Objective To investigate the incidence trends and influencing factors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) -related cirrhosis in China, predict future disease burden, and provide evidence for public health prevention strategies. Methods Based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database, we employed joinpoint regression analysis to analyze NAFLD-related cirrhosis trends in China from 1990 to 2021, quantified influencing factors using age-period-cohort modeling, and predicted future incidence through Bayesian age-period-cohort analysis. Results The age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) of NAFLD-related cirrhosis showed a persistent increase from 1990 to 2021, with annual percentage changes (APCs) of 0.70% for male and 0.79% for female(both P<0.05). Age-effects revealed a U-shaped variation pattern, peaking in the 60-69 age group. Period effects indicated an incidence peak during 2017-2021. Cohort effects showed the most prominent risk in the 1992-1996 birth cohort. Projections suggested ASIR would further increase to 578.40 and 930.61 per 100 000 population for males and females, respectively, by 2030. Conclusions The disease burden of NAFLD-related cirrhosis continues to worsen in China, with future incidence rates projected to keep rising. Priority attention should be given to middle-aged and elderly populations and sex differences, with targeted prevention and control measures needing to be developed.

[摘 要] 目的：探讨绿茶单体表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯（EGCG）对大鼠肝癌发生过程中肠道菌群结构变化的影响。方法：建立二乙基亚硝胺（DEN）诱导的肝癌大鼠模型。将26只SD大鼠随机分成3组，分别为正常对照组、肝癌组和EGCG干预组。从实验开始第1天起，EGCG干预组每日给予EGCG（40 mg/kg）灌胃，正常对照组和肝癌组给予等量生理盐水灌胃，1次/日，持续至第20周。灌胃结束后，采集大鼠粪便样本，提取DNA，进行高通量16S rRNA V3-V4区测序；处死大鼠，取肝，观察肿瘤形成情况，并计算肝癌发生率。对测序数据进行生物信息学分析：经质控、聚类获得操作分类单元（OTU）表，据此计算α多样性指数（包括Observed species、Chao1、Shannon和Simpson指数），并进行β多样性分析。同时，对物种进行分类学注释，比较各组间菌群组成与丰度差异。结果： EGCG干预组大鼠（8只）肝脏肿瘤形成率明显低于肝癌组（10只）（50% vs 100%， P = 0.023），正常对照组（8只）大鼠无肿瘤发生。在肠道菌群方面，肝癌组操作分类单元（OTU）数量远低于正常对照组（P <0.001），而EGCG干预组OTU数量总体上高于肝癌组（P = 0.021）。α多样性分析显示，肝癌组Shannon指数低于正常对照组（P < 0.05）；此外，与肝癌组相比，EGCG干预组的Observed species指数、Chao1指数、Shannon指数和Simpson指数均显著提高（P < 0.05）。β多样性分析及主坐标分析（PCoA）表明，三组肠道菌群结构存在显著分离（PERMANOVA， R² = 0.3918， P = 0.001），其中EGCG干预组群落结构介于肝癌组与正常对照组之间，并更接近于正常对照组。肝癌组大鼠较正常大鼠肠道菌群中链球菌等潜在致病菌富集，丁酸产生相关菌（如丁酸球菌属、瘤胃球菌属等）丰度显著降低（P < 0.05）。相比之下，在EGCG干预肝癌发生过程中，大鼠肠道菌群结构相对稳定。厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门比值较肝癌组显著提高（P < 0.05），益生菌（如双歧杆菌属、乳杆菌属等）和丁酸产生相关菌（如丁酸球菌属）富集。结论：EGCG干预可降低DEN诱导的大鼠肝癌发生率，并有助于稳定肠道菌群结构，其作用可能与增加菌群多样性、促进益生菌及丁酸产生菌富集、恢复菌群平衡有关。

