Diabetic retinopathy （DR） is a microvascular complication of diabetes and one of its most common complications. Prolonged hyperglycemia induces oxidative stress， inflammatory responses， apoptosis， and pathological angiogenesis， ultimately disrupting the blood-retinal barrier（BRB） and leading to visual impairment or even blindness. Recent studies show that the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 （Nrf2） signaling pathway plays an important role in the development of DR's pathological changes. Meanwhile， Chinese herbal monomers have been shown to modulate the Nrf2 signaling pathway， thereby intervening in the development of DR. In terms of inhibiting oxidative stress， saponin compounds such as platycodin-D and ginsenoside Rb1 downregulate the expression of malondialdehyde （MDA）， thereby ameliorating retinal oxidative stress. Flavonoids such as total flavonoids from Pueraria lobata flower and puerarin upregulate the expression of superoxide dismutase （SOD） and glutathione peroxidase （GPx）， effectively clearing lipid peroxides. Regarding the suppression of inflammation， phenolic compounds like resveratrol and chlorogenic acid inhibit the nuclear factor kappa B （NF-κB） pathway， reducing the release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha （TNF-α） and mitigating inflammatory responses. In the context of inhibiting apoptosis， polysaccharides such as Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide and Angelica sinensis polysaccharide downregulate the expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax） and suppress the activity of the executioner Caspase-3， thereby reducing the apoptosis rate. As for the inhibition of neovascularization， compounds including bilobalide and physcion significantly decrease the protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF）， leading to a reduction in retinal pathological angiogenesis. Furthermore， Chinese herbal compound prescriptions such as Tongluo Zhujing pills， Yiqi Huoxue Yangyin decoction， Qiming granules， and Danlou tablets can also intervene in the onset and progression of DR through the mechanisms described above. In summary， both Chinese herbal monomers and Chinese herbal compound prescriptions can modulate the Nrf2 signaling pathway to inhibit oxidative stress， alleviate inflammation， and participate in maintaining BRB integrity， suppressing retinal neovascularization， and preventing neurodegeneration， thereby delaying the progression of DR. Therefore， this paper reviews and summarizes recent studies at home and abroad on how traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） works to treat DR， and the relationship between the Nrf2 pathway and DR. It aims to provide research ideas for preventing and treating DR.

The Type III Secretion System (T3SS) serves as a pivotal virulence apparatus for numerous Gram-negative bacterial pathogens, enabling them to infect both animal and plant hosts. Functioning as a molecular syringe, the T3SS directly translocates bacterial effector proteins from the bacterial cytoplasm into the interior of eukaryotic host cells. These effectors are central weapons that precisely manipulate a wide spectrum of host cellular physiological processes, ranging from cytoskeletal dynamics to immune signaling, to establish a favorable niche for bacterial survival and proliferation. Among the diverse arsenal of T3SS effectors, the YopJ family constitutes a critical group of virulence factors. Members of this family are characterized by a conserved catalytic triad structure—a hallmark of the CE clan of cysteine proteases that has been evolutionarily repurposed to confer acetyltransferase activity. A defining and intriguing feature of these enzymes is their stringent dependence on a host-derived eukaryotic cofactor, inositol hexakisphosphate (IP₆), for allosteric activation. This requirement acts as a sophisticated molecular safeguard, ensuring enzymatic activity only within the appropriate host environment, thereby preventing detrimental effects on the bacterium itself. While seminal studies on individual members such as Yersinia’s YopJ and Salmonella’s AvrA have provided deep mechanistic insights, a systematic and integrative understanding of the structure-function relationships across the entire family remains fragmented. Key questions persist regarding how a conserved catalytic core has diverged to recognize distinct host substrates in different kingdoms of life. To address this gap, this article provides a systematic review of the YopJ family, focusing on three interconnected aspects: their structural features, their catalytic mechanism, and their divergent immunosuppressive strategies in animal versus plant hosts. By conducting a comparative analysis of the sequences and resolved three-dimensional structures of three representative members (e.g., HopZ1a, PopP2, AvrA), we elucidate regions of significant variation embedded within the conserved core catalytic architecture. These variable regions, often involving surface loops and substrate-binding interfaces, are crucial determinants of target specificity and functional specialization. The functional divergence of this effector family is most apparent when comparing their modes of action in different hosts. In animal hosts, YopJ-family effectors primarily sabotage innate immune signaling pathways. They achieve this by acetylating key serine and threonine residues within the activation loops of critical kinases in the MAPK and NF‑κB pathways. This post-translational modification blocks the phosphorylation and subsequent activation of these kinases, leading to potent suppression of inflammatory cytokine production. Conversely, in plant hosts, the strategy broadens to dismantle the two-tiered plant immune system. YopJ homologs target a more diverse set of substrates, including immune-associated receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs), microtubule networks via tubulin acetylation (which disrupts cellular trafficking and signaling), and transcription factors central to defense gene regulation. This multi-target approach effectively suppresses both Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI) and Effector-Triggered Immunity (ETI). In conclusion, this synthesis aims to deepen the mechanistic understanding of YopJ family-mediated pathogenesis by integrating structural biology with cellular function across host kingdoms. Elucidating the precise molecular basis for substrate selection—how conserved platforms achieve target diversity—is a major frontier. Furthermore, this knowledge provides a vital theoretical foundation for developing novel anti-virulence strategies. Targeting the conserved IP₆-binding pocket or the catalytic acetyltransferase activity itself represents a promising avenue for designing broad-spectrum inhibitors that could disarm this critical family of bacterial effectors, potentially offering new therapeutic approaches against a range of pathogenic bacteria.

