Isocitrate dehydrogenase(IDH)wild-type glioma is a type of highly invasive brain tumor with poor prognosis and a high recur-rence rate.The recurrence process is driven by multiple complex and interwoven factors.Although the current standard treatment regi-mens can temporarily alleviate patients'symptoms,they still face significant challenges in effectively preventing tumor recurrence.The re-currence mechanism of this tumor is intricate and covers multiple aspects such as genomic instability,maintenance of stem cell characterist-ics and mesenchymal transformation,as well as dynamic changes in the tumor microenvironment.This article aims to comprehensively sum-marize the recurrence mechanism of glioblastoma and deeply explore potential countermeasures targeting these mechanisms,hoping to open up new perspectives and approaches for the treatment of recurrent tumors.

Isocitrate dehydrogenase(IDH)wild-type glioma is a type of highly invasive brain tumor with poor prognosis and a high recur-rence rate.The recurrence process is driven by multiple complex and interwoven factors.Although the current standard treatment regi-mens can temporarily alleviate patients'symptoms,they still face significant challenges in effectively preventing tumor recurrence.The re-currence mechanism of this tumor is intricate and covers multiple aspects such as genomic instability,maintenance of stem cell characterist-ics and mesenchymal transformation,as well as dynamic changes in the tumor microenvironment.This article aims to comprehensively sum-marize the recurrence mechanism of glioblastoma and deeply explore potential countermeasures targeting these mechanisms,hoping to open up new perspectives and approaches for the treatment of recurrent tumors.

BACKGROUND: One of the most important treatment modalities for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is immune checkpoint inhibitor. Nevertheless, a small percentage of patients do not respond well to these therapies, highlighting the significance of identifying important CD8+ T cell subsets for immunotherapy and creating trustworthy biomarkers. The purpose of this study is to assess the potential utility of TIM3+CD8+ T cells as new biomarkers by examining their expressions in various areas of the NSCLC tumor microenvironment. METHODS: Based on biopsy techniques, tumor tissue samples were obtained from patients with NSCLC and categorized into tumor central and non-central regions. Using flow cytometry, the infiltration of TIM3+CD8+ T cells and the surface expression of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) on these cells were examined, and their correlations with the effectiveness of immunotherapy were assessed. RESULTS: The non-central region of tumor tissues had considerably larger infiltration of TIM3+CD8+ T lymphocytes compared to the non-central region (P<0.0001). This pattern was found in both subgroups with tumor diameters ≥3 cm or <3 cm (P<0.01). In comparison to TIM3-CD8+ T cells, TIM3+CD8+ T cells showed higher levels of PD-1 (P<0.001), with more PD-1+TIM3+CD8+ T cells invading the non-central region (P<0.01). Clinical responders to immunotherapy had considerably lower infiltration levels of TIM3+CD8+ T cells in the tumor non-central region compared to non-responders, with lower levels correlated with better clinical outcomes (P<0.01), while no correlation was identified in the tumor central region (P>0.05). According to reciever operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, TIM3+CD8+ T cells in the tumor non-central region had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.9375 for predicting the effectiveness of immunotherapy, which was considerably higher than that of TIM3+CD8+ T cells in the tumor central region and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) [tumor proportion score (TPS)]. CONCLUSIONS In the tumor microenvironment of NSCLC, TIM3+CD8+ T cells show regional distribution patterns. The expression of this cell population in the non-central region of the tumor microenvironment may be a biomarker for predicting the effectiveness of immunotherapy.
Humans ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism* ; Lung Neoplasms/metabolism* ; Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2/immunology* ; Tumor Microenvironment/immunology* ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism* ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Adult ; Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/metabolism* ; Immunotherapy ; Clinical Relevance