Objective To investigate the effect of bone metabolic markers on sarcopenia in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods A total of 412 patients with T2DM in the department of endocrinology of Nanjing Central Hospital from May 2020 to June 2025 were selected as the research subjects. According to Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) in 2019, these patients were evaluated for skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI), muscle strength, and muscle function, and were divided into a sarcopenia group (84 cases) and a non-sarcopenia group (328 cases). The glucolipid metabolic indexes were detected in both groups of patients, and the bone metabolic markers were evaluated, including procollagen type 1 N-terminal peptide (P1NP), beta-C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (β-CTX), and 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25-(OH)D]. The factors influencing the occurrence of sarcopenia in T2DM patients were analyzed by logistic regression analysis, and the diagnostic values of bone metabolic markers on sarcopenia in patients with T2DM were assessed by ROC curve. Results The levels of P1NP and 25-(OH)D were lower, while β-CTX level was higher in the sarcopenia group compared to the non-sarcopenia group, with statistical differences (P<0.05). After logistic correlation analysis, it was found that P1NP, β-CTX and 25-(OH)D were all influencing factors for the occurrence of sarcopenia in T2DM patients. ROC curve analysis suggested that combined detection of PINP, β-CTX, and 25-(OH)D had higher diagnostic value, with an area under the curve up to 0.805. Conclusion The abnormal expression of bone metabolic markers is associated with the increased risk of sarcopenia in patients with T2DM. The detection of serum bone metabolic markers expression level is of certain significance for the assessment of diabetes-related sarcopenia.

Gene therapy, harnessing the power of CRISPR-Cas9 and/or DNAzyme systems, stands as a pivotal approach in cancer therapy, enabling the meticulous manipulation of genes pivotal to tumorigenesis and immunity. However, the pursuit of precise gene therapy encounters formidable hurdles. Herein, a near-infrared upconversion theranostic nanomachine is devised and tailors for CRISPR-Cas9/DNAzyme systems mediate precise gene therapy. An ingenious logic DNAzyme system consists of Chain 1 (C1)/Chain 2 (C2) and endogenous lncRNA is designed. We employ manganese modified upconversion nanoparticles for carrying ultraviolet-responsive C1-PC linker-C2 (C₂P) chain and Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP), with outermost coats with hyaluronic acid. Upon reaching tumor microenvironment (TME), the released Mn²⁺ ions orchestrate a trifecta: facilitating endosomal escape, activating cGAS-STING signaling, and enabling T1-magnetic resonance imaging. Under near-infrared irradiation, Cas9 RNP/C₂P complex dissociates, releasing Cas9 RNP into the nucleus to perform gene editing of Ptpn2, while C1/C2 chains self-assemble with endogenous lncRNA to form a functional DNAzyme system, targeting PD-L1 mRNA for gene silencing. This strategy remodels the TME by activating cGAS-STING signaling and dual immune checkpoints blockade, thus realizing tumor elimination. Our theranostic nanomachine armed with the CRISPR-Cas9/DNAzyme logic systems, represents a resourceful and promising strategy for advancing cancer systemic immunotherapy and precise gene therapy.

Objective To investigate the level and significance of serum suprabasin(SBSN)in patients with colorectal cancer(CRC).Methods A total of 200 patients with CRC in Nanjing Medical University Af-filiated Cancer Hospital from October 2023 to October 2024 were selected as the CRC group,200 patients with colorectal polyps were selected as the benign bowel disease(BCD)group,and 177 healthy people were selected as the control group.In addition,the serum SBSN levels of 84 CRC patients 7-10 d after surgery were collect-ed.The levels of SBSN in each group were compared,and the relationship between serum SBSN level and clin-icopathological characteristics of CRC patients was analyzed.Multivariate Logistic regression was used to ana-lyze the influencing factors of CRC.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to analyze the diagnostic efficacy of serum SBSN alone and in combination with carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA)and carbo-hydrate antigen 19-9(CA19-9)for CRC.Results The serum SBSN level in CRC group was significantly high-er than that in BCD group and control group(P＜0.001).Serum SBSN level in CRC patients was associated with TNM stage and lymph node metastasis(both P=0.001),but not with other clinicopathological features(P＞0.05).Serum SBSN,CEA,CA19-9 were independent risk factors for CRC(P＜0.001).ROC curve anal-ysis showed that the area under the curve(AUC)of SBSN alone in the diagnosis of CRC was 0.734,which was higher than that of CEA(0.611)and CA19-9(0.669)alone,and the AUC of the three combined diagno-sis of CRC was 0.816.The sensitivity and specificity were 70.0％and 81.4％,respectively.The serum SBSN level of CRC patients decreased after operation,and the difference was statistically significant compared with that before operation(P＜0.05).Conclusion SBSN is associated with the occurrence,metastasis and progno-sis of colorectal cancer,and has a certain clinical value in the diagnosis and prediction of colorectal cancer.Ser-um SBSN is a potential biomarker for the auxiliary diagnosis of colorectal cancer.

