ObjectiveTo explore the relationship between negative life events and depression severity in adolescent patients with depressive disorder， as well as the chain mediating role of insomnia symptoms and quality of life. Methods374 outpatient patients and hospitalized patients with adolescent depressive disorders were enrolled. The Adolescent Life Event Scale （ASLEC）， the Insomnia Severity Index （ISI）， the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire Short Form （WHOQOL-BREF）， and the Center for Epidemiology Depression Scale （CES-D） were used to evaluate the negative life event situation， insomnia symptoms， quality of life level and depression severity of the subjects， respectively. In addition， the PROCESS 4.0 macroprogram was used to analyze the chain mediating effect of insomnia symptoms and quality of life between negative life events and depression severity in patients with adolescent depressive disorder. ResultsThe results of correlation analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between negative life events and insomnia symptoms， quality of life， and depression severity （all P<0.05）. In addition， the results of chain mediation showed that negative life events had a significant direct effect on depression severity， with an effect size of 0.12 （P<0.001）. Insomnia symptoms and quality of life played a mediating role in the relationship between negative life events and depression severity in patients with adolescent depressive disorders， with indirect effect sizes of 0.062 （95%CI： 0.040-0.087） and 0.091 （95%CI： 0.059-0.123）， respectively. It could also play a chain mediation role， and the effect size was 0.039 （95%CI： 0.024-0.057）. ConclusionNegative life events experienced by patients with adolescent depressive disorder not only directly affect the severity of depressive symptoms， but may also indirectly exacerbate depression through insomnia symptoms and quality of life.

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an emerging neuroimaging technique, strengthened by the advantages of non-invasiveness, operational convenience, real-time monitoring, and well compatibility. In recent years, its application has shown great promise in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders among children and adolescents. This article provides an overview of the fundamental principles of fNIRS. It focuses on its effectiveness in the diagnosis, symptom assessments, and treatment monitoring of mental disorders in children and adolescents.

Depressive disorder is a common mental disorder. Although pharmacological, psychological, and physical therapies are widely used, many patients still fail to achieve effective remission. This underscores the need for more personalised and effective treatment strategies. In recent years, gamma (γ) oscillations have become a research hotspot in neuroscience, showing critical roles in brain information integration and are associated with various sensory and cognitive processes. However, the role of γ oscillations in depressive disorders remains unclear. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of the complex relationship between γ oscillations and depressive disorders, hoping to provide new perspectives for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Abstract Depressive disorder can cause damage to the social function of adolescents and bring heavy burden to the family and society. Dietary behavior is closely related to mental health , and depressive disorder can increase the risk of poor dietary behavior. At the same time , adolescence is a critical period for eating disorders , and patients with adolescent depression are more likely to have a series of bad eating behaviors . The combination of poor eating behaviors can negatively affect the treatment of the disease and the future development of the adolescent. This arti- cle aims to review the current status and potential mechanisms of unhealthy eating behaviors in adolescents with de- pression , in order to provide a theoretical basis for future prevention and early intervention .

