Pediatric chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is more aggressive than adult CML, with unique molecular characteristics and a higher propensity for lymphoid blast crisis. The application of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has significantly improved the prognosis of pediatric CML. Based on international consensus and clinical experience, this article proposes standardized diagnosis and treatment recommendations for pediatric CML, covering initial therapy selection, efficacy evaluation, drug switching, and management of adverse effects. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is recommended only for patients with disease progression or failure of multiple lines of TKI therapy. For children newly diagnosed with CML in accelerated phase, high-dose imatinib or second-generation TKIs are recommended as first-line therapy. Those achieving optimal responses should continue maintenance therapy, while non-responders require switching to alternative TKIs and consider allo-HSCT. For blast-phase CML, induction therapy requires a combination of TKIs and chemotherapy, with allo-HSCT serving as the core curative intervention. This article highlights common but challenging problems (poor response, drug intolerance, and disease progression) in pediatric CML treatment using three typical cases, aiming to optimize treatment strategies. Furthermore, the goal of achieving treatment-free remission needs to be further addressed through multi-center clinical studies.
Humans ; Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy* ; Child ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use* ; Male ; Female ; Adolescent

OBJECTIVE: To screen the genetic risk factors related to severe hematology adverse effects (AEs) in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) treated with imatinib (IM), and explore the correlation of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IM drug metabolism and transport pathway gene polymorphism with the risk of severe hematology AEs. METHODS: 172 newly diagnosed Chinese Han patients in CML chronic phase (CML-CP) treated with IM were included and divided into severe hematology AEs group and non-severe hematology AEs group. The demographic characteristics and laboratory test results were compared between the two groups. 11 gene SNP sites in the included subjects were genotyped using SNaPshot multiplex SNPs technique. RESULTS: Compared with non-severe hematology AEs group, the severe hematology AEs group had higher white blood cell (WBC) and EOS% (both P < 0.05), but lower hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (HCT) (both P < 0.01). For rs1045642 of ABCB1 gene, there were significant differences in the distribution of allele frequency and genotype frequency of this loci between severe hematology AEs group and non-severe hematology AEs group (both P < 0.05). Carriers of rs1045642 mutation allele A had an increased risk of severe hematology AEs (OR =2.09, 95% CI : 1.24-3.55, P =0.005). There was a significant difference in the distribution of NR1I2 gene rs3814055 genotype between severe hematology AEs group and non-severe hematology AEs group (P < 0.05). The additive model and recessive model of ABCB1 gene rs1045642 and the recessive model of NR1I2 gene rs3814055 were associated with the increased risk of severe hematology AEs (OR =2.14, 3.28, 5.54, all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Peripheral blood WBC, EOS%, Hb and HCT in patients with newly diagnosed CML-CP are all related to the risk of severe hematology AEs. ABCB1 gene rs1045642 and NR1I2 gene rs3814055 related to the metabolism and transport pathway of IM are associated with severe hematology AEs after IM treatment in CML-CP patients, and they may be potential molecular markers to predict the risk of severe hematology AEs of CML patients treated by IM.
Humans ; Imatinib Mesylate ; Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics* ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Genotype ; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B ; Gene Frequency ; Female ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Asian People

OBJECTIVE: To screen factors affecting the prognosis of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients, and construct a nomogram model for event-free survival (EFS). METHODS: To screen out meaningful variables by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis in CML patients, and construct a nomogram model using R software. The nomogram was validated using consistency index (C-index), receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, area under the ROC curve (AUC), calibration curve, decision curve analysis (DCA), and risk stratification analysis. RESULTS: This study analyzed data from 116 CML patients. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that age, peripheral blood basophil percentage, BCR-ABL1 ^IS at 3 months, and red blood cell distribution width (RDW) were independent prognostic factors of EFS. Subsequently, a nomogram was constructed based on the above predictors. The C-index of the nomogram was 0.733(95%CI : 0.676-0.790). The AUC values for predicting 1-, 3-, and 5-year EFS rate were 0.765, 0.855, and 0.827, respectively. The results of the calibration curve and DCA curve showed that the predictive model had good consistency, as well as strong clinical utility. The patients were stratified into high-risk group and low-risk group based on the total score of the model, there was a significant difference in EFS between the two groups (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Age, peripheral blood basophil percentage, BCR-ABL1 ^IS at 3 months, and RDW were associated with the prognosis of CML patients. The nomogram model constructed in this study can accurately predict the prognostic status of CML patients, but its widespread application still requires external and prospective validation.
Nomograms ; Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/mortality* ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Erythrocyte Indices ; Risk Assessment/methods* ; Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics* ; Basophils ; Leukocyte Count ; Humans

