopted the post-dilution replacement method. The coagulation， pressure， and usage duration of the filter and dialysis circuit venous reservoirs were compared between the two groups. The changes in prothrombin time （PT）， prothrombin time-international normalized ratio （PT-INR）， activated partial thromboplastin time （APTT）， and fibrinogen （FIB） in the peripheral venous blood before the heparin pump and after the filter at 1， 4 and 7 h of CVVH treatment， as well as 20 min after the end of treatment， were compared between the two groups. The single-compartment urea clearance rate （spKt/V）， β2-microglobulin （β2-MG） clearance rate and the incidence of adverse reactions were duni2007@foxmail.com compared between the two groups. RESULTS Both the pre-dilution and post-dilution groups had 60 patients who completed the study. The incidence of grade Ⅱ-Ⅲ coagulation of the filter and venous reservoirs， as well as the number of patients with transmembrane and venous pressure alarm intervention in the post- dilution group were significantly higher or more than those in the pre-dilution group （P＜0.05）， while usage time of the filter and the pipeline in the post-dilution group was significantly shorter than that in the pre-dilution group （P＜0.05）. The APTT values before the heparin pump as well as PT and APTT values after the filter at 1 h， 4 h， and 7 h of CVVH treatment in the post-dilution group were significantly higher than those in the pre-dilution group （P＜0.001）. There were no significant differences in PT， PT- INR， APTT and FIB between the two groups of patients 20 min after the end of treatment （P＞0.05）. The spKt/v and β2-MG clearance rates in the post-dilution group were significantly higher than those in the pre-dilution group （P＜0.001）. There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups （P＞0.05）. CONCLUSIONS When NM is used as an anticoagulant in the CVVH treatment of uremic patients at high risk of bleeding， compared with the pre-dilution treatment method， the post-dilution treatment method has a higher incidence of filter and dialysis tubing venous reservoir， a shorter usage time of the filter and pipeline， and a greater impact on extracorporeal coagulation， but has a higher solute clearance rate. Clinically， different dilution methods can be selected according to the different treatment needs of patients.

Dry eye （DE） is a prevalent multifactorial disease of the ocular surface， clinically characterized by tear film homeostasis imbalance accompanied by related ocular surface symptoms. Specifically， the tear film is a thin liquid layer of tears covering the cornea and conjunctiva through blinking， while tear film homeostasis serves as the foundation for maintaining normal ocular surface structure and function. Insufficient tear secretion and excessive tear film evaporation lead to tear hyperosmolarity and the production of inflammatory mediators， disrupting tear film homeostasis and subsequently forming DE. Additionally， cascade reactions are triggered， resulting in a "vicious cycle of DE" that exacerbates the disease severity and prolongs its duration. Therefore， for DE treatment， it is crucial to restore tear film homeostasis and terminate this vicious cycle. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， which differentiates and treats DE based on systemic conditions， often achieves favorable therapeutic outcomes， offering additional treatment options for DE. Studies have demonstrated that TCM can alleviate DE by regulating tear film homeostasis and terminating the vicious cycle. This review systematically summarizes recent basic experimental research in China and abroad on TCM in alleviating DE by regulating tear film homeostasis， aiming to provide a theoretical basis for clinical treatment and an insight for research design.

