In recent years, with the endless emergence of meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD)diagnostic equipment, rich treatment methods, and in-depth clinical and basic research on MGD at home and abroad, the understanding of MGD has entered a new stage. MGD-related dry eye is considered to be the main cause of lipid abnormal dry eye, and its occurrence and development is a chronic and multi-factorial pathological process. This article reviews the pathogenesis, imaging analysis and clinical treatment progress of MGD-related dry eye, in order to provide scientific evidence and ideas for clinical diagnosis and therapy of MGD-related dry eye.

BACKGROUND:Our previous studies have found that poly(vinylidene fluoride)bionic periosteum prepared by electrospinning has good cytocompatibility,but its biocompatibility is unknown. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the biocompatibility of poly(vinylidene fluoride)bionic periosteum doped with Zn2+and Mg2+. METHODS:Poly(vinylidene fluoride),poly(vinylidene fluoride)bionic periosteum doped with 1％Zn2+,doped with 1％Mg2+,and doped with 1％(Zn2++Mg2+)were prepared by electrospinning to make bionic periosteum extract.SD rats were selected as the experimental subjects for hemolysis test,short-term systemic toxicity test,and heat source test.Guinea pigs were selected as the experimental subjects for skin sensitization test.The biocompatibility of bionic periosteum of four groups was tested. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The hemolysis test results showed that the hemolysis rates of 1％Zn2+poly(vinylidene fluoride),1％Mg2+poly(vinylidene fluoride),1％Zn2++1％Mg2+poly(vinylidene fluoride)bionic periosteum and poly(vinylidene fluoride)extract were(0.130±0.013)％,(0.149±0.020)％,(0.466±0.018)％,and(0.037±0.018)％,respectively,which met the hemocompatibility standard of biomaterials.(2)The results of short-term systemic toxicity test showed that the four groups of bionic periosteal extract had no toxic signs such as body mass reduction,food intake changes,and dyspnea in SD rats,and had no toxic effects on major organs of rats.(3)Heat source test results showed that after intervention with poly(vinylidene fluoride)bionic periosteum doped with 1％Zn2+,doped with 1％Mg2+,and doped with 1％(Zn2++Mg2+),and poly(vinylidene fluoride)bionic periosteum extract,the elevated body temperature values of SD rats were(0.133±0.058),(0.100±0.010),(0.300±0.010),and(0.300±0.017)℃respectively.All were less than 0.6 ℃and the total temperature increase was less than 1.4 ℃.(4)The results of skin sensitization test showed that no erythema or edema was observed under the skin of guinea pigs after the intervention of bionic periosteum extract of four groups.(5)The results showed that poly(vinylidene fluoride)and poly(vinylidene fluoride)bionic periosteum doped with Zn2+and Mg2+had good biocompatibility.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of capecitabine metronomic chemotherapy combined with aromatase inhibitor （AI） versus AI monotherapy as first-line treatment for hormone receptor-positive （HR+）/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative （HER2－） metastatic breast cancer， thereby providing evidence-based support for clinical therapeutic decision- making and healthcare policy formulation. METHODS Based on the MECCA trial， a partitioned survival model was constructed using a 4-week cycle length to simulate outcomes over patients’ lifetime. The model outputs included total costs， quality-adjusted life year （QALY）， and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio （ICER）. Sensitivity analyses were performed to validate the robustness of base-case results， while scenario analyses examined the cost-effectiveness of both treatment strategies under 10-year， 20-year， and lifetime time horizons. RESULTS With the willingness-to-pay （WTP） threshold set at 1 times China’s 2024 per capita gross domestic product （GDP） （95 749 yuan/QALY）， patients receiving capecitabine metronomic chemotherapy combined with AI regimen gained incremental utility （0.66 QALYs） while incurring higher costs， with ICER of 27 684.85 yuan/QALY. Results of the one-way sensitivity analysis showed that factors with significant impacts on ICER included the cost discount rate， drug costs of the capecitabine metronomic chemotherapy combined with AI group， utility value in the progression-free survival state， follow-up costs， and treatment costs in the subsequent stablephase. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis indicated that when the WTP threshold ≥49 250 yuan/QALY， the capecitabine metronomic chemotherapy combined with AI regimen had a 100% probability of being cost-effective. Scenario analysis results demonstrated that capecitabine metronomic chemotherapy combined with AI regimen was more cost-effective than the AI alone regimen across 10-year， 20-year， and lifetime study horizons. CONCLUSIONS Under the premise that the WTP threshold is set at 1 times China’s per capita GDP in 2024， capecitabine metronomic chemotherapy combined with AI regimen is more cost-effective than the AI alone regimen as the first-line treatment for HR+/HER2－ metastatic breast cancer.

