BACKGROUND:Parkinson's disease has the main pathological changes in the midbrain,especially in the dense substantia nigra,leading to impaired motor and non-motor function in patients.At present,research is limited by cellular heterogeneity,and its pathogenesis still needs to be further elucidated.In recent years,single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)has gradually been applied in neurodegenerative diseases,which is of great significance for understanding intercellular heterogeneity,disease development mechanisms,and treatment strategies. OBJECTIVE:To review the research progress of scRNA-seq technology applied to Parkinson's disease in recent years,providing a theoretical basis for the application of scRNA-seq in the treatment and diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. METHODS:The first author used a computer system to search for relevant literature in the CNKI,WanFang,PubMed,and Web of Science databases,with the Chinese search terms"single-cell RNA sequencing,Parkinson's disease,cell heterogeneity,cell subtypes,dopaminergic neurons,glial cells"and English search terms"single-cell RNA seq,Parkinson disease,heterogenicity,subtypes,dopaminergic neurons,glial cells."71 articles were ultimately included for review and analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)scRNA-seq is a high-throughput experimental technique that utilizes RNA sequencing at the single-cell level to quantify gene expression profiles in specific cell populations,revealing cellular mysteries at the molecular level.Compared with traditional sequencing techniques,scRNA-seq technology is used to reveal the diversity of cell types and changes in specific gene expression in complex tissues under various physiological and pathological conditions through automatic clustering analysis of cell transcriptome.(2)By using scRNA-seq,the development process of dopaminergic neurons and the unique functional characteristics of various cell subtypes are elucidated,in order to better understand potential therapeutic molecular targets.(3)The use of scRNA-seq analysis has improved our understanding of the response of Parkinson's disease glial cells,enabling us to comprehensively map and characterize different cell type populations,identify specific glial cell subpopulations related to neurodegeneration,and draw valuable single cell maps as reference data for future research.(4)The application of scRNA-seq to detect embryonic mice and stem cells will help improve the in vitro differentiation protocol and quality control of cell therapy,as well as evaluate the overall cell quality and developmental stage of dopaminergic neurons derived from stem cells.

Medical institutions, with their clinical practice foundation and abundant human use experience data, have become important carriers for the inheritance and innovation of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) and the "cradles" of the preparation of new TCM. To effectively promote the transformation of new TCM originating from the TCM clinical practice in medical institutions and establish an effective evaluation index system for the transformation of new TCM conforming to the characteristics of TCM, consensus experts adopted the literature research, questionnaire survey, Delphi method, etc. By focusing on the policy and technical evaluation of new TCM originating from the TCM clinical practice in medical institutions, a comprehensive evaluation from the dimensions of drug safety, efficacy, feasibility, and characteristic advantages was conducted, thus forming a comprehensive evaluation system with four primary indicators and 37 secondary indicators. The expert consensus reached aims to encourage medical institutions at all levels to continuously improve the high-quality research and development and transformation of new TCM originating from the TCM clinical practice in medical institutions and targeted at clinical needs, so as to provide a decision-making basis for the preparation, selection, cultivation, and transformation of new TCM for medical institutions, improve the development efficiency of new TCM, and precisely respond to the public medication needs.
Medicine, Chinese Traditional/standards* ; Humans ; Consensus ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

ObjectiveThis paper aims to verify the therapeutic effect of Cranial Painkiller pills' extract powder prepared by the new process on the rat's trigeminal neuralgia model caused by infraorbital injection of Talci Pulvis， evaluate its potential clinical application value， and compare the therapeutic effect with that of Cranial Painkiller granules， so as to provide data support for the application of the Cranial Painkiller pills' extract powder and precise treatment. MethodsThe rat's trigeminal neuralgia model was constructed by infraorbital injection of Talci Pulvis， and the rats were randomly divided into the normal group， model group， carbamazepine group （60 mg·kg^-1）， Cranial Painkiller granules group （2.70 g·kg^-1）， and low， medium， and high dosage groups of Cranial Painkiller pills' extract powder （1.35， 2.70， 5.40 g·kg^-1） according to the basal mechanical pain thresholds， and there were 10 rats in each group. The drug was administered by gavage to each group 2 h after modeling， and distilled water was given by gavage to the normal and model groups under the same conditions once a day for 10 d. Von Frey brushes were used to measure mechanical pain thresholds in rats. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to detect pathological changes in the trigeminal ganglion， and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to detect the inflammatory factors interleukin-1 （IL-1）， interleukin-6 （IL-6）， interleukin-8 （IL-8）， and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） levels in rat serum， as well as neuropeptide substance P （SP） and β-endorphin （β-EP） levels in rat brain tissue. Western blot technique was used to detect the levels of NLRP3， ASC， Caspase-1， and OTULIN proteins in rat brain tissue. ResultsCompared with the normal group， the pain threshold of rats in the model group showed a continuous significant decrease （P<0.01）. The pathological damage of brain tissue was significant （P<0.01）， and the inflammatory levels of IL-1， IL-6， IL-8， and TNF-α in serum were significantly elevated （P<0.01）. The level of the SP in the brain tissue was significantly elevated （P<0.01）， and the level of β-EP was significantly reduced （P<0.01）， while the level of OTULIN was significantly reduced， and NLRP3， ASC， and Caspase-1 protein levels were significantly elevated （P<0.01）. After administration of the drug， compared with the model group， the pain threshold of each dose group of the Cranial Painkiller pills' extract powder and the Cranial Painkiller granules group significantly increased （P<0.01）. The inflammatory levels of IL-1， IL-6， IL-8， and TNF-α and SP levels significantly decreased （P<0.01）， and the β-EP levels were significantly elevated （P<0.01）， while the levels of OTULIN protein were significantly elevated （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the levels of NLRP3， ASC proteins were decreased （P<0.01）in high dose Cranial Painkiller pills' extract powder. Meanwhile， compared with those in the model group， the trigeminal ganglion lesions of rats in the Cranial Painkiller pills' extract powder and Cranial Painkiller granules groups showed different degrees of improvement （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionThe Cranial Painkiller pills' extract powder has significant therapeutic effects on the rat model of trigeminal neuralgia induced by infraorbital injection of Talci Pulvis， and its mechanism is related to the improvement of OTULIN-regulated neuroinflammation.