OBJECTIVE To form an expert consensus addressing clinical issues regarding the use of parenteral direct thrombin inhibitors （DTIs） in special populations. METHODS Led by the Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital（the Affiliated Hospital of UESTC）， a multidisciplinary working group was formed comprising experts from multiple fields， including clinical pharmacy， cardiac surgery， obstetrics， pediatrics and evidence-based medicine. Through literature review and the Delphi method， clinical questions regarding the efficacy and safety of parenteral DTIs used in special populations were identified. A structured design was adopted using the “Population-Intervention-Comparison-Outcome” （PICO） framework；systematic searches were conducted in CJFD， PubMed， Embase and other databases. Relevant evidence from randomized controlled trials，cohort studies and systematic reviews were included and synthesized. Evidence quality was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment，Development and Evaluation （GRADE） approach， and recommendations were formulated through three rounds of Delphi surveys and expert consensus meetings. RESULTS &CONCLUSIONS Seven clinical questions were ultimately selected （with a consensus rate exceeding 90%）， resulting in the formulation of seven recommendations on the use of parenteral DTIs in special populations， including children， pregnant women， patients with hepatic or renal impairment， patients with mesenteric venous thrombosis， and individuals with thrombophilia. These recommendations clarify the preferred agents， dosing ranges， monitoring parameters， and safety management strategies for parenteral DTIs in these special populations. This expert consensus， which is formulated based on the best available evidence， provides evidence-based guidance for standardized and individualized use of parenteral DTIs in special populations.

OBJECTIVE To explore the mechanism of the active ingredient compatibility（quercetin， quercitrin and kaempferol at a mass ratio of 2∶9∶3）of Dimocarpus longan Lour. leaves（abbreviated as CDL） on ameliorating glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） rats. METHODS SD rats were randomly divided into blank control group， model group， metformin hydrochloride group （100 mg/kg）， and CDL high-， medium- and low-dose groups （280， 140， 75 mg/kg）， with 10 rats in each group. Rats in the blank control group were fed with standard chow， while rats in the other groups were given high-sugar and high-fat diet combined with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin to establish the T2DM rat model. After successful modeling， rats in each administration group were given corresponding drug solution， and rats in the blank control group and model group were intragastrically administered with equal volume of pure water， once a day， for consecutive 4 weeks. Fasting blood glucose （FBG） was detected at fixed time every week. The curves of oral glucose tolerance test （OGTT） and intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test （IPITT） were plotted， and the area under curve （AUC） was calculated. The pancreatic islet function indexes [fasting insulin （FINS）， homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance （HOMA-IR）， insulin sensitivity index （ISI）]，blood lipid indexes [total cholesterol （TC）， triglyceride （TG）， low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C）， high-density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C）] and hepatic glycogen content were determined. The pathological morphological changes of liver and pancreatic tissues were observed. The protein and mRNA expression levels of molecules related to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt） signaling pathway in liver tissues were detected. RESULTS Compared with the blank control group， the FBG， AUC of IPITT curve， AUC of OGTT curve， HOMA-IR， the levels of FINS， TC， TG and LDL-C， as well as the protein and mRNA expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog， forkhead box protein O1 and glycogen synthase kinase-3β in liver tissues were significantly increased in the model group （ P ＜0.05）. ISI， the levels of HDL-C and hepatic glycogen content， along with the protein and mRNA expression of PI3K， insulin receptor substrate-1， Akt and protein expression of phosphorylated Akt in liver tissues were markedly decreased （ P ＜0.05）. In model group rats， the arrangement of hepatocytes was irregular， the overall structure of pancreatic lobules was disordered， and a large number of inflammatory cell infiltration was observed. Compared with the model group， most of the above quantitative indexes were significantly reversed in the CDL high-dose group （ P ＜0.05）， and the pathological lesions of liver and pancreas were obviously alleviated. CONCLUSIONS CDL can regulate glucose and lipid metabolism disorders， elevate insulin sensitivity and relieve insulin resistance in T2DM rats. Its mechanism may be related to the activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