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), as a treasure of the Chinese nation, plays a significant role in maintaining public health. In 2019, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council proposed for the first time the establishment of a TCM registration and evaluation evidence system that integrates TCM theory, "personal experience" and clinical trials (referred to as the "Three-in-One" System) to promote the inheritance and innovation of TCM. Subsequently, the National Medical Products Administration issued several guiding principles to advance the improvement and implementation of this system. Owing to the complexity of its implementation, there are still differing understandings within the TCM industry regarding the positioning of the "Three-in-One" Registration and Evaluation Evidence System, as well as the connotation and value orientation of the "personal experience." To address this, Academician WANG Qi, President of the TCM Association, China International Exchange and Promotion Association for Medical and Healthcare and TCM master, led a group of academicians, TCM masters, TCM pharmacology experts and clinical TCM experts to convene a "Seminar on Promoting the Implementation of the ′Three-in-One′ Registration and Evaluation Evidence System for Chinese Medicinals." Through extensive discussions, an expert consensus was formed, clarifying the different roles of the TCM theory, "personal experience" and clinical trials within the system. It was further emphasized that the "personal experience" is the core of this system, and its data should be derived from clinical practice scenarios. In the future, the improvement of this system will require collaborative efforts across multiple fields to promote the high-quality development of the Chinese medicinal industry.

OBJECTIVE To construct ensemble learning models for predicting high-use days of budesonide based on meteorological factors， thereby providing reference for hospital pharmacy management. METHODS Meteorological data for 2024 and outpatient budesonide usage data from the jurisdiction of Sanming Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine were collected. High-use days were defined as the 75th percentile of outpatient budesonide usage， and a corresponding dataset was established. The prediction task was formulated as a classification problem， and three ensemble learning models were developed： Random Forest， Extreme Gradient Boosting （XGBoost）， and Histogram-based Gradient Boosting Classifier. Model performance was evaluated using accuracy， precision， recall， F1-score， and log-loss. Model interpretability was analyzed using Shapley Additive Explanations （SHAP）. RESULTS The Histogram-based Gradient Boosting Classifier achieved the best performance （accuracy＝0.75， F1-score＝0.48）， followed by XGBoost （accuracy＝0.74， F1-score＝0.43） and Random Forest （accuracy＝0.72， F1-score＝0.22）. SHAP results suggested that the prediction results of the last two models have the highest correction. CONCLUSIONS Ensemble learning models can effectively predict high-use days of budesonide， with the Histogram- based Gradient Boosting Classifier demonstrating the best predictive performance. Low temperature， high humidity， and low atmospheric pressure show significant positive impacts on the prediction of daily budesonide usage.

