OBJECTIVE: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) between 2014 and 2021 and identify potential strategies and measures for the prevention and control of MMR in China. METHODS: Data on MMR was obtained from China's National Notifiable Disease Reporting System for the period from 2014 to 2021. Spatiotemporal distributions were analyzed using SaTScan; temporal trends were analyzed using JoinPoint; and clusters were visualized using ArcGIS. RESULTS: A total of 1,808,067 cases of MMR were reported from 2014 to 2021 in China's mainland, most of which were children and students under the age of 20. The incidence of measles declined during 2014-2021, whereas that of mumps and rubella peaked in 2019. MMR-reported cases generally peaked from March to July; however, high numbers of mumps cases were reported from September to November in 2020-2021. Measles and rubella clusters predominantly occurred in Western China, whereas clusters of mumps were generally found in the southern region. CONCLUSION The relatively heterogeneous epidemiological characteristics of MMR have highlighted the weaknesses and gaps in surveillance and timely control of MMR transmission in China's mainland. Real-time and intelligent monitoring data should be collected for evidence-based early interventions.
China/epidemiology* ; Humans ; Measles/epidemiology* ; Child ; Mumps/epidemiology* ; Adolescent ; Child, Preschool ; Rubella/epidemiology* ; Young Adult ; Infant ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Incidence ; Middle Aged ; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine ; Infant, Newborn

Objective:To investigate the epidemiology of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and gene subtypes among women in Qingdao form 2015 to 2019, so as to provide scientific support for the prevention and treatment of HPV related cervical cancer in Qingdao.Methods:A total of 26396 female cervical exfoliated cell specimens were collected at the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from January 2015 to October 2019, then 17 high-risk HPV genotypes and 6 low-risk HPV genotypes were detected by PCR and reverse dot blot in vitro, and prevalence and year, genotype and age distribution were analyzed.Results:The total prevalence of HPV was 18.17%. The prevalence of single infection, double infection and multiple infection were 13.41%, 3.40% and 1.35% respectively. The infection rate of 7 high-risk subtypes (HPV52, 16, 58, 53, 56, 51, 68) and 3 low-risk subtypes (HPV81, 42, 43) exceeded 1%. The HPV prevalence of different age groups was significantly different and the prevalence showed a bimodal pattern among different age groups. There were two peaks in the ≤25 years group and 46-50 years group, which were 23.61% and 19.63% respectively. There was no significant difference in genotype distribution among different age groups.Conclusions:The cervical HPV infection rate of women in Qingdao is at a medium level, and single infection is the main pattern in different genotypes and age groups. In addition to the vaccine coverage subtypes, the prevalence of other subtypes such as HPV 53, 56, 51 and 68 in this region is also high. Therefore, regular HPV screening is still needed after vaccination to find out HPV genotypes which are not covered by the vaccine. It is suggested that the government optimize the HPV vaccine coverage genotypes to prevent the occurrence of HPV infection associated with cervical cancer.

Objective:To summarize the relationship between the clinicopathological features and prognosis of immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) after renal transplantation.Methods:A total of 34 patients with IgAN after renal transplantation confirmed by renal biopsy were enrolled. And another 34 patients with primary IgAN confirmed by initial renal biopsy were adopted as controls. Clinical and pathological features of two groups were compared to explore the relationship between clinicopathological features and prognosis of allograft IgAN.Results:As compared with primary IgAN group, renal function in allograft IgAN group included serum creatinine [(158.5±75.9) vs (84.8±26.8) umol/L], urea nitrogen [(9.7±6.1) vs (5.2±1.4) mmol/L], uric acid [(406.7±87.8) vs (359.0±92.6) umol/L], estimated glomerular filtration rate {(57.4±25.4) vs (91.2±28.6) [ml/(min·1.73m 2)]}. All were statistically significantly higher ( P<0.05) while other parameters showed no differences. Pathologically, the proportion of T1 type (50.0% vs 17.6%) of renal tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis was significantly higher in allograft IgAN group than control group ( P<0.05). Furthermore, univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were performed between various pathological parameters and prognosis in allograft IgAN patients. It indicated that the degree of mesangial hyperplasia of patients with transplanted IgAN had a significantly negative impact on the prognosis. Conclusions:The clinicopathological features of patients with allograft IgAN show no difference from those of patients with primary IgAN. And among patients with allograft IgAN, those with severe mesangial hyperplasia often have a worse prognosis.

With high accuracy and precision,next generation sequencing (NGS) has provided a powerful tool for clinical testing of genetic diseases.To follow a standardized experimental procedure is the prerequisite to obtain stable,reliable,and effective NGS data for the assistance of diagnosis and/or screening of genetic diseases.At a conference of genetic testing industry held in Shanghai,May 2019,physicians engaged in the diagnosis and treatment of genetic diseases,experts engaged in clinical laboratory testing of genetic diseases and experts from third-party genetic testing companies have fully discussed the standardization of NGS procedures for the testing of genetic diseases.Experts from different backgrounds have provided opinions for the operation and implementation of NGS testing procedures including sample collection,reception,preservation,library construction,sequencing and data quality control.Based on the discussion,a consensus on the standardization of the testing procedures in NGS laboratories is developed with the aim to standardize NGS testing and accelerate implementation of NGS in clinical settings across China.