Liver cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in the digestive system and ranks sixth among newly diagnosed malignant tumors worldwide. Transforming growth factor-β （TGF-β） regulates cell differentiation， proliferation， apoptosis， and other physiological and pathological mechanisms and exerts cancer-suppressive and pro-cancerous dual effects in the process of tumor development. In recent years， with the continuous exploration of the mechanism of liver cancer， it has been found that the conversion of the cancer-suppressive effect into a pro-cancerous effect of this pathway plays a key role in the development of liver cancer. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） provides a unique perspective for the classification， diagnosis， and treatment of liver cancer with its comprehensive regulatory effects of multi-components， multi-targets， and multi-pathways. This paper summarized that the cancer-suppressive mechanisms of the TGF-β signaling pathway included promoting cancer cell cycle arrest， apoptosis， autophagy， et al， while the pro-cancerous mechanisms included promoting cancer cell proliferation， invasion and metastasis， immunosuppression， angiogenesis， et al. The TCM compounds intervening this pathway were sorted out， including Jianpi Huayu compound， Fuyang Baoyuan compound， Yipi Yanggan compound， Fuzheng Jiedu compound， compound Astragalus and Salvia， Biejia Jianwan， Dahuang Zhechong pill， and Qingxiang powder. The single TCMs mainly included Schizocapsa plantaginea， Dendrobii Caulis， Gleditsia sinensis， and Dracaena cochinchinensis. The active ingredients of TCM are mainly concentrated on flavonoids， alkaloids， glycosides， phenolics， terpenoids， polysaccharides， and other kinds of compounds. At the same time， it summarized that the liver cancer inhibition mechanism of TCM by regulating this pathway mainly included promoting apoptosis of liver cancer cells， blocking the cell cycle， and inhibiting liver cancer cell proliferation， migration， invasion， angiogenesis， immune escape， etc. The mechanism aims to give full play to the advantages of TCM and precisely regulate the TGF-β signal， thereby exerting positive anti-tumor effects， opening up a new direction for the precise targeted treatment of liver cancer， and providing a scientific basis and a new strategy for the application of TCM in the treatment of liver cancer.

Liver cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in the digestive system and ranks sixth among newly diagnosed malignant tumors worldwide. Transforming growth factor-β （TGF-β） regulates cell differentiation， proliferation， apoptosis， and other physiological and pathological mechanisms and exerts cancer-suppressive and pro-cancerous dual effects in the process of tumor development. In recent years， with the continuous exploration of the mechanism of liver cancer， it has been found that the conversion of the cancer-suppressive effect into a pro-cancerous effect of this pathway plays a key role in the development of liver cancer. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） provides a unique perspective for the classification， diagnosis， and treatment of liver cancer with its comprehensive regulatory effects of multi-components， multi-targets， and multi-pathways. This paper summarized that the cancer-suppressive mechanisms of the TGF-β signaling pathway included promoting cancer cell cycle arrest， apoptosis， autophagy， et al， while the pro-cancerous mechanisms included promoting cancer cell proliferation， invasion and metastasis， immunosuppression， angiogenesis， et al. The TCM compounds intervening this pathway were sorted out， including Jianpi Huayu compound， Fuyang Baoyuan compound， Yipi Yanggan compound， Fuzheng Jiedu compound， compound Astragalus and Salvia， Biejia Jianwan， Dahuang Zhechong pill， and Qingxiang powder. The single TCMs mainly included Schizocapsa plantaginea， Dendrobii Caulis， Gleditsia sinensis， and Dracaena cochinchinensis. The active ingredients of TCM are mainly concentrated on flavonoids， alkaloids， glycosides， phenolics， terpenoids， polysaccharides， and other kinds of compounds. At the same time， it summarized that the liver cancer inhibition mechanism of TCM by regulating this pathway mainly included promoting apoptosis of liver cancer cells， blocking the cell cycle， and inhibiting liver cancer cell proliferation， migration， invasion， angiogenesis， immune escape， etc. The mechanism aims to give full play to the advantages of TCM and precisely regulate the TGF-β signal， thereby exerting positive anti-tumor effects， opening up a new direction for the precise targeted treatment of liver cancer， and providing a scientific basis and a new strategy for the application of TCM in the treatment of liver cancer.