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of different previous treatments on the efficacy of flumatinib in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). METHODS: The clinical data of 69 patients with CML treated with flumatinib in the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University from 2019 to 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into a first-line flumatinib group and a first-line non-flumatinib group according to whether flumatinib was used as first-line treatment. The molecular response (MR) at 3, 6 and 12 months of treatment was compared between the two groups to evaluate the early efficacy. The first-line non-flumatinib group was further divided into imatinib group, nilotinib group, and dasatinib group according to the previous first-line drugs used. The efficacy data of these three groups at 3, 6 and 12 months after switching to flumatinib were collected, and the MR was evaluated to compare efficacy differences. RESULTS: The rate of early molecular response (EMR) in the first-line flumatinib group was significantly higher than that in the first-line non-flumatinib group (P < 0.05). At 6 months and 12 months of treatment, the proportion of patients achieving MR 4.5 in the first-line flumatinib group was significantly higher than that in the first-line non-flumatinib group (P < 0.05). Compared with the imatinib and nilotinib groups, the previous dasatinib group showed a significantly higher proportion of patients achieving MR 5.0 at 3, 6, and 12 months after switching to flumatinib (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Compared with the previous treatment with other tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), initial use of flumatinib at diagnosis enable patients to achieve deeper molecular remission more rapidly. Compared with previous use of imatinib or nilotinib, previous use of dasatinib is associated with deeper molecular remission after switching to flumatinib.
Humans ; Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy* ; Retrospective Studies ; Imatinib Mesylate/therapeutic use* ; Dasatinib/therapeutic use* ; Treatment Outcome ; Pyrimidines/therapeutic use* ; Female ; Male ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use* ; Middle Aged ; Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use*

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, a chronic hematopoietic stem cell disorder, is uncommon among younger age group such as pregnant patients. Due to the rarity of this condition in pregnancy, there are no randomized controlled trials to address the optimal management of this condition. We are presented with a 26 year old patient, who had an unplanned pregnancy in the advanced phase of the disease. Due to the risk to the mother in delaying treatment, she was continued on Imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, which is a known fetal teratogen. Her pregnancy was carried to term. The patient delivered via spontaneous vaginal delivery to a live, neonate, with findings of hydrocele and syndactyly on the 4" and 5™ digit of the right foot. Due to the maternal disease progression, she presented with postpartum hemorrhage, in contrast to an augmented procoagulant state among normal pregnancies. Obstetric adjunctive measures, such as intrauterine balloon tamponade and uterine artery ligation, were done. The patient was discharged stable.
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive ; Imatinib Mesylate ; Postpartum Hemorrhage ; Pregnancy