ObjectiveTo investigate the protective effect and mechanism of verbenalin on mouse mononuclear macrophage leukemia cells （RAW264.7） damaged by human coronavirus （HCoV）-229E infection， thereby providing experimental evidence for its development and application. MethodsRAW264.7 macrophages were infected with different concentrations of HCoV-229E to establish a coronavirus-induced macrophage injury model using the cell counting kit-8 （CCK-8） assay for assessing cell proliferation and viability. Cells were randomly divided into four groups： normal control， verbenalin group （125 μmol·L^-1）， model group （HCoV-229E）， and HCoV-229E + verbenalin group （HCoV-229E + 125 μmol·L^-1 verbenalin）. Cell viability was measured using the CCK-8 assay， and the maximum non-toxic concentration （CC₀）， half-maximal cytotoxic concentration （CC₅₀）， half-maximal effective concentration （EC₅₀）， and selectivity index （SI） of verbenalin were calculated. Calcein/PI double staining was used to assess cell viability and cytotoxicity， and JC-1 staining was applied to evaluate changes in mitochondrial membrane potential （MMP）. mito-Keima adenovirus labeling was used to assess mitophagy levels in each group. ResultsA macrophage infection model was successfully established by infecting RAW264.7 cells with the original concentration of HCoV-229E for 36 h. The CC₀ of verbenalin was 125 μmol·L^-1. The CC₅₀ was 448.25 μmol·L^-1. The EC₅₀ against HCoV-229E-infected cells was 46.28 μmol·L^-1， and the SI was 9.68. Compared with the normal group， the model group showed significantly reduced cell survival rate （P<0.01）， increased cell death rate （P<0.01）， decreased MMP （P<0.01）， and suppressed mitophagy （P<0.01）. In contrast， verbenalin treatment significantly improved cell survival rate （P<0.01）， reduced cell death rate （P<0.01）， alleviated MMP loss （P<0.01）， and enhanced mitophagy levels （P<0.01） compared with the model group. ConclusionVerbenalin can enhance the survival rate of macrophages following HCoV-229E infection. The underlying mechanism may be associated with the activation of mitophagy， maintenance of MMP stability， and alleviation of mitochondrial damage.

