BACKGROUND : Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that impacts several organ systems. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for maintaining immunological tolerance, and their dysregulation has been found linked to the pathogenesis of SLE. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between CD4⁺CD25⁺FOXP3⁺ Treg levels and disease activity, as measured by the MEX-SLEDAI score, in patients with SLE. METHODS : A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 40 SLE patients treated in the Allergy and Immunology outpatient clinic and inpatient ward of Mohammad Hoesin Hospital from June 1, 2024 to August 31, 2024. Inclusion criteria were adults (≥18 years) diagnosed with SLE who provided informed consent. Exclusion criteria included other history autoimmune or immunocompromised conditions, pregnancy or lactation, hormonal contraceptive use, and active severe infection. CD4⁺CD25⁺FOXP3⁺ Treg cell levels were measured by flow cytometry. Disease activity was assessed using the MEX-SLEDAI score. Spearman’s correlation test was used to analyze the association between Treg levels and disease activity. RESULTS : Of 40 enrolled subjects (39 women, 1 man), 75% were aged 20–44 years. Mucocutaneous manifestations were the most common clinical feature (95%). Nephritis and hematologic involvement were most frequently observed in patients with severe disease activity. A strong negative correlation was identified between CD4⁺CD25⁺FOXP3⁺ Treg cell levels and MEX-SLEDAI scores (R = –0.72, p<0.001), indicating that lower Treg levels were associated with higher disease activity. CONCLUSIONS CD4⁺CD25⁺FOXP3⁺ Treg levels show a significant negative correlation with MEX-SLEDAI disease activity in SLE. Lower Treg cell levels reflect more severe disease activity.
disease progression ; flow cytometry ; systemic lupus erythematosus ; Treg cells

Errors in human DNA may cause genetic disorders. Technological developments have raised hopes for reducing the risks of genetic inheritance among married couples who have a history of such disorders. Among the developments in reproductive health technology that reduce those risks is the in vitro fertilization (IVF) process. This review aimed to describe the current strategies using IVF and preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), which would be effective for couples with genetic disorders to have healthy offspring. The literature review included full-text, open-access research articles from ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar that were published between 2013 and 2023, with 65 articles obtained from various journals. The keywords were ‘in vitro fertilization,’ ‘reproductive genetic disorders,’ ‘PGT-A,’ ‘PGT-M,’ ‘PGT-SR,’ and ‘oocyte donor.’ A total of 46 articles were selected as the most relevant to the review topic, and the results show that the IVF process can be an option for couples with a history of genetic disorders. Several additional procedures can be performed following IVF, such as oocyte donation and PGT, to help couples who want to have offspring without transmitting their genetic disorders. IVF can be an option for couples who have or carry genetic disorders. With IVF, couples can undertake several procedures such as oocyte donation and PGT for aneuploidy, monogenic disorders, or structural rearrangement.

Errors in human DNA may cause genetic disorders. Technological developments have raised hopes for reducing the risks of genetic inheritance among married couples who have a history of such disorