Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of low-volume high-intensity interval training(LV-HIIT)protocols defined by the W'Balance(W'BAL)model in achieving maximal activation of both anaerobic and aerobic energy systems.Methods Twenty-eight national-level athletes(age:20±1 years old;height:174±9 cm;weight:65.1±9.4 kg)completed an incremental exercise test,followed by six supra-critical power(supra-CP)and five sub-CP constant-load tests to determine VO2max,maximal accumulated oxygen deficit(MAOD),critical power(CP),and W prime(W').They then performed three randomly ordered LV-HIIT protocols(each of 4-minute total duration),with a 10-second inter-val for passive recovery between bouts.The protocols consisted of 10s(HIIT10/10),20s(HIIT20/10),and 30 s(HIIT30/10).Exercise intensities were individually prescribed using the W'BAL model.Accu-mulated oxygen deficit(AOD)and net AOD(NAOD)were calculated for each protocol.Results Final 10-s oxygen uptake(VO2)reached 77％,88％,and 89％of VO2max in HIIT10/10,HIIT20/10,and HIIT30/10,respectively(P<0.05).VO2 in HIIT10/10 was significantly lower than in HIIT20/10 and HIIT30/10(P<0.05),with no significant difference between the latter two(P>0.05).AOD did not differ significantly from MAOD among the three protocols(P>0.05),whereas NAOD was significantly lower than MAOD in all cases(P<0.05).Additionally,NAOD in HIIT10/10 was significantly lower than in HIIT20/10 and HI-IT30/10(P<0.05),with no significant difference between the latter two(P>0.05).Conclusion The HIIT20/10 and HIIT30/10 intensity established by the W'BAL model can substantially elicit maximal activation of both anaerobic and aerobic energy systems.While the W'BAL model demonstrates potential for set-ting exercise intensities in LV-HIIT,future studies are necessary to develop specific W'recovery rate models for targeted populations and to refine CP models that are better suited for intermittent exercises.

Objective To explore the imaging manifestations of Rosai-Dorfman disease(RDD)in children.Methods A total of 12 children with RDD confirmed by pathology were retrospectively enrolled,including 8 cases underwent non-contrast CT(NCCT)+contrast enhanced CT(CECT),2 cases underwent NCCT+CECT+non-contrast MR(NCMR)+contrast enhanced MR(CEMR),1 case underwent NCCT+NCMR and CEMR,while 1 case underwent NCCT and X-ray examinations.Imaging manifestations of RDD in children were observed.Results Among 12 cases,intranodal type RDD was found in 7 case,extranodal type RDD in 3 cases,and mixed type(with both lymph nodes and extranodal sites affected)RDD were noticed in 2 cases.In 7 cases of intranodal type RDD,NCCT and CECT showed multiple lymph node enlargements in both sides of the neck,with uniform isodensity on NCCT and mild-moderate progressive enhancement in 5 cases,while with low-density necrotic area and ring-shaped enhancement in 2 cases.Among 3 cases of extranodal RDD,the lesion in 1 case involved nasal cavity and posterior group of ethmoid sinuses on CT and MRI,which developed circular soft tissue mass centered on nasal septum with moderate heterogeneous enhancement,also compressed the adjacent bone with destruction.In another case of extranodal RDD,CT showed that the lesion involved left ilium and bilateral parietal bones,with bone destruction accompanied by obvious periosteal reaction and soft tissue mass,which was mildly enhanced.In the rest 1 case of extranodal RDD,CT and X-ray film showed that the lesion involved the upper segment of right femur and left parietal bone,with osteolytic destruction accompanied by layered periosteal reaction.The lesions in both 2 cases of mixed type RDD involved brain(1 case involved left parieto-occipital lobe,1 case involved bilateral temporal lobes,left frontal lobe and bilateral occipital lobes),presented as isodensity on CT and equal or slightly low signal intensity on T 1WI,equal-high mixed signal intensity on T2WI,some shaped like brain gyral with mild edema of surrounding tissue,and nodular or mass-like significant enhancement.RDD involvements of bilateral lung,mediastinum and hilar lymph nodes were also observed in the above 2 cases,chest CT showed multiple nodular or small patchy uniform high-density shadows in bilateral lungs,as well as enlarged mediastinum and hilar lymph nodes.Conclusion Imaging manifestations of pediatric RDD had certain specificity,being helpful to diagnosis.