Objective: To investigate the expression of peroxiredoxin 4 (PRDX4) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and its effect on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OSCC cells. Methods: The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA) database was used to analyze the expression of PRDX4 in OSCC. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western Blot (WB) were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of PRDX4 in OSCC cell lines and normal oral mucosal epithelial cells. PRDX4 was knocked down in CAL-27 cells and divided into two groups: the si-PRDX4 group and si-NC group. SCC-9 cells overexpressing PRDX4 were divided into two groups: the PRDX4 overexpression group (transfected with pcDNA3.1-PRDX4 plasmid) and the vector group (the control group; transfected with pcDNA3.1-NC plasmid). A cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and plate colony formation assay were used to detect cell proliferation. Transwell assay and cell scratch test were used to detect cell invasion and migration ability. WB was used to detect the effects of knockdown or overexpression of PRDX4, p38MAPK agonist or inhibitor on the expression of p38MAPK-related signaling pathway proteins, and epithelial mesenchymal transition proteins in OSCC cells. Results: PRDX4 was highly expressed in OSCC tissues and cell lines. The results of qRT-PCR and WB showed that PRDX4 was highly expressed in OSCC cell lines compared with normal oral mucosal epithelial cells. The CCK-8 assay showed that the si-PRDX4 group had significantly lower OD values than the si-NC group at 24, 48, and 72 h (P<0.05). The PRDX4 overexpression group had a significantly higher OD value than the vector group at 24, 48, and 72 h (P<0.05). The plate colony formation assay showed that the si-PRDX4 group had a significantly lower number of colonies than the si-NC group (P<0.05). The number of colonies formed in the PRDX4 overexpression group was significantly higher than that in the vector group (P<0.05). The cell scratch test showed that the wound healing area of the si-PRDX4 group was less than that of the si-NC group (P<0.05). The scratch healing area of the PRDX4 overexpression group was significantly higher than that of the vector group (P<0.05). The Transwell invasion assay showed that the number of transmembrane cells in the si-PRDX4 group was lower than that in the si-NC group (P<0.05). The number of transmembrane cells in the PRDX4 overexpression group was significantly higher than that in the vector group (P<0.05). The WB results showed that knockdown and overexpression of PRDX4 could downregulate and upregulate the expression of the p38MAPK signaling pathway and epithelial-mesenchymal transition related proteins, respectively, and the addition of p38MAPK agonist and inhibitor could significantly reverse the expression of related proteins. Conclusion PRDX4 is highly expressed in OSCC. Knocking down the expression of PRDX4 in OSCC cells can downregulate the expression of p38 MAPK signal axis and EMT-related signal proteins, thereby inhibiting the proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of cells.

The ethical review of clinical research on rare diseases is crucial in ensuring the scientific validity of the research and the rights and interests of the subjects. Starting from the definition of rare diseases， this paper analyzed the current situation of domestic and international regulations and ethical review in clinical research on rare diseases. It also explored the key elements of ethical review from the two dimensions of scientific and ethical aspects of clinical research， including research objectives， methods， risk and benefit assessment， researcher qualifications， research infrastructure， informed consent process， data security and privacy protection， and protection of vulnerable groups such as children. Regarding the ethical review of clinical research on rare diseases， strategies can be adopted such as strengthening the training of ethics review personnel， conducting multi-center collaborative reviews， and focusing on the long-term safety of trials， to improve the quality of ethical review， protect the safety of the subjects， and ensure the efficiency and quality of clinical research.

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanism of danshenol A （DA） pretreatment in alleviating myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury （MIRI） by regulating cardiomyocyte ferroptosis by in vivo and in vitro experiments. MethodsA MIRI model was established in SD rats， and an in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation （OGD/R） model was constructed with H9C2 cells. Both models were treated with DA. H9C2 cells were allocated into blank， model （OGD/R）， DA， ferroptosis inducer （erastin）， and ferroptosis inhibitor （Fer-1） groups. Cell viability was assessed by the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium （MTT） assay. Biochemical assays were performed to measure the superoxide dismutase （SOD）， malondialdehyde （MDA）， glutathione （GSH）， and ferrous ion （Fe²⁺） levels. Dihydroethidium （DHE） fluorescence assay was adopted to quantify the reactive oxygen species （ROS） level. Real-time PCR and Western blot were employed to quantify the mRNA and protein levels， respectively， of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 （PTGS2）， glutathione peroxidase 4 （GPX4）， ferritin heavy chain 1 （FTH1）， and acyl-coA synthetase long-chain family 4 （ACSL4）. Sixty SPF-grade healthy male SD rats were randomly assigned to control， model （MIRI）， DA， erastin， and Fer-1 groups. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was adopted to measure the serum levels of cardiac troponin I （cTnI）， lactate dehydrogenase （LDH）， and creatine kinase （CK）. Histopathological changes in the myocardial tissue were observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling （TUNEL）. The effect of DA on cardiomyocyte ferroptosis were observed and analyzed by in vivo and in vitro experiments. ResultsIn vitro experiment： compared with the blank group， the OGD/R model group showed reduced cell viability， elevated levels of ROS， MDA， and Fe²⁺， up-regulated mRNA and protein levels of ACSL4， lowered levels of SOD and GSH， and down-regulated mRNA and protein levels of PTGS2， GPX4， and FTH1 （P<0.05，P<0.01）. The DA and Fer-1 groups exhibited consistent trends： cell viability， SOD and GSH levels， and the mRNA and protein levels of PTGS2， GPX4， and FTH1 were significantly restored， while the ROS， MDA， and Fe²⁺ levels， and the mRNA and protein levels of ACSL4 were reduced （P<0.05，P<0.01）. In vivo experiment： Compared with the control group， the MIRI model group showed elevated serum levels of cTnI， LDH， and CK， increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis rate， risen levels of ROS， MDA， and Fe²⁺， and up-regulated mRNA and protein levels of ACSL4. However， both DA and Fer-1 groups exhibited reductions in the indicators above （P<0.05）. Compared with the control group， the MIRI model group demonstrated reduced levels of SOD and GSH and down-regulated mRNA and protein levels of PTGS2， GPX4， and FTH1 （P<0.05）. In contrast， both DA and Fer-1 upregulated these indicators （P<0.05）， effectively reversing the trends in the model group. In addition， the MIRI model group showed swelling of cardiomyocytes， disarrangement of cardiac muscle fibers， and massive inflammatory cell infiltration， which were alleviated in the DA and Fer-1 groups. ConclusionDA alleviates MIRI by inhibiting ferroptosis and inflammation， demonstrating therapeutic potential in acute myocardial infarction.