Modern cataract surgery has completely moved beyond the traditional vision-restoring model and has fully entered a new era of refractive cataract surgery(RCS)centered on precise refractive correction. Its core objective is to provide patients with personalized visual experiences characterized by full-range, clear, and comfortable vision. Currently, although diagnostic and therapeutic technologies for RCS are rapidly evolving, there remain many bottlenecks in the precise management of the entire perioperative process that urgently need to be addressed. Preoperatively, the measurement consistency among ocular biometry devices based on different detection principles remains poor, and systematic measurement errors cannot be completely eliminated. Moreover, the individualized selection of intraocular lenses(IOLs)relies heavily on surgeons' clinical experience, lacking a standardized quantitative decision-making framework, which makes it difficult to achieve precise personalized matching. Intraoperatively, the quality of continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis is affected by multiple factors such as ocular anatomical characteristics and surgical proficiency, and its stability cannot be reliably ensured. Various intelligent surgical navigation systems are compromised by intraoperative ocular conditions, and their clinical performance fails to meet theoretical expectations. At the postoperative stage, existing IOL optical designs and materials have inherent limitations. The longterm prevention and control of posterior capsule opacification(PCO)remains a core factor restricting patients' long-term high-quality visual outcomes. This article systematically reviews the precise diagnostic and therapeutic challenges and core bottlenecks across the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative stages of RCS. It further explores frontier technological directions—including cross-device error compensation models, artificial intelligence-assisted decision-making, preoperative VR-based visual simulation, and the construction of intelligent surgical ecosystem platforms—to delineate targeted solutions and optimization pathways. This review aims to provide references and insights for the standardized clinical implementation, technological innovation, and future research endeavors in precision diagnosis and treatment of RCS.

ObjectiveTo address the key challenges in breast electrical impedance tomography (EIT) reconstruction including the severe ill‑posedness of the inverse problem, limited measurement information from the electrodes, low contrast of small lesions, as well as the common drawbacks of traditional reconstruction methods such as boundary blurring, low spatial resolution, and weak small-target detection capability, and to overcome the limitations of existing deep learning approaches namely low training efficiency, insufficient physical consistency, and substantial information loss during the low‑to‑high dimensional mapping process, this study proposes a multi‑scale attention and dynamic sparse mask fusion network (MADS‑Net). The proposed method aims to enhance high‑resolution reconstruction accuracy, small-lesion detectability, noise robustness, and computational efficiency in breast‑screening-oriented EIT, thereby providing a feasible solution for the application of EIT in breast functional imaging. MethodsThe proposed network adopts a strategy of “locate first, reconstruct later”. It realizes adaptive allocation of computational resources through a dynamic mask module, alleviates information loss in the low-to-high dimensional mapping process via a multi-scale attention mechanism, and embeds physical constraints to improve the physical rationality of reconstruction results. The performance of the proposed method was validated through systematic numerical simulations, agar phantom experiments, and porcine tissue experiments. Comparisons were made with mainstream methods including the Gauss-Newton algorithm, convolutional neural networks, U-Net, and Deep D-Bar. The image correlation coefficient (ICC), root mean square error (RMSE), and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) were adopted as quantitative evaluation metrics. Furthermore, lesion‑level evaluation metrics were introduced to assess the capability of different methods in reconstructing abnormal target boundaries and small‑sized target regions. ResultsExperimental results demonstrate that MADS-Net outperforms all comparison methods across all test scenarios. In numerical simulations, it achieves higher accuracy in target morphology and spatial location recovery as well as better background suppression. In agar phantom experiments, its detection and imaging reliability for small targets is significantly superior to the comparison methods. In porcine tissue experiments, the model maintains good generalization performance and can adapt to complex biological tissue imaging scenarios. Quantitative results show that MADS-Net achieves an average ICC of 0.917 6±0.048 8, an RMSE as low as0.060 6±0.031 6, and a PSNR of (23.893 9±2.685 3) dB. It successfully detects tiny targets as small as 5 mm within a 100 mm diameter sensing field, reduces the total training duration by 23.5% compared with the baseline method, and maintains stable reconstruction performance even under strong noise interference. ConclusionThe results demonstrate that MADS-Net achieves favorable EIT reconstruction performance in numerical simulations, agar phantom experiments, and porcine tissue experiments, even under common practical imaging challenges including low signal-to-noise ratio and blurred tissue boundaries. This study provides a methodological reference for further research on EIT in breast-screening-related scenarios and other medical functional imaging tasks, and also offers a low-cost, radiation-free alternative for breast lesion screening that aligns with the clinical demand for non-invasive diagnostic tools. It should be noted that real clinical breast data have not yet been used for validation in this study, and the clinical applicability of the proposed method requires further investigation. Future work will prioritize collecting multi-center real clinical breast datasets, and further optimize the model’s generalization ability to adapt to individual differences in breast tissue composition to promote its clinical application.