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the efficacy and safety of flumatinib in the treatment of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). METHODS: The clinical data of 56 CML patients treated with flumatinib from January 2020 to December 2021 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into three groups: 35 new diagnosed CML patients treated with flumatinib (group A), 10 patients with imatinib/dasatinib intolerance (group B) and 11 patients with imatinib/dasatinib resistance (group C) switched to flumatinib treatment, respectively. The molecular response and adverse effects of flumatinib treatment were evaluated. RESULTS: In group A, the early molecular response (EMR) at 3 months was 40.0%, and the major molecular response (MMR) at 6 and 12 months was 43.7% and 46.2%, respectively. In group B, the EMR was 50.0% at 3 months, and the MMR was 70.0% and 66.2% at 6 and 12 months, respectively. Among evaluable patients, 6 cases in group B achieved molecular response of 4.5 (MR4.5) at 12 months after switching to flumatinib treatment. In group C, 3 cases who switched from imatinib resistance to flumatinib achieved MR4.5 at 12 months, but 2 cases who switched from dasatinib resistance to flumatinib failed. Subgroup analysis showed significant differences in EUTOS long-term survival (ELTS) scores for patients in the medium-risk/high-risk group compared with those in the low-risk group for 3-month EMR (18.8% vs 57.9%), 6-month MMR (15.4% vs 63.2%) and 12-month MR4.5 (15.4% vs 69.2%) (P =0.036, P =0.012,P =0.015). The most common adverse effect in group A was thrombocytopenia, accounting for 54.5%, and 22.8% (8/35) patients discontinued the drug due to haematological adverse effects. Compared with patients who did not discontinue the drug or whose recovery time from discontinuation due to haematological toxicity was <1 month, patients whose recovery time from discontinuation was ≥1 month had a significantly worse 3-month EMR, 6-month MMR and 12-month MR4.5 (P =0.028, P =0.021, P =0.002). CONCLUSIONS Flumatinib has better molecular response and tolerance in patients with primary, imatinib/dasatinib-intolerant or resistant CML. Medium-risk/high-risk in ELTS score and time to recovery from discontinuation due to haematological toxicity ≥1 month are important factors influencing achievement of better molecular response in flumatinib treatment.
Humans ; Imatinib Mesylate/therapeutic use* ; Dasatinib/therapeutic use* ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use* ; Retrospective Studies ; Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy* ; Benzamides/therapeutic use* ; Chronic Disease ; Treatment Outcome ; Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use*

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the immunological phenotype of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and explore its characteristics and significance. METHODS: The immunophenotypes of 40 CML children and 40 controls were analyzed by multicolor flow cytometry. CD45/SSC, as the basic gate, was used to delineate neutrophils. Then, the distribution of cluster differentiation (CD) molecules on the surface of granulocytes was analyzed in three ranges (≥1%, ≥5%, and ≥20%), and the expression rates of CD molecules (≥1% included in the statistical analysis) and the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The proportion of granulocytes in the CML group was (82.1±6.4)%, which was significantly higher than (57.8±11.8)% in the control group (P <0.001). The expression rates of CD15/CD11b/CD33/CD13 in CML and control groups were high, and both distributed in the range of ≥20%. The differentiation trajectory of CD33/CD13 was normal and there were no significant differences in the expression rate and MFI between the two groups. However, both the expression rate of CD11b and CD15 MFI in the CML group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P <0.001). There were no significant differences in the expression rate and MFI of CD10 between the two groups, and the expression levels of CD10 between the two groups were consistent in different distributions. In the CML group, there was a large number of cases with abnormal high expression of CD56, 52.5% of the cases had a CD56 expression rate of ≥5%, and 42.5% had a CD56 expression rate of ≥20%, while the control group did not express CD56 (<1%). The expression distribution of CD117 was different between the two groups. In the range of expression rate ≥5%, there were 35.0% cases in the CML group, while only 2.5% in the control group. The expression rate of CD117 in the CML group was higher than that in the control group (P <0.001), though there was no significant difference in MFI. CONCLUSION The immunophenotyping of CML is characterized by increased proportion of mature neutrophils, decreased CD15 MFI, decreased proportion of CD11b and abnormal high expression of CD56 and CD117. Flow cytometric analysis of immunophenotype can effectively distinguish normal granulocytes from chronic granulocytes, and help in the diagnosis of CML.
Child ; Humans ; Flow Cytometry ; Leukemia, Myeloid ; Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics* ; Granulocytes ; Neutrophils ; Immunophenotyping