Objective To investigate the relationship between the levels of serum suppressor of cytokine signaling 3(SOCS3),growth differentiation factor-15(GDF-15)and liver fibrosis in patients with type 2 dia-betes mellitus(T2DM)combined with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).Methods A total of 320 patients with T2DM combined with NAFLD who were hospitalized in this hospital from May 2023 to May 2024 were selected as the study group,and another 320 patients with simple T2DM admitted during the same period were selected as the control group.The levels of serum SOCS3 and GDF-15 were determined by en-zyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between SOCS3,GDF-15 levels and liver fibrosis indicators.Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the factors affecting the degree of liver fibrosis.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to analyze the diagnostic value of serum SOCS3 and GDF-15 for the degree of liver fibrosis in patients.Results Compared with the control group,the levels of serum SOCS3,GDF-15,5,type Ⅲ procollagen peptide,laminin and type Ⅳ col-lagen in the study group were significantly increased(P＜0.05).There were statistically significant differ-ences in the levels of type Ⅲ procollagen peptide,laminin and type Ⅳ collagen between the mild to moderate group and the severe group(P＜0.05).Compared with the mild to moderate group,the levels of serum SOCS3 and GDF-15 in the severe group were significantly increased(P＜0.05).The results of Pearson corre-lation analysis showed that serum SOCS3 and GDF-15 in patients with T2DM combined with NAFLD were positively correlated with type Ⅲ procollagen peptide,laminin,and type Ⅳ collagen(P＜0.05).Serum SOCS3,GDF-1 5,type Ⅲ procollagen peptide,laminin and type Ⅳ collagen are risk factors affecting the degree of liver fibrosis in patients with T2DM combined with NAFLD(P＜0.05).The results of the ROC curve showed that the combined diagnosis of serum SOCS3 and GDF-15 for the degree of liver fibrosis in patients with T2DM complicated with NAFLD had the highest area under the curve(AUC),which was superior to the individual diagnosis of each(both P＜0.05),with a corresponding sensitivity of 69.08％and a specificity of 85.71％.The combined diagnosis of the degree of liver fibrosis in patients with T2DM complicated with NAFLD by serum SOCS3,GDF-15,type Ⅲ procollagen peptide,laminin,and type Ⅳ collagen had the highest AUC,which was superior to the individual diagnosis of each index(all P＜0.001),with a corresponding sensi-tivity of 89.47％and a specificity of 97.02％.Conclusion The levels of serum SOCS3 and GDF-15 are elevated in patients with T2DM combined with NAFLD,.The combined diagnosis of serum SOCS3,GDF-15,type Ⅲ procolla-gen peptide,laminin,and type Ⅳ collagen has a high value in the degree of liver fibrosis in patients.

China emerges as a major country in nuclear energy development and the application of nuclear and radiologic technology. The diagnosis and treatment of acute radiation syndrom (ARS) caused by external irradiation represent a core function in the country′s medical rescue of nuclear and radiological emergencies. Clinically, ARS manifests hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, cutaneous, and central nervous system syndromes, with specific clinical manifestations, signs, severity, and prognosis strongly correlated with radiation dose. China has established a number of national and provincial centers for treating radiation-induced damage. Nevertheless, most medical staff have limited experience in ARS treatment. This consensus presents a summary of recent experience in treating ARS of China. In combination with recommendations from international organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), this consensus proposes key evidence of critical clinical issues of ARS, covering all links in the rescue of external irradiation-induced ARS. Initially, clinical diagnosis, syndromes, and severe degrees should be determined based on clinical symptoms and dose estimates. It is necessary to normalize clinical treatment measures for hematopoietic recovery, gastrointestinal injury treatment, infection control, symptomatic treatment, and multi-organ function preservation. To this end, this consensus offers cautions. This consensus provides principles of treatment with traditional Chinese medicine, psychological intervention, and follow-up. Additionally, it highlights multidisciplinary collaboration. It is recommended that this consensus be applied in relevant treatment centers.