Objective To conduct a bibliometric analysis of domestic and international literature on the research of Sijunzi Decoction over the past 20 years,and to explore the research status,hotspots,and development trends of Sijunzi Decoction.Methods This article retrieved journal articles related to the research of Sijunzi Decoction from 2004 to 2024 in the CNKI,Wanfang,VIP,and Web of Science databases.Microsoft Excel was used for publication volume analysis,while CiteSpace software was employed for keyword co-occurrence,clustering,and burst analysis,and then the analysis results were visualized.Results After literature retrieval and screening,3 573 Chinese articles and 113 English articles were included.Over the past two decades,the publication volume showed a trend of steadily increasing.The most frequent keywords in Chinese and English literature on the research of Sijunzi Decoction were spleen deficiency syndrome and gene expression,while the keywords with strongest burst were experimental research and data mining.Conclusion The research of Sijunzi Decoction in the last 20 years was mainly through animal experiments and clinical applications,and the research hotspots focus on the treatment of diseases of spleen deficiency syndrome and on the improvement of immune function of cancer patients.The extraction and identification of active components in Sijunzi Decoction and the study on the therapeutic mechanism in diseases of spleen deficiency syndrome are probably the future research trends.

Objective Aedes albopictus is the primary vector of the dengue virus.Screening and the analysis of immune-related genes in DENV2-infected Ae.albopictus provides a scientific basis for further research on blocking the extrinsic incubation period of the dengue virus.Methods Through the approach of literature mining,thirty-three potential immune-related genes were screened from species such as Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae,which have a close genetic relationship with Ae.albopictus.The protein—protein interaction(PPI)analysis is employed to explore the interaction relationship of the proteins encoded by genes.The alterations in mRNA expression levels of the relevant genes in DENV2-infected Ae.albopictus midgut were detected using the qRT-PCR method.Results The PPI results indicates that TLR and Spz of Ae.albopictus;Rel1,Rel2,DefC,Spz,PIWI,Ago2,DOME and HOP of Ae.aegypti;and Rel1,Rel2,CACT,STAT and DOME of An.gambiae exhibit PPI relationships.After Ae.albopictus was infected with DENV2,10 genes showed significant difference in expression.Ago3(7.39,P<0.05),DOMEa(1.63,P<0.01),DOMEb(21.29,P<0.001),and TLRb(1.61,P<0.05)were significantly up-regulated.Rel1(0.62,P<0.001),CACTl(0.65,P<0.001),Rel2a(0.65,P<0.01),Rel2b(0.24,P<0.001),GATAa(0.64,P<0.01)and DefC(0.28,P<0.05)were significantly down-regulated.Conclusions The concordance of Ae.albopictus with Ae.aegypti was higher than that with An.gambiae.DOMEb,Ago3,Rel2b and DefC,can serve as the preferred target genes for subsequent studies on DENV2 immune blockade.

Objective To comprehensively analyze the disease burden of respiratory cancers in China from 1990 to 2021, and predict the trend of disease burden changes from 2022 to 2031, in order to improve its prevention and treatment strategies. Methods Data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database were extracted and analyzed for the disease burden of nasopharyngeal cancer, laryngeal cancer, and tracheal, bronchial and lung cancers (hereinafter referred to as lung cancer) in China from 1990 to 2021. The Joinpoint 4.9.1.0 software was utilized to analyze the corresponding trends. The grey prediction model [GM (1,1)] was employed to forecast the disease burden of respiratory cancers in China from 2022 to 2031. Results The disease burden of respiratory cancers attributed to tobacco and occupational carcinogens in China raised from 1990 to 2021. Among the respiratory cancers, lung cancer led in terms of incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) and their respective age-standardized rates from 1990 to 2021, followed by nasopharyngeal cancer, with laryngeal cancer being the lowest. Analysis via the Joinpoint regression model indicated that, overall, the disease burden of nasopharyngeal and laryngeal cancers in China decreased during this time period, while that of lung cancer increased. From a gender perspective, the disease burden of male patients was significantly higher than that of female patients from 1990 to 2021. Compared to the global average, the disease burden of respiratory cancers in China from 1990 to 2021 was still relatively heavy. As of 2021, the middle-aged and elderly population above 50 years old was the primary group suffering from the disease burden of respiratory cancers in China. The prediction model showed that the age-standardized rate of nasopharyngeal cancer in China would decline from 2022 to 2031; the age-standardized incidence rate of laryngeal cancer in China would increase, while its age-standardized mortality rate and DALY rate would both decrease; the age-standardized rates of lung cancer in China would increase. Conclusion In the past 30 years, the disease burden of nasopharyngeal and laryngeal cancers in China has lightened, but the overall disease burden of lung cancer is still on the rise. Compared to the global average, the disease burden of respiratory cancers in China is still relatively heavy. The disease burden in male patients is significantly higher than that in female patients, and the population above 50 years old is the main group suffering from the disease burden. In the next 10 years, the disease burden of respiratory cancers in China will still tend to increase. Therefore, targeted prevention and treatment strategies for men and the middle-aged and elderly populations remain key challenges that urgently need to be addressed in China's response to respiratory cancers.