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanism of danshenol A （DA） pretreatment in alleviating myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury （MIRI） by regulating cardiomyocyte ferroptosis by in vivo and in vitro experiments. MethodsA MIRI model was established in SD rats， and an in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation （OGD/R） model was constructed with H9C2 cells. Both models were treated with DA. H9C2 cells were allocated into blank， model （OGD/R）， DA， ferroptosis inducer （erastin）， and ferroptosis inhibitor （Fer-1） groups. Cell viability was assessed by the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium （MTT） assay. Biochemical assays were performed to measure the superoxide dismutase （SOD）， malondialdehyde （MDA）， glutathione （GSH）， and ferrous ion （Fe²⁺） levels. Dihydroethidium （DHE） fluorescence assay was adopted to quantify the reactive oxygen species （ROS） level. Real-time PCR and Western blot were employed to quantify the mRNA and protein levels， respectively， of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 （PTGS2）， glutathione peroxidase 4 （GPX4）， ferritin heavy chain 1 （FTH1）， and acyl-coA synthetase long-chain family 4 （ACSL4）. Sixty SPF-grade healthy male SD rats were randomly assigned to control， model （MIRI）， DA， erastin， and Fer-1 groups. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was adopted to measure the serum levels of cardiac troponin I （cTnI）， lactate dehydrogenase （LDH）， and creatine kinase （CK）. Histopathological changes in the myocardial tissue were observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling （TUNEL）. The effect of DA on cardiomyocyte ferroptosis were observed and analyzed by in vivo and in vitro experiments. ResultsIn vitro experiment： compared with the blank group， the OGD/R model group showed reduced cell viability， elevated levels of ROS， MDA， and Fe²⁺， up-regulated mRNA and protein levels of ACSL4， lowered levels of SOD and GSH， and down-regulated mRNA and protein levels of PTGS2， GPX4， and FTH1 （P<0.05，P<0.01）. The DA and Fer-1 groups exhibited consistent trends： cell viability， SOD and GSH levels， and the mRNA and protein levels of PTGS2， GPX4， and FTH1 were significantly restored， while the ROS， MDA， and Fe²⁺ levels， and the mRNA and protein levels of ACSL4 were reduced （P<0.05，P<0.01）. In vivo experiment： Compared with the control group， the MIRI model group showed elevated serum levels of cTnI， LDH， and CK， increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis rate， risen levels of ROS， MDA， and Fe²⁺， and up-regulated mRNA and protein levels of ACSL4. However， both DA and Fer-1 groups exhibited reductions in the indicators above （P<0.05）. Compared with the control group， the MIRI model group demonstrated reduced levels of SOD and GSH and down-regulated mRNA and protein levels of PTGS2， GPX4， and FTH1 （P<0.05）. In contrast， both DA and Fer-1 upregulated these indicators （P<0.05）， effectively reversing the trends in the model group. In addition， the MIRI model group showed swelling of cardiomyocytes， disarrangement of cardiac muscle fibers， and massive inflammatory cell infiltration， which were alleviated in the DA and Fer-1 groups. ConclusionDA alleviates MIRI by inhibiting ferroptosis and inflammation， demonstrating therapeutic potential in acute myocardial infarction.

Cholelithiasis is a common biliary system disease with a high incidence worldwide. Abnormal lipid metabolism has been shown to play a key role in the mechanism of gallstones. Therefore, recent research literature on the genes, proteins, and molecular substances involved in lipid metabolism during the pathogenesis of gallstones has been conducted. This study aimed to determine the role of lipid metabolism in the pathogenesis of gallstones and provide insights for future studies using previous research in genomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics, and other fields.

Cholelithiasis is a common biliary system disease with a high incidence worldwide. Abnormal lipid metabolism has been shown to play a key role in the mechanism of gallstones. Therefore, recent research literature on the genes, proteins, and molecular substances involved in lipid metabolism during the pathogenesis of gallstones has been conducted. This study aimed to determine the role of lipid metabolism in the pathogenesis of gallstones and provide insights for future studies using previous research in genomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics, and other fields.