Objective To analyze the CT manifestations of high altitude pulmonary edema(HAPE)to provide radiological evidence for its early and accurate diagnosis.Methods Totally 200 HAPE patients clinically confirmed at some hospital from April 2021 to April 2024 were enrolled into a study group,and 56 individuals undergoing health examinations at the hospital's physical examination center between January and June 2023 were included into a control group.Examinations were carried out with a United Imaging uCT528 40-slice spiral CT scanner.The patients in the study group were observed in terms of HAPE staging,the extent of pulmonary involvement,CT manifestations of different stages including location,distribution,density and morphology of pulmonary lesion.The diameters of the main pulmonary arteries and ascending aortas of the subjects in the two groups were measured,and the ratios of the two diameters were calculated.SPSS 25.0 software was used for statistical analysis.Results In the study group,there were 26 cases(13.0%)at early stage,105 ones at progression stage(52.5%),32 ones at critical outbreak stage(16.0%)and 37 ones at resolution and absorption stage(18.5%),and there were 35.5%with unilateral lung involvement and 64.5%with bilateral involvement.At early stage,HAPE chest CT manifestations included increased and thickened bilateral bronchovascular bundles,widened main pulmonary artery lumen and faint ground-glass opacity in lungs;at progression stage,HAPE chest CT manifestations revealed multiple cloud-like or patchy areas of increased density within lungs;at critical outbreak stage,CT scanning indicated diffuse patchy opacities and consolidation in lungs,white lung-like changes could be found in some severe cases,and bronchial air signs were shown within affected segments in some ones with severer signs in the right lung than in the left lung;at resolution and absorption stage the CT manifestations were similar to those at early stage,with lesions completely resolving after treatment.The study group had the diameters of the main pulmonary arteries greater while the diameters of the ascending aortas less than those of the control group,and the ratios of the diameters of the two diameters in the study group were higher than those in the control group,with the differences being statistically significant(all P<0.05).Conclusion Chest CT is an important examination method for the early diagnosis of HAPE and clarification of its clinical staging,which directly reflects the pulmonary pathological changes in HAPE patients and helps doctors fully understand the disease progression.

Aim To explore the relevant mechanisms of isoliquiritigenin(ISL)in inhibiting the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMCs)by regulating the GRB2/ERK signaling pathway.Methods Human primary vascular smooth muscle cells(hVSMCs)were cultured,and stimulated with different concentrations of ISL and fixed concen-trations of growth factors PDGF-BB and EGF,respec-tively.Subsequently,the effect of overexpressing GRB2 on the efficacy of ISL was observed.CCK-8 assay was used to detect cell proliferation;BrdU assay was used to detect DNA synthesis;Western blot was used to de-tect the expression levels of OPN,ICAM-1,VCAM-1,GRB2,ERK1/2,and p-ERK1/2;wound healing assay was used to detect cell migration;transwell assay was used to detect cell invasion.Results Compared with the blank control group and the ISL 20 mg·L-1 group,the PDGF-BB group and the EGF group showed increased cell viability and DNA synthesis,decreased cell migration distance,and increased number of inva-sive cells.Additionally,the expression levels of GRB2 and p-ERK1/2 increased.Compared with the PDGF-BB 40 μg·L-1group or the EGF 10 mg·L-1 group,the ISL drug intervention group showed decreased cell viability and DNA synthesis,increased migration dis-tance of cells,decreased number of invasive cells,and decreased expression levels of GRB2 and p-ERK1/2.Compared with the ISL 20 mg·L-1+PDGF-BB and ISL 20 mg·L-1+EGF groups,the groups with ISL+PDGF-BB+pcDNA-GRB2 group and ISL+EGF+pcDNA-GRB2 group showed increased expression lev-els of GRB2,p-ERK1/2,OPN,ICAM-1,and VCAM-1,increased cell viability and DNA synthesis,decreased migration distance,and increased number of invasive cells.Compared with the ISL+PDGF-BB+pcDNA-GRB2 group and the ISL+EGF+pcDNA-GRB2 group,the pcDNA-GRB2+PDGF-BB group or the pcDNA-GRB2+EGF group showed increased expres-sion levels of GRB2,p-ERK1/2,OPN,ICAM-1,and VCAM-1,increased cell viability and DNA synthesis,decreased migration distance,and increased number of invasive cells.Conclusions Isoliquiritigenin inhibits the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth mus-cle cells by regulating the GRB2/ERK signaling path-way.