OBJECTIVE To explore the mechanism of the active ingredient compatibility（quercetin， quercitrin and kaempferol at a mass ratio of 2∶9∶3）of Dimocarpus longan Lour. leaves（abbreviated as CDL） on ameliorating glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） rats. METHODS SD rats were randomly divided into blank control group， model group， metformin hydrochloride group （100 mg/kg）， and CDL high-， medium- and low-dose groups （280， 140， 75 mg/kg）， with 10 rats in each group. Rats in the blank control group were fed with standard chow， while rats in the other groups were given high-sugar and high-fat diet combined with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin to establish the T2DM rat model. After successful modeling， rats in each administration group were given corresponding drug solution， and rats in the blank control group and model group were intragastrically administered with equal volume of pure water， once a day， for consecutive 4 weeks. Fasting blood glucose （FBG） was detected at fixed time every week. The curves of oral glucose tolerance test （OGTT） and intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test （IPITT） were plotted， and the area under curve （AUC） was calculated. The pancreatic islet function indexes [fasting insulin （FINS）， homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance （HOMA-IR）， insulin sensitivity index （ISI）]，blood lipid indexes [total cholesterol （TC）， triglyceride （TG）， low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C）， high-density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C）] and hepatic glycogen content were determined. The pathological morphological changes of liver and pancreatic tissues were observed. The protein and mRNA expression levels of molecules related to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt） signaling pathway in liver tissues were detected. RESULTS Compared with the blank control group， the FBG， AUC of IPITT curve， AUC of OGTT curve， HOMA-IR， the levels of FINS， TC， TG and LDL-C， as well as the protein and mRNA expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog， forkhead box protein O1 and glycogen synthase kinase-3β in liver tissues were significantly increased in the model group （ P ＜0.05）. ISI， the levels of HDL-C and hepatic glycogen content， along with the protein and mRNA expression of PI3K， insulin receptor substrate-1， Akt and protein expression of phosphorylated Akt in liver tissues were markedly decreased （ P ＜0.05）. In model group rats， the arrangement of hepatocytes was irregular， the overall structure of pancreatic lobules was disordered， and a large number of inflammatory cell infiltration was observed. Compared with the model group， most of the above quantitative indexes were significantly reversed in the CDL high-dose group （ P ＜0.05）， and the pathological lesions of liver and pancreas were obviously alleviated. CONCLUSIONS CDL can regulate glucose and lipid metabolism disorders， elevate insulin sensitivity and relieve insulin resistance in T2DM rats. Its mechanism may be related to the activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Objective To develop a risk prediction model for moderate-to-severe catheter-related bladder discomfort(CRBD)after non-transurethral surgery based on various machine-learning algorithms and to compare the performance of the models,so as to provide a reference for accurately identification and prevention of the postoperative moderate-to-severe CRBD.Methods A convenience sampling method was employed to recruit 719 patients as study subjects.The patients received non-transurethral surgery and intraoperative urinary catheterisation in a Tier-ⅢA hospital in Shanxi Province between January and May 2024.The clinical data were collected,with 70％of the randomly selected data was assigned to a training dataset(n=503)for the model building and the rest of 30％of data was used as the testing dataset(n=216)for internal model validation.Predictors were determined using least absolute shrinkage and selection operators(LASSO).Seven machine learning methods of logistic regression,K-nearest neighbours,random forest,artificial neural network,decision tree,light gradient boosting machine(LightGBM)and elastic net were employed to establish the risk prediction models.Performance of the models was evaluated based on the area under receiver operating characteristic curve(AUR-ROC),accuracy,precision,recall and F1 score.Results A total of 719 patients who underwent non-transurethral surgery were included in the study.It was found that 154(21.4％)patients presented with moderate to severe CRBD and 565(78.6％)patients were without or only with a mild CRBD.The predictors were deduced to six variables:gender,abdominal surgery,type of surgery,administration of dexmedetomidine before surgery,intraoperative administration of flurbiprofenate,and use of tramadol by the completion of surgery.It was found that the LightGBM model demonstrated a high stability,with 0.793 in AUC-ROC,0.763 in accuracy,0.879 in precision,0.747 in recall and 0.808 in F1.Conclusion The risk prediction model established through LightGBM for moderate-to-severe CRBD after a non-transurethral surgery exhibits a high stability.It offers a reference for medical practitioners to identify the patients with high-risk of moderate-to-severe CRBD and prepares for relevant interventions.