Objective: To explore the characteristic of obesity in adolescents with major depressive disorder and its relationship with inflammatory cytokines. Methods : One hundred and forty adolescents with major depressive disorder were enrolled. According to the classification standard of body mass index(BMI) for adolescents in China, the patients were classified into underweight group, normal group, overweight group and obese group. The center for epidemiologic studies depression scale(CES-D) was used to evaluate symptoms of depression in patients, and ultrasensitive multiplex electrochemiluminescence detection technology was used to measure the levels of plasma inflammatory cytokines including interleukin(IL)-6,IL-17A,IL-1β,IL-6,IL-8 and tumour necrosis factor(TNF)-α. One-way ANOVA or Kruskal-WallisHtest and chi-square test were used for comparison between groups. Binary Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of obesity in adolescent patients with major depressive disorder. Results : Among the 140 adolescent patients with major depressive disorder, wasting were 9.3%(13/140), overweight were 17.9%(25/140) and obesity were 6.4%(9/140) respectively. There were statistically significant differences in gender(χ2=8.301,P<0.05) and inflammatory cytokines IL-6(H=16.217,P<0.01), IL-8(H=10.926,P<0.05) and TNF-α(H=7.879,P<0.05) among the four groups. Analysis of covariance showed that the difference in levels of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6(F=4.486,P<0.01) remained statistically significant after controlling for age, gender and antidepressant use. The results of multiple comparisons showed that compared with the wasting group, the plasma IL-6(Z=-3.843,PBonferroni calibrate<0.01) were higher in the obese group; compared with the normal group, the obesity rate of males was higher than that of females(χ2=8.812,PBonferroni calibrate<0.01), and the level of IL-6 in the obese group(Z=-3.023,PBonferroni calibrate<0.05) was higher. Binary Logistic regression analysis showed that plasma IL-6(OR=2.500,P<0.01) and gender(OR=11.292,P<0.01) were independent influencing factors for obesity in patients with adolescent depressive disorders. Conclusion There are gender differences in obesity rates in adolescents with depressive disorders, and obesity is associated with elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines.

Objective : To explore the predictive value of depression severity plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) levels for agitated symptoms in patients with adolescent depressive disorder(MDD). Methods : Ninety-one patients with adolescent depressive disorder were enrolled, and the degree of agitation was assessed according to the modified outward aggressive behavior scale(MOAS); 24-item hamilton depression scale(HAMD24) was used to determine the severity of depression; chemiluminescence immunoassay(CLIA) was used to determine the plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) level; and electrochemiluminescence immunoassay(ECL) was used to determine the plasma BDNF. SPSS 26.0 was used for statistical analysis of the data, Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between HAMD24and plasma TSH and BDNF levels and the degree of agitation, multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyze the factors influencing the degree of agitation in adolescents with MDD, and binary Logistic regression analysis and subjects′ work characteristic curves(ROC) were used to establish predictive models. Results: The degree of agitation in adolescent MDD patients was positively correlated with HAMD24total score(P<0.001); both HAMD24total score and plasma BDNF level were identified as risk factors for agitation severity(bothP<0.05); both HAMD24total score and plasma BDNF levels were risk factors for the degree of agitation(allP<0.05); HAMD24total score, plasma TSH, BDNF levels were all risk factors for concomitant agitation symptoms in adolescent MDD patients; ROC curve analysis showed that the three combined prediction models(AUC=0.889,P<0.001) had a higher predictive value than the single prediction model(P<0.01). Conclusion Concomitant agitation symptoms in adolescents with MDD are strongly associated with HAMD24total score and plasma TSH and BDNF levels, and the three combined models have good predictive power.

Objective: To investigate associations of suicidal ideation with clinical features, inflammatory markers, and thyroid hormones in patients with schizophrenia. Methods: The subjects of this study were 203 schizophrenic patients, grouped on the basis of suicidal ideation. Clinical characteristics were assessed using multiple scales. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio(NLR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio(PLR), monocyte to lymphocyte ratio(MLR) and thyroid hormones were also detected. SPSS 23.0 was used for statistical analyses. Results : The prevalence of suicidal ideation was 21.7% in patients with schizophrenia. Logistic stepwise regression analyses showed that Calgary depression scale(CDSS) total score(OR=1.490, 95%CI=1.287-1.724,P<0.001), insomnia severity index scale(ISI) total score(OR=1.096, 95%CI=1.011-1.187,P=0.025), modified overt aggression scale(MOAS) total score(OR=1.111, 95%CI=1.016-1.215,P=0.021), MLR(Ln)(OR=15.123, 95%CI=3.868-59.125,P<0.001), and triiodothyronine(T3)(OR=0.037, 95%CI=0.003-0.388,P=0.006) were the independent influences of suicidal ideation. Additionally, receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve analyses revealed that the five-item combination of CDSS total score, ISI total score, MOAS total score, MLR(Ln), and T3(AUC=0.908, 95%CI=0.867-0.949,P<0.001) had better ability to identify suicidal ideation. Conclusion The risk of suicidal ideation is relatively high in patients with schizophrenia, and there may be stronger associations between suicidal ideation and depression, insomnia, aggression, MLR, and T3.