To investigate the effects of zearalenone(ZEA)on the proliferation and apoptosis of sika deer antler chondrocytes,the chondrocytes were isolated and cultured in vitro and treated with 50μmol/L ZEA for 24 h.Flow cytometry was used to assess cell proliferation,cell cycle,apoptosis,mitochondrial membrane potential,and intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species(ROS).The expression changes of hypertrophic cartilage cell marker genes Col X,Runx2,Alpl,and apoptosis-related genes Casp-3,Bax,Bcl-2 were measured using quantitative PCR.Additionally,glutathione reductase(GR)activity and the levels of the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde(MDA)were determined.The results showed that after 24 h of ZEA treatment,cell proliferation was sig-nificantly inhibited,with an increase in the number of cells in the G0/G1 phase and a decrease in the S phase.The expression levels of hypertrophic chondrocyte marker genes Col X,Runx2 and Al-pl were significantly increased.Apoptosis rate was significantly increased,with elevated expression of pro-apoptotic genes Casp-3,Bax and reduced expression of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2.The content of MDA in the antler chondrocytes increased,ROS levels rose,and GR activity decreased.The mitochondrial membrane potential reduced.The results suggested that ZEA could inhibit the proliferation of antler chondrocytes and promote the apoptosis by regulating cellular oxidative stress responses and the expression of apoptosis-related genes.

With the rapid development of artificial intelligence, computational pathology has been seamlessly integrated into the entire clinical workflow, which encompasses diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and biomarker discovery. This integration has significantly enhanced clinical accuracy and efficiency while reducing the workload for clinicians. Traditionally, research in this field has depended on the collection and labeling of large datasets for specific tasks, followed by the development of task-specific computational pathology models. However, this approach is labor intensive and does not scale efficiently for open-set identification or rare diseases. Given the diversity of clinical tasks, training individual models from scratch to address the whole spectrum of clinical tasks in the pathology workflow is impractical, which highlights the urgent need to transition from task-specific models to foundation models (FMs). In recent years, pathological FMs have proliferated. These FMs can be classified into three categories, namely, pathology image FMs, pathology image-text FMs, and pathology image-gene FMs, each of which results in distinct functionalities and application scenarios. This review provides an overview of the latest research advancements in pathological FMs, with a particular emphasis on their applications in oncology. The key challenges and opportunities presented by pathological FMs in precision oncology are also explored.
Humans ; Precision Medicine/methods* ; Medical Oncology/methods* ; Artificial Intelligence ; Neoplasms/pathology* ; Computational Biology/methods*

Wastewater-based epidemiology has emerged as a transformative surveillance tool for estimating substance consumption and monitoring disease prevalence, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. It enables the population-level monitoring of illicit drug use, pathogen prevalence, and environmental pollutant exposure. In this perspective, we summarize the key challenges specific to the Chinese context: (1) Sampling inconsistencies, necessitating standardized 24-hour composite protocols with high-frequency autosamplers (≤ 15 min/event) to improve the representativeness of samples; (2) Biomarker validation, requiring rigorous assessment of excretion profiles and in-sewer stability; (3) Analytical method disparities, demanding inter-laboratory proficiency testing and the development of automated pretreatment instruments; (4) Catchment population dynamics, reducing estimation uncertainties through mobile phone data, flow-based models, or hydrochemical parameters; and (5) Ethical and data management concerns, including privacy risks for small communities, mitigated through data de-identification and tiered reporting platforms. To address these challenges, we propose an integrated framework that features adaptive sampling networks, multi-scale wastewater sample banks, biomarker databases with multidimensional metadata, and intelligent data dashboards. In summary, wastewater-based epidemiology offers unparalleled scalability for equitable health surveillance and can improve the health of the entire population by providing timely and objective information to guide the development of targeted policies.
China/epidemiology* ; Humans ; Wastewater/analysis* ; COVID-19/epidemiology* ; Public Health ; Wastewater-Based Epidemiological Monitoring ; SARS-CoV-2