Objective:To investigate the distribution and clinical significance of amniotic fluid karyotype results in 2 725 cases from southern Anhui.Methods:The karyotypes of amniotic fluid from 2 725 cases of second-trimester pregnant women treated in our hospital from Jan 2017 to Dec 2023 were collected.The annual abnormal detection rate and overall abnormal rate were analyzed.Meanwhile,the abnormal detection rate was compared among 8 groups of different clinical indication including adverse pregnancy history,advanced maternal age(≥35 years),high risk of Down syndrome screening,high risk of non-invasive prenatal testing(NIPT),nuchal translucency thickness(NT)≥2.5 mm,abnormal ultrasound findings,two or more concurrent positive indications,and others.The abnormal detection rate was calculated within high risk of Down syndrome screening and NIPT.Results:Significant differences in annual abnormal rates were observed from 2017 to 2023(χ2=19.705,P=0.003).Among 2 725 cases,233(8.55%)showed abnormal karyotypes.Among them,abnormal autosomal number was the most prevalent(4.41%,120/2 725),with inversion being the most common chromosome structural abnormality.Significant differences in abnormal rates were noted among the eight clinical indication groups(χ2=438.516,P＜0.01).No statistical difference was found in abnormal detection rates among the three high-risk subgroups of Down syndrome screening(χ2=0.323,P=0.851),while significant differences were observed within the high-risk subgroups of NIPT(χ2=100.901,P＜0.01).Polymorphisms were detected in 65 cases(2.38%).Conclusions:Chromosomal numerical and structural abnormalities have been detected in southern Anhui over the past seven years,with variations across subgroups.Karyotype analysis effectively detects second-trimester fetal chromosomal abnormalities,aiding in the prevention of birth defects and worthing clinical application.

Objective To analyze the CT manifestations of high altitude pulmonary edema(HAPE)to provide radiological evidence for its early and accurate diagnosis.Methods Totally 200 HAPE patients clinically confirmed at some hospital from April 2021 to April 2024 were enrolled into a study group,and 56 individuals undergoing health examinations at the hospital's physical examination center between January and June 2023 were included into a control group.Examinations were carried out with a United Imaging uCT528 40-slice spiral CT scanner.The patients in the study group were observed in terms of HAPE staging,the extent of pulmonary involvement,CT manifestations of different stages including location,distribution,density and morphology of pulmonary lesion.The diameters of the main pulmonary arteries and ascending aortas of the subjects in the two groups were measured,and the ratios of the two diameters were calculated.SPSS 25.0 software was used for statistical analysis.Results In the study group,there were 26 cases(13.0%)at early stage,105 ones at progression stage(52.5%),32 ones at critical outbreak stage(16.0%)and 37 ones at resolution and absorption stage(18.5%),and there were 35.5%with unilateral lung involvement and 64.5%with bilateral involvement.At early stage,HAPE chest CT manifestations included increased and thickened bilateral bronchovascular bundles,widened main pulmonary artery lumen and faint ground-glass opacity in lungs;at progression stage,HAPE chest CT manifestations revealed multiple cloud-like or patchy areas of increased density within lungs;at critical outbreak stage,CT scanning indicated diffuse patchy opacities and consolidation in lungs,white lung-like changes could be found in some severe cases,and bronchial air signs were shown within affected segments in some ones with severer signs in the right lung than in the left lung;at resolution and absorption stage the CT manifestations were similar to those at early stage,with lesions completely resolving after treatment.The study group had the diameters of the main pulmonary arteries greater while the diameters of the ascending aortas less than those of the control group,and the ratios of the diameters of the two diameters in the study group were higher than those in the control group,with the differences being statistically significant(all P<0.05).Conclusion Chest CT is an important examination method for the early diagnosis of HAPE and clarification of its clinical staging,which directly reflects the pulmonary pathological changes in HAPE patients and helps doctors fully understand the disease progression.