Objective To assess the clinical value of a novel surgical technique—Tubeless subxiphoid uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery with percutaneous suspension technique via balance-shaped sternal elevation device in the resection of anterior mediastinal masses. Methods Patients who underwent tubeless subxiphoid uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery via balance-shaped sternal elevation device in anterior mediastinal masses process at the Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University from March to April 2025 were included, and their clinical data were analyzed. Results A total of 4 patients were included, with 2 males and 2 females, aged 58-75 years. The diameter of the tumor was 2.5-3.0 cm. The operation time was 60.0-150.0 min, intraoperative blood loss was 5-10 mL, pain score on the 3rd day after surgery was 0 points, and postoperative hospital stay was 2-3 days. All patients achieved complete resection of the masses and thymus without perioperative complications. Conclusion The tubeless subxiphoid uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery with percutaneous suspension technique via balance-shaped sternal elevation device technique optimizes surgical visualization and instrument maneuverability while avoiding complications related to conventional anesthesia and tubing, thereby markedly enhancing the minimally invasive profile of anterior mediastinal masses resections. In addition to maintaining procedural safety, this approach effectively reduces postoperative pain and accelerates patient recovery, highlighting its potential for widespread clinical adoption.

Objective:To elucidate the correlation between phase angle and malnutrition and to determine the cut-off value for phase angle to predict malnutrition in pancreatic cancer patients.Methods:This prospective cross-sectional study enrolled patients with pancreatic cancer hospitalized in the Department of Hepato-pancreato biliary Surgery at Beijing Hospital between December 2021 and March 2024. Baseline data, diet survey results, and body composition of these patients were recorded. Phase angle was measured with the InBody 720(Biospace, Korea). The Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria were used to diagnose malnutrition.Results:A total of 110 cases (75 males and 35 females) aged 29-87(63.00±12.37) years were included. The prevalence of malnutrition was 63.6% (70/111) among the patients. Patients were divided into malnutrition ( n=77) and non-malnutrition ( n=33) groups as per the GLIM criteria. Phase angle was significantly lower in the malnutrition group than in the non-malnutrition group ( t=-3.808, P<0.001). Positive correlations were found between phase angle and body mass index, appendicular skeletal muscle mass index, fat-free mass index , fat-free mass, total energy intake, total protein, albumin, and prealbumin (all P<0.05).After adjusting for sex and age, low phase Angle remained an independent risk factor for malnutrition ( OR=3.809, 95% CI: 1.150-12.612, P=0.029). The cut-off values of phase angle for predicting malnutrition were 4.43 for males (with a sensitivity of 0.955, specificity of 0.585, area under the curve of 0.636; 95% CI: 0.508-0.763, P=0.037) and 4.54 for females (with a sensitivity of 1.000, specificity of 0.708, area under the curve of 0.799; 95% CI: 0.653-0.946, P<0.001). Conclusion:Phase angle may serve as a valid and simple indicator of malnutrition in pancreatic cancer patients.

Background:To compare the efficacy and safety of monthly administrations of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists LY01005 and Zoladex ? in Chinese patients with premenopausal breast cancer. Methods:From October 2020 to November 2021, 188 premenopausal breast cancer patients were enrolled in 34 hospitals and randomized 1:1 to receive either LY01005 or Zoladex ? every 28 days for a total of three injections. All patients concomitantly received oral tamoxifen (TAM). The primary efficacy endpoint was cumulative probability of maintaining menopausal level [oestradiol (E2) ≤30 pg/ml] from day 29 to day 85. The second efficacy endpoint included changes in E2, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) compared with the baseline. Pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and safety were analyzed. The study also evaluated the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of LY01005. Results:A total of 188 patients were randomised and 187 patients received either LY01005 or Zoladex ?. Cumulative probabilities of maintaining menopausal level (E2≤30 pg/ml) from day 29 to day 85 were 93.1% for LY01005 and 86.3% for Zoladex ?. The between-group difference was 6.8% (95% CI: -2.3%, 15.9%) and primary efficacy in the LY01005 group was not inferior to that in the Zoladex ? group. Changes in E2, LH, and FSH levels compared with the baseline were equivalent between the two groups (E2: 89.34% to 90.23% vs. 82.11% to 85.02%; LH: 88.89% to 95.52% vs. 89.70% to 97.02%; FSH: 75.36% to 80.85% vs.73.07% to 80.24%, respectively). After three consecutive doses of LY01005, the LH and FSH levels of the subjects showed a transient increase after the first dose, reached a peak on the second day and then started to decrease. The LH and FSH reached a lower level and remained at or below that level until the 85th day. Both treatments were well-tolerated. Conclusion:LY01005 is as effective as Zoladex ? in suppressing E2 to menopausal levels in Chinese patients with premenopausal breast cancer, with a similar safety profile.