Background China is a major coal producer and consumer country in the world. Coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) is a primary factor endangering the occupational health of coal miners. Research on the disease burden of CWP and its changing trend is significant for disease prevention & control and associated policies. Objective To analyze the disease burden of CWP in China from 1990 to 2021 and its changing trend, and predict the disease burden from 2022 to 2035. Methods Using the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) database of 2021, numbers ofincident cases, prevalent cases, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) as well as crude and age-standardized rates of CWP in China were retrieved. Linear regression model was used to calculate the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) of the age-standardized rates. Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze the temporal trend of disease burden and the disease burden of different sexes and age groups, and Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model was used to forecast the trend of CWP disease burden. Results In 1990, the incident, prevalent, and deaths cases of CWP in China were 3266, 18872, and 1561, respectively, and the DALYs of CWP were 44614.718 person-years. In 2021, the incident, prevalent, and deaths cases of CWP were 3446, 23975, and 1229, respectively, and the DALYs of CWP were 29610.754 person-years. From 1990 to 2021, the age-standardized incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALYs rates of CWP in China all showed a downward trend, with the EAPCs of −3.121%, −2.532%, −4.018%, and −4.268%, respectively. The disease burden of CWP in China was mainly concentrated in the male population. The annual average percent change analysis indicated that each standardized rate showed a fluctuating downward trend in different periods. The BAPC model showed that from 2022 to 2035, the age-standardized rates of CWP in China would continue to decline steadily. In 2035, the age-standardized incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALYs rates of CWP would be reduced to 0.10 per 100000, 0.74 per 100000, 0.03 per 100000, and 0.74 per 100000, respectively. Conclusion The disease burden contributed by CWP in China generally show a downward trend from 1990 to 2021, and it is expected that the age-standardized rates will continue to decline steadily from 2022 to 2035.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effectiveness of primary interventional revascularization combined with secondary perforator composite flap in the treatment of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) accompanied by soft tissue defects around the ankle. METHODS: Between January 2022 and January 2025, 12 patients with PAD and soft tissue defects around the ankle were admitted. Among them, there were 9 males and 3 females; their ages ranged from 52 to 82 years, with an average of 68.9 years. The causes of injury included 4 cases of traffic accident, 5 cases of falls, 1 case of falling from height, 1 case of foreign body puncture injury, and 1 case of electric shock injury. The infection duration ranged from 1 month to 35 years, with a median duration of 3.5 months. The wound size ranged from 5.5 cm×3.0 cm to 15.0 cm×9.0 cm. The ankle-brachial index (ABI) was 0.32±0.12. The visual analogue scale (VAS) score for pain was 3.3±0.5. Preoperative vascular stenosis assessment was performed in all patients, with primary intervention to dredge large and medium-sized arteries, followed by secondary repair of the wound using a perforator composite flap. The flap size ranged from 6.5 cm×4.0 cm to 16.0 cm×10.0 cm. The donor sites were sutured directly or repaired with skin grafts. After two stages of treatment, the effectiveness was evaluated by measuring ABI, observing flap survival and wound healing, assessing VAS scores, and American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores. RESULTS: All 12 cases completed two stages of treatment; all patients were followed up after the second-stage treatment, with a follow-up period ranging from 7 to 28 months, with an average of 16.8 months. After the first-stage treatment, the skin temperature around the ankle was significantly higher than that before treatment, and the ABI increased to 0.71±0.07, with a significant difference ( t=9.918, P<0.001). After the second-stage treatment, the blisters on the distal end of the skin flap occurred in 3 cases. The flaps survived and the wounds healed, with a healing time ranging from 10 to 14 days (mean, 11.8 days). The incisions at the donor site healed by first intention, and the skin grafts survived. The VAS score was 0.5±0.5 at 3 weeks, which was significantly lower than that before treatment ( t=13.675, P<0.001). No infection recurrence occurred during follow-up. At 6 months after the second-stage treatment, the AOFAS score of the ankle joint ranged from 92 to 97, with an average of 94.7, all reaching excellent. CONCLUSION Interventional revascularization combined with perforator composite flap for staged treatment of PAD with ankle soft tissue defects can obtain good effectiveness, by unclogging the main blood vessels, improving lower limb blood supply, and improving the survival rate of the skin flap.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Peripheral Arterial Disease/surgery* ; Soft Tissue Injuries/surgery* ; Perforator Flap/blood supply* ; Plastic Surgery Procedures/methods* ; Aged, 80 and over ; Ankle/blood supply* ; Treatment Outcome ; Ankle Brachial Index ; Skin Transplantation/methods*

Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are a group of diseases caused by fungal pathogens, primarily Candida, Aspergillus, and Cryptococcus, which invade the body, proliferate in deep tissues, organs, or the bloodstream, and lead to localized or systemic severe infections. These infections impose significantclinical and economic burdens due to their high mortality rates, the high cost and limited availability of antifungal drugs, and the frequent adverse effects. Invasive fungal pathogens invade the host through hyphae, spores, and secreted adhesive proteins, primarily triggering disease via signal cascades resulting from the binding of fungal membrane ligands to host receptors, as well as through secreted substances and intrinsic toxins. Macrophages, as the first line of defense against invasive fungal pathogens, play a crucial role in combating IFIs. They combat fungal pathogens through mechanisms such as antigen recognition, phagocytosis, oxidative killing, polarization, and the regulation of various bioactive substances. This article reviews recent research progress on the mechanisms by which macrophages contribute to innate immunity against invasive fungal infections. Additionally, it discusses the immune evasion strategies employed by invasive fungal pathogens to counteract macrophages, aiming to provide new insights for the prevention and treatment of invasive fungal infections.
Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Macrophages/immunology* ; Invasive Fungal Infections/microbiology* ; Animals ; Phagocytosis/immunology*

BACKGROUND:Due to the unstable drug release rate of uniaxial bone scaffolds,multi-structure composite printing methods have been sought in and outside China in recent years.Currently,coaxial drug-loaded bone scaffolds,which combine drug-loaded sustained release system with bone transplantation and repair technology,not only replace the defective bone after implantation,but also release drugs slowly,providing a microenvironment conducive to bone formation at the implant site. OBJECTIVE:To explore and assess the in vitro antibacterial properties of uniaxial and coaxial minocycline hydrochloride bone scaffolds. METHODS:Rapid prototyping technology was used to prepare uniaxial hydroxyapatite/silk fibroin-polyvinyl alcohol scaffold,uniaxial hydroxyapatite/silk fibroin-polyvinyl alcohol scaffold,coaxial hydroxyapatite/silk fibroin-polyvinyl alcohol scaffold,and coaxial hydroxyapatite/silk fibroin-polyvinyl alcohol scaffold,respectively,which were named S1,S2,T1 and T2.The morphology,porosity,degradation performance,in vitro sustained-release performance and cytotoxicity of scaffolds were characterized.Four kinds of bone scaffolds were immersed in PBS to prepare the extracts at different time points(1,3,5,7,14,21,and 28 days).The qualitative filter paper was placed into the extract for 24 hours.The filter paper was co-cultured with Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum for 72 hours.The bacteriostatic effect of four groups of scaffolds was detected by the agar diffusion method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Scaffold characterization:Four groups of scaffolds were well formed.The surface of micro-wires in the S1 and S2 groups was dense and smooth,and the surface of micro-wires in the T1 and T2 groups was rough.Porosity was between 40%-47%and met the requirements of bone scaffolds.Compared with the S2 group,sustained release time was longer in the T2 group.The sustained release concentration of the drug was between 1-10 μg/mL for a long time,which was more conducive to bacteriostasis and osteogenesis.After 10 weeks of immersion in PBS in vitro,the degradation rate of the coaxial printed bone scaffold was faster than that of the corresponding uniaxial printed bone scaffold,and the degradation rate of the coaxial loaded bone scaffold was lower than that of the coaxial non-loaded bone scaffold.The four groups of scaffold extracts were co-cultured with osteoblasts respectively.CCK-8 assay displayed that the cell proliferation rate was greater than 75%,which met the requirements of biocompatibility.(2)In vitro antibacterial effect:S1 and T1 did not have antibacterial activity.S2 and T2 had an obvious antibacterial effect.Under the extraction solution on day 28,the diameter of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum inhibition zone in the S2 group was smaller than that in the T2 group(P<0.05).(3)These findings exhibit that hydroxyapatite/silk fibroin-polyvinyl alcohol scaffolds with coaxial minocycline have good physical properties and bacteriostatic properties.