Objective To investigate the expression pattern and potential functional mechanisms of hematological and neurological expressed 1(HN1)in ovarian cancer(OC).Methods The gene expression profiling interactive analysis(GEPIA),Kaplan-Meier plotter,and the University of Alabama at Birmingham Cancer Data Analysis Portal(UALCAN)online databases were utilized to analyze the expression profile of HN1 across pan-cancer datasets,as well as its differential expression and prognostic significance in OC.Co-expressed genes of HN1 were identified based on the cancer genome atlas database,followed by functional enrichment analyses using Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathways.Furthermore,the association between HN1 expression and immune cell infiltration in OC tissues was explored by using R software.Results Analysis of the GEPIA database revealed that HN 1 expression was significantly elevated in 20 types of tumor tissues,including OC,compared to normal tissues(P＜0.05).UALCAN data indicated that HN1 expression was markedly higher in poorly differentiated OC patients(P＜0.05).Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that patients with high HN 1 expression had significantly shorter progression-free survival,overall survival,and post-progression survival compared to those with low HN1 expression(P＜0.05).GO and KEGG enrichment analyses suggested that HN1 is mainly involved in the regulation of the cell cycle.Immunological analysis demonstrated that HN 1 expression levels were positively correlated with the infiltration of CD4+Th2 cells and dendritic cells in OC tissues(P＜0.05).Conclusion HN1 is highly expressed in OC and may play a role in tumor progression by regulating cell cycle,promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition,and modulating immune cell infiltration.HN1 has the potential to serve as a novel biomarker for the diagnosis and targeted therapy of OC.

Objective:To analyze the genetic characteristics of coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) related to hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Jiaxing from 2021 to 2023, and understand the biological and molecular evolutionary characteristics of CVA16 in this city.Methods:Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR was used to detect enterovirus and its types in collected HFMD case samples. At the same time, virus isolation and cultivation were performed on positive samples using RD cells. Then high-throughput sequencing of the whole genome was performed on 23 strains of CVA16 identified from the isolated samples. Finally we obtained its whole genome sequence. DNAStar, MEGA 6.0, Simplot 3.5.1 and other bioinformatics software were used to compare and analyze the sequences, construct the phylogenetic tree of VP1 region, and realize the genotype composition. And these software were also used to analyze the homology of the whole genome nucleotide sequence and the encoded amino acids, while know well the amino acid mutation sites and gene recombination in the main regions.Results:The results showed that among the 1 836 HFMD specimens tested from 2021 to 2023, 1 432 (78.00%, 1 432/1 836) were positive for enterovirus general genes, of which 263 were positive for CVA16, accounting for 18.37% (263/1 432) of the confirmed positive cases. Twenty-three CVA16 strains were sequenced and all of them were B1 subtype, of which 6 strains belong to B1b and 17 strains belong to B1a, with B1a being dominant. B1a strains in Jiaxing showed genetic relatedness to strains isolated in Beijing, Yunnan, Guangzhou, Jiangsu and other places in 2018 to 2023, as well as strains from Vietnam, Thailand, and Australia from 2015 to 2017. B1b strains exhibited consistent amino acid mutations of L23M in the VP1 region and V217I in the VP2 region, while B1a strains exhibited amino acid mutations of S14N/D, T164K, and V251I in the VP1 region and R41H in the VP3 region. Compared with the prototype strain, the 23 strains of CVA16 in Jiaxing accumulated the largest number of amino acid mutations in the coding region, with 28 and 50 mutations in the VP1 and 3D regions, respectively. The recombination patterns of B1a and B1b strains were slightly different, with B1a type showing recombination with CVA8 in the 5′-UTR region instead of CVA4, B1a was similar to enterovirus A71 in most of P2 and P3 regions, and recombined with CVA5 in the 3D region of P3.Conclusions:The prevalent strain of CVA16 in Jiaxing may share a common trend of co-circulation and evolution with those in other provinces. The recombination mainly occurs in the 5′-UTR region and non-structural protein coding regions of P2 and P3. Continuous molecular surveillance of CVA16 is in need, and whole-genome sequencing can help understand the genetic variation, evolution, and recombination of strains.This information will provide a more robust basis for the monitoring and early warning, vaccine development, and prevention and control efforts against HFMD.

Non-inferiority clinical trials are a research paradigm that employs randomized controlled methods to evaluate whether the treatment effect of the experimental group is not inferior to that of the active control group within a predefined acceptable margin. This article systematically summarizes the applicable conditions, key design elements, and statistical analysis methods for non-inferiority trials. By integrating representative case studies in the field of oncology, it elucidates the unique value of non-inferiority designs in balancing benefits and risks and in optimizing therapeutic decisions. Through reviewing theoretical frameworks and addressing common misconceptions in methodological practices, this study aims to provide clear guidance for the standardized design and scientific interpretation of non-inferiority trials, thereby promoting their high-quality application in clinical research.