Objective:To investigate the distribution and clinical significance of amniotic fluid karyotype results in 2 725 cases from southern Anhui.Methods:The karyotypes of amniotic fluid from 2 725 cases of second-trimester pregnant women treated in our hospital from Jan 2017 to Dec 2023 were collected.The annual abnormal detection rate and overall abnormal rate were analyzed.Meanwhile,the abnormal detection rate was compared among 8 groups of different clinical indication including adverse pregnancy history,advanced maternal age(≥35 years),high risk of Down syndrome screening,high risk of non-invasive prenatal testing(NIPT),nuchal translucency thickness(NT)≥2.5 mm,abnormal ultrasound findings,two or more concurrent positive indications,and others.The abnormal detection rate was calculated within high risk of Down syndrome screening and NIPT.Results:Significant differences in annual abnormal rates were observed from 2017 to 2023(χ2=19.705,P=0.003).Among 2 725 cases,233(8.55%)showed abnormal karyotypes.Among them,abnormal autosomal number was the most prevalent(4.41%,120/2 725),with inversion being the most common chromosome structural abnormality.Significant differences in abnormal rates were noted among the eight clinical indication groups(χ2=438.516,P＜0.01).No statistical difference was found in abnormal detection rates among the three high-risk subgroups of Down syndrome screening(χ2=0.323,P=0.851),while significant differences were observed within the high-risk subgroups of NIPT(χ2=100.901,P＜0.01).Polymorphisms were detected in 65 cases(2.38%).Conclusions:Chromosomal numerical and structural abnormalities have been detected in southern Anhui over the past seven years,with variations across subgroups.Karyotype analysis effectively detects second-trimester fetal chromosomal abnormalities,aiding in the prevention of birth defects and worthing clinical application.

Objective To explore the neuroelectrophysiological mechanism of the decline of overall cognitive function and prospective memory,the syndrome manifestation of liver failing to govern conveyance and dispersion of the middle-aged and elderly people in the community with long-term emotional disturbance were evaluated.Methods Eysenck personality questionnaire(EPQ)and general condition questionnaire were used to screen the middle-aged and elderly people from 46 to 65 years old in the community who met the high and low neuroticism criteria,which were included in the long-term emotional disturbance group and the control group.According to the principle of matching sex,age(±2 years)and years of education(±2 years),60 subjects in each group were included.The scores of livers meridian syndrome,anxiety factor,depression factor and the total scores of three factors in the two groups were detected with the emotion rating scale for Ganzangxiang of traditional Chinese medicine.The overall cognitive function,the overall level of prospective memory and the dual-task paradigm of event-related memory were evaluated and event-related potential components were detected.Results Compared to the control group,the total scores of emotion rating scale for Ganzangxiang of traditional Chinese medicine and the scores of liver meridian syndrome factor,anxiety factor and depression factor all increased in the long-term emotional disturbance group significantly(P<0.05).The total scores of MoCA scale(after correction)and the level scores of visual space and executive function,attention and delayed recall decreased significantly(P<0.05),and the total scores of prospective memory questionnaire decreased significantly(P<0.05).The correct rates of ongoing tasks and prospective memory tasks in the event-based prospective memory dual task paradigm were decreased,and the reaction time was prolonged in the long-term emotional disorder group significantly(P<0.05).The amplitude of P200 of ongoing task and prospective memory task were increased in the long-term emotional disorder group(0.05

Objective To explore the characteristics of acupoint selection and the law of acupoint compatibility in the treatment of Guillain-Barré syndrome(GBS)based on data mining.Methods Literature on acupuncture treatment of GBS was searched and screened from China National Knowledge Infrastructure,Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform,VIP,SioMed,PubMed,Embase,Web of Science,and Cochrane Library from the establishment of the database to December 1,2024 and to build database.The author information and acupuncture prescriptions were modified and imported according to the data entry requirements of the Traditional Chinese medicine inheritance computing platform V3.5,the relevant data were analyzed and integrated through the"Acupoint Analysis"module of the platform.Results A total of 140 related papers,145 valid prescriptions,involving 237 acupoints.The acupoints with higher frequency were Zusanli,Hegu,Quchi,Yanglingquan and etc.The analysis yielded 42 core acupoints,22 sets of strong association rules for core acupoints,and 5 new core acupuncture prescriptions.Conclusion Acupuncture treatment for GBS follows the principle of"treating impotence by taking Yangming alone",takes"benefiting Qi and draining heat,supporting the correctness and opening up the collaterals"as the main method,and attaches importance to"regulating the spirit and connecting the internal organs".

In this paper, two cases of primary familial and congenital polycythemia (PFCP) were reported, and the literature was reviewed. PFCP is a rare autosomal dominant inherited disease caused by a gain-of-function mutation in the EPOR gene, resulting in a loss of negative regulation of erythrocyte proliferation. The two patients were young women with simple polycythemia and clear family history, and identified to carry the truncated mutation c.1316G>A (p.W439*) of EPOR gene. At present, there is no unified treatment plan for PFCP. Currently, there is no standardized treatment for PFCP; management primarily aligns with guidelines for polycythemia vera, focusing on preventing thrombotic complications. This article discusses the clinical features of PFCP, EPOR gene mutations, and their pathogenic mechanisms, while providing diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations based on existing literature.