BCR-ABL^T315I mutation is the main mechanism of resistance to the first and second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Ponatinib as the third generation TKI has been found that can significantly improve the prognosis of CML patients with T315I mutation. However, the latest report has discovered that the T315I compound mutant is even resistant to ponatinib, which aroused the enthusiasm of research on the mechanism of CML resistance and targeted therapy once again. Previous studies have shown that TKI combined with other targeted drugs is effective to CML patients with drug resistance or relapse due to T315I mutation. The latest research has found that the allosteric inhibitor asciminib combined with TKI therapy is equally effective to CML patients with T315I compound mutant, but the specific mechanism is not yet clarified. This review will focus on the latest research progress of therapy for CML with BCR-ABL^T315I mutation, hoping to provide reference for researching new drugs and improve therapy for treating CML with T315I mutation.
Humans ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics* ; Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics* ; Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics* ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use* ; Mutation ; Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology*

OBJECTIVE: To establish a new digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) system for the detection of BCR-ABL fusion gene in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and explore its analytical performance and clinical applicability in the detection of BCR-ABL^p190/210/230. METHODS: A new dPCR system for detecting BCR-ABL^p190/210/230 was successfully developed, and its sensitivity difference with qPCR and improvement of drug side effects in patients with CML during drug reduction or withdrawal were compared. RESULTS: Among 176 samples, qPCR and dPCR showed high consistency in the sensitivity of detecting BCR-ABL (82.39%), and the positive rate of dPCR was about 5 times higher that of qPCR (20.45% vs 3.98%). During follow-up, blood routine (25% vs 10%), kidney/liver/stomach (25% vs 20%) and cardiac function (10% vs 0) were significantly improved after drug reduction or withdrawal in patients with initial dPCR negative compared with before drug reduction or withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS This new dPCR detection system can be applied to the detection of BCR-ABL^p190/210/230. It has better consistency and higher positive detection rate than qPCR. Drug withdrawal or dose reduction guided by dPCR has a certain effect on improving drug side effects.
Humans ; Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics* ; Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/diagnosis* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Objective: To develop a scoring system to predict molecular responses in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in the chronic phase (CML-CP) receiving initial imatinib therapy. Methods: Data from consecutive adults with newly diagnosed CML-CP treated by initial imatinib was interrogated and subjects were distributed randomly into training and validation cohort, in a ratio of 2∶1. Fine-gray models were applied in the training cohort to identify co-variates of predictive value for major molecular response (MMR) and MR4. A predictive system was built using significant co-variates. The predictive system was then tested in the validation cohort and the area under the receiver-operator characteristic curve (AUROC) was used to estimate accuracy of the predictive system. Results: 1 364 CML-CP subjects receiving initial imatinib were included in this study. Subjects were distributed randomly into training cohort (n=909) and validation cohort (n=455) . In the training cohort, the male gender, European Treatment and Outcome Study for CML (EUTOS) Long-Term Survival (ELTS) intermediate-risk, ELTS high-risk, high WBC (≥130×10(9)/L or 120×10(9)/L, MMR or MR4) and low HGB (<110 g/L) at diagnosis were significantly related with poor molecular responses and were given points based on their regression coefficients. For MMR, male gender, ELTS intermediate-risk and low HGB (<110 g/L) were given 1 point; ELTS high-risk and high WBC (≥130×10(9)/L) , 2 points. For MR4, male gender was given 1 point; ELTS intermediate-risk and low HGB (<110 g/L) were given 2 points; high WBC (≥120×10(9)/L) , 3 points; ELTS high-risk, 4 points. We divided all subjects into 3 risk subgroups according to the predictive system above. Cumulative incidence of achieving MMR and MR4 in 3 risk subgroups was significantly different in both training and validation cohort (all P values <0.001) . In the training and validation cohorts, the time-dependent AUROC ranges of MMR and MR4 predictive systems were 0.70-0.84 and 0.64-0.81, respectively. Conclusions: A scoring system combining gender, WBC, HGB level and ELTS risk was built to predict MMR and MR4 in CML-CP patients receiving initial imatinib therapy. This system had good discrimination and accuracy, which could help phsicians optimize the selsction of initial TKI-therapy.
Adult ; Humans ; Male ; Imatinib Mesylate/therapeutic use* ; Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use* ; Treatment Outcome ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use* ; Retrospective Studies ; Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy* ; Chronic Disease