Objective To investigate the efficacy and mechanism of topiramate combined with oxcarbazepine in children with epilepsy.Methods The targeted genes of topiramate and oxcarbazepine were analyzed by pharm GKB database;targeted genes of epilepsy in children were screened by GeneCards database;the drug-disease-target gene network map was constructed using Cytoscape 3.9.1 software.A total of 83 children with epilepsy were enrolled and treated for the first time,which were divided into topiramate group and combined drugs group according to the different drugs used.The level of serum mechanistic target of rapamycin(mTOR),epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR),nitrogen permease regulator 3-like protein(NPRL3)of two groups were observed by ELISA,and the EEG and therapeutic effect were recorded.Results mTOR,EGFR,NPRL3 were the target genes of topiramate combined with oxcarbazepine in the treatment of epilepsy in children.There was no significant difference in seizure rate between the combined drugs group and topiramate group(x2=3.239,P=0.072).The efficacy of combined drug group was significantly better than that of the topiramate group(x2=5.817,P=0.049).The rate of standing wave ratio(SWR)≤2 in EEG spike in the combined drug group was significantly higher than that in the topiramate group(P=0.018).There was different in spike location between combined drug group and topiramate group(P=0.002),while not different statistically in spike region of two groups(P＞0.05).Compared with those in topiramate group,the number of sharp waves in the combination group was significantly reduced at 1 month,3 months and 6 months after treatment,and the sharp wave clearance rate was significantly increased at 1 month,3 months,5 months and 6 months after treatment(P＜0.05-0.01).There was no significant difference in levels of mTOR,EGFR,NPRL3 between the combination group and topiramate groups before treatment(all P＞0.05).Compared with those in topiramate group,the levels of mTOR,EGFR in combined drug group after treatment were significantly decreased(P=0.028,P=0.006),and the level of NPRL3 was significantly increased(P=0.007).Survival analysis showed the median duration of epilepsy work was 6(5,6)months,the seizure rate was 55.42％.Compared with patients with mTOR ≤9.93(16.7％),patients with mTOR＞9.93(93.1％)had a significantly higher probability of epilepsy(x2=11.430,P＜0.001).Conclusion Topiramate combined with oxcarbazepine may reduce the pike and wave rate of EEG,improve epileptic seizures,the mechanism maybe related to the levels of mTOR,NPRL3 and EGFR.

Objective To understand the serologic prevalence and infection status of Cytomegalovirus(CMV)in children aged 0～1 years,and explore the risk factors of CMV infection for clinical reference.Methods The data of 4 938 children aged 0～1 years who underwent chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay for TORCH in Department of Inpatient and Department of Pediatrics Outpatient of Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Inner Mongolia from January 2020 to December 2022 were retrospectively analyzed to understand the seroprevalence of human CMV(HCMV)among children in the region,and analyzed the risk factors associated with HCMV infections by combining the results of laboratory tests and clinical information.Results In 4 938 children,the total antibody positivity rate was 94.01%(4 642/4 938),the total IgG antibody positivity rate was 93.86%(4 635/4 938),the total IgM antibody positivity rate was 8.10%(400/4 938),and the positive rate of the two simultaneous detections was 7.96%(393/4 938).The difference in HCMV-IgG and HCMV-IgM antibodies positivity rates beteen different age groups were statistically significant(χ2=36.350,1 043.199,all P<0.05),and the differences in HCMV-IgG and IgM antibodies between boys and girls were not statistically significant(χ2=0.215,1.184,all P＞0.05).According to univariate analysis,the breast-feeding and vaginal delivery rates in the infected group were higher than those in the control group,and the differences in feeding and birth methods were statistically significant(χ2=10.777,5.725,all P<0.05).Multifactorial analysis found that breast-feeding and transvaginal delivery were independent risk factors for HCMV infection,and the differences was statistically significant(Wald χ2=6.247,10.057,all P<0.05).Conclusion The serologic antibody positivity rate of HCMV in children within 1 year of age is as high as 94.01%,and infants aged 3 months to 6 months are most susceptible to infection.Breastfeeding and transvaginal delivery are independent risk factors for HCMV infection in children within 1 year of age.