Objective This study aims to establish a hidden curriculum-based medical humanities teaching pathway within surgical internship education and evaluate its effectiveness in enhancing students' humanistic care competence.Methods A single-group pre-test and post-test design was adopted.A total of 76 interns from a tertiary teaching hospital in 2024 were in-cluded.A five-dimensional hidden curriculum framework—material,spiritual,behavioral,faculty,and institutional—was con-structed.Humanistic competence was assessed before and after the intervention using the Humanistic Professional Awareness Scale for Healthcare Students and Providers(HPAS-HSP).Results Post-intervention scores significantly improved compared to pre-intervention across the total scale in the three dimensions:personal integrity and responsibility,sensitivity to others,and pro-fessional competence(P＜0.05),with the greatest improvement observed in sensitivity to others.Conclusion The structured hidden curriculum is effective in enhancing medical students' humanistic qualities,especially in fostering emotional resonance and professional identity.Future work should focus on verifying behavioral transformation and developing multi-source evaluation sys-tems to improve effectiveness and applicability.

Objective To explore the therapeutic effect of cornuside on diabetic retinopathy(DR)in rats and ana-lyze the acting mechanism of the reactive oxygen species(ROS)/thioredoxin interacting protein(TXNIP)/NOD-like recep-tor thermal protein domain associated protein 3(NLRP3)signaling pathway in this process.Methods A total of 56 suc-cessfully modeled DR rats were randomly divided into the model group,the cornuside 20 mg·kg-1 group,the cornuside 40 mg·kg-1 group,the calcium dobesilate 5.8 mg·kg-1 group,with 14 rats in each group;while,meanwhile another 14 healthy rats were selected as the control group.After the corresponding intervention of rats in each group,retinal tissue in-flammation,oxidative stress indicators,fasting blood glucose(FBG),and angiogenic factor levels were detected by the en-zyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transfer-ase dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL)staining were used to observe retinal histopathology and retinal cell apoptosis,re-spectively.The mRNA expression of ROS,TXNIP,and NLRP3 in the retinal tissue was detected by the quantitative fluores-cence polymerase chain reaction(PCR).The apoptosis of retinal cells and the protein expression of the ROS/TXNIP/NL-RP3 signaling pathway were detected by Western blotting.Results Compared with the control group,the model group showed disordered arrangement of retinal cells and a significant decrease in the cell number,accompanied by nuclear con-densation and edema;interleukin-6(IL-6),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),malondialdehyde(MDA),FBG,angiopoie-tin-1(Ang-1),vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF),retinal cell apoptosis rate,ROS,and the mRNA and protein ex-pression levels of TXNIP and NLRP3 increased significantly,while superoxide dismutase(SOD)and B cell lymphoma-2(Bcl-2)protein expression levels decreased significantly(all P＜0.05).Compared with the model group,the arrangement of retinal cells in the cornuside 20 mg·kg-1 group,the cornuside 40 mg·kg-1 group,and the calcium dobesilate 5.8 mg·kg-1 group gradually became normal,the number of retinal cells increased,and the nuclear condensation and edema were relieved;IL-6,TNF-α,MDA,FBG,Ang-1,VEGF,retinal cell apoptosis rate,ROS,and the mRNA and protein expression level of TXNIP and NLRP3 decreased significantly,while the protein expression level of SOD and Bcl-2 increased signifi-cantly(all P＜0.05).In the intergroup comparison of the pathological damage of retinal tissue and the improvement degree of the above quantitative indexes in DR rats,the cornuside 40 mg·kg-1group was superior to the cornusin 20 mg·kg-1 group(all P＜0.05);the calcium dobesilate 5.8 mg·kg-1 group was superior to the cornusin 20 mg·kg-1 group,but infe-rior to the cornuside 40 mg·kg-1 group(all P＜0.05).Conclusion Cornuside can mitigate retinal inflammation,oxi-dative stress,and pathological damage in DR rats and inhibit blood glucose,retinal angiogenesis,and cell apoptosis.The acting mechanism of cornuside may be related to the inhibition of the ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3 signaling pathway.