Objective:To explore the correlation of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS)with clinical features as well as inflammatory cytokines in adolescents with major depressive disorder.Methods:From January to December 2021, a total of 164 adolescents with major depressive disorder were included in the psychiatry departments of two hospitals in Anhui province, China, and divided into the EDS group ( n=70) and the non-EDS group ( n=94) according to whether or not they were accompanied by EDS. The center for epidemiological studies depression scale (CES-D) and the positive and negative suicidal ideation scale (PANSI) were used to assess patients' depressive symptoms severity and suicidal ideation levels, respectively. Additionally, plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured using the MSD ultrasensitive multifactor electrochemiluminescence analyzer. Statistical analysis were performed using SPSS 23.0 software, and independent influences of EDS were analyzed by Logistic stepwise regression. Results:The prevalence of EDS was 42.7%(70/164) in adolescents with major depressive disorder. In univariate analysis, patients in the EDS group had higher body mass index (BMI), CES-D total score, PANSI total score, IL-1β (Log) and IL-6 (Log) compared to the non-EDS group (all P<0.05). Logistic stepwise regression analysis showed that BMI ( OR=1.094, 95% CI=1.007-1.189, P=0.033), CES-D total score ( OR=1.043, 95% CI=1.012-1.075, P=0.007), and IL-1β (Log) ( OR=3.868, 95% CI=1.484-10.079, P=0.006) were independent influencing factors of EDS in adolescents with major depressive disorder. Conclusions:The risk of EDS in adolescents with major depressive disorder is relatively high, and EDS may be closely related to BMI, depression severity, suicidal ideation and IL-1β level.

Objective:To explore the correlation of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS)with clinical features as well as inflammatory cytokines in adolescents with major depressive disorder.Methods:From January to December 2021, a total of 164 adolescents with major depressive disorder were included in the psychiatry departments of two hospitals in Anhui province, China, and divided into the EDS group ( n=70) and the non-EDS group ( n=94) according to whether or not they were accompanied by EDS. The center for epidemiological studies depression scale (CES-D) and the positive and negative suicidal ideation scale (PANSI) were used to assess patients' depressive symptoms severity and suicidal ideation levels, respectively. Additionally, plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured using the MSD ultrasensitive multifactor electrochemiluminescence analyzer. Statistical analysis were performed using SPSS 23.0 software, and independent influences of EDS were analyzed by Logistic stepwise regression. Results:The prevalence of EDS was 42.7%(70/164) in adolescents with major depressive disorder. In univariate analysis, patients in the EDS group had higher body mass index (BMI), CES-D total score, PANSI total score, IL-1β (Log) and IL-6 (Log) compared to the non-EDS group (all P<0.05). Logistic stepwise regression analysis showed that BMI ( OR=1.094, 95% CI=1.007-1.189, P=0.033), CES-D total score ( OR=1.043, 95% CI=1.012-1.075, P=0.007), and IL-1β (Log) ( OR=3.868, 95% CI=1.484-10.079, P=0.006) were independent influencing factors of EDS in adolescents with major depressive disorder. Conclusions:The risk of EDS in adolescents with major depressive disorder is relatively high, and EDS may be closely related to BMI, depression severity, suicidal ideation and IL-1β level.

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an emerging neuroimaging technique, strengthened by the advantages of non-invasiveness, operational convenience, real-time monitoring, and well compatibility. In recent years, its application has shown great promise in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders among children and adolescents. This article provides an overview of the fundamental principles of fNIRS. It focuses on its effectiveness in the diagnosis, symptom assessments, and treatment monitoring of mental disorders in children and adolescents.