Objective:To explore the impact of individual demand-oriented team holistic service nursing on the compliance of nebulization inhalation, pulmonary ventilation status, respiratory function and exercise capacity of elderly patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD), and to provide a reference for clinical nursing decisions.Methods:A single-blind randomized controlled study was conducted. Elderly patients with AECOPD who were hospitalized in Fuyang Cancer Hospital, Anhui Province from January 2022 to December 2023 were selected as the research subjects by convenience sampling. They were divided into the control group and the observation group by random number table method. The control group received routine care. The observation group adopted the individual demand-oriented team holistic service nursing on the basis of the control group. The compliance of nebulization treatment, pulmonary ventilation status [forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV 1), FEV 1/FVC], and exercise capacity [six minutes walk test (6MWT)] of the two groups of patients after intervention were compared, and the respiratory function [modified Medical Research Council Scale (mMRC)] after 3 days of intervention and at discharge were compared. Results:A total of 60 patients were finally included, including 30 in the control group, 21 males and 9 females, with an age of (73.90 ± 3.95) years. There were 30 cases in the observation group, including 25 males and 5 females, with an age of (72.93 ± 4.24) years. After the intervention, the compliance of nebulization treatment in the observation group was complete compliance in 20 cases, partial compliance in 10 cases, and non-compliance in 0 cases. In the control group, it was complete compliance in 12 cases, partial compliance in 13 cases, and non-compliance in 5 cases, there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups ( Z=2.40, P<0.05). The FVC, FEV 1 and FEV 1/FVC in the observation group were (2.43 ± 0.47) L, (2.74 ± 0.85) L and (68.46 ± 6.71) % respectively, which were all higher than (2.21 ± 0.16) L, (2.26 ± 0.76) L and (62.49 ± 7.38) % in the control group, and the differences were all statistically significant ( t=2.43, 2.31, 3.28, all P<0.05). The 6MWT of the observation group was (233.42 ± 24.28) m, which was higher than (214.28 ± 21.63) m in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=3.22, P<0.05). The mMRC scores of the observation group 3 days after intervention and at discharge were (2.05 ± 0.12) and (1.64 ± 0.13) points respectively, which were both lower than (2.14 ± 0.21) and (1.88 ± 0.14) points in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant ( t=2.04, 6.88, both P<0.05). Conclusions:The individual demand-oriented team holistic service nursing in elderly patients with AECOPD can improve their compliance with nebulization treatment, thereby enhancing their respiratory function and exercise capacity.

To investigate the effects of zearalenone(ZEA)on the proliferation and apoptosis of sika deer antler chondrocytes,the chondrocytes were isolated and cultured in vitro and treated with 50μmol/L ZEA for 24 h.Flow cytometry was used to assess cell proliferation,cell cycle,apoptosis,mitochondrial membrane potential,and intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species(ROS).The expression changes of hypertrophic cartilage cell marker genes Col X,Runx2,Alpl,and apoptosis-related genes Casp-3,Bax,Bcl-2 were measured using quantitative PCR.Additionally,glutathione reductase(GR)activity and the levels of the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde(MDA)were determined.The results showed that after 24 h of ZEA treatment,cell proliferation was sig-nificantly inhibited,with an increase in the number of cells in the G0/G1 phase and a decrease in the S phase.The expression levels of hypertrophic chondrocyte marker genes Col X,Runx2 and Al-pl were significantly increased.Apoptosis rate was significantly increased,with elevated expression of pro-apoptotic genes Casp-3,Bax and reduced expression of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2.The content of MDA in the antler chondrocytes increased,ROS levels rose,and GR activity decreased.The mitochondrial membrane potential reduced.The results suggested that ZEA could inhibit the proliferation of antler chondrocytes and promote the apoptosis by regulating cellular oxidative stress responses and the expression of apoptosis-related genes.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of low-volume high-intensity interval training(LV-HIIT)protocols defined by the W'Balance(W'BAL)model in achieving maximal activation of both anaerobic and aerobic energy systems.Methods Twenty-eight national-level athletes(age:20±1 years old;height:174±9 cm;weight:65.1±9.4 kg)completed an incremental exercise test,followed by six supra-critical power(supra-CP)and five sub-CP constant-load tests to determine VO2max,maximal accumulated oxygen deficit(MAOD),critical power(CP),and W prime(W').They then performed three randomly ordered LV-HIIT protocols(each of 4-minute total duration),with a 10-second inter-val for passive recovery between bouts.The protocols consisted of 10s(HIIT10/10),20s(HIIT20/10),and 30 s(HIIT30/10).Exercise intensities were individually prescribed using the W'BAL model.Accu-mulated oxygen deficit(AOD)and net AOD(NAOD)were calculated for each protocol.Results Final 10-s oxygen uptake(VO2)reached 77％,88％,and 89％of VO2max in HIIT10/10,HIIT20/10,and HIIT30/10,respectively(P<0.05).VO2 in HIIT10/10 was significantly lower than in HIIT20/10 and HIIT30/10(P<0.05),with no significant difference between the latter two(P>0.05).AOD did not differ significantly from MAOD among the three protocols(P>0.05),whereas NAOD was significantly lower than MAOD in all cases(P<0.05).Additionally,NAOD in HIIT10/10 was significantly lower than in HIIT20/10 and HI-IT30/10(P<0.05),with no significant difference between the latter two(P>0.05).Conclusion The HIIT20/10 and HIIT30/10 intensity established by the W'BAL model can substantially elicit maximal activation of both anaerobic and aerobic energy systems.While the W'BAL model demonstrates potential for set-ting exercise intensities in LV-HIIT,future studies are necessary to develop specific W'recovery rate models for targeted populations and to refine CP models that are better suited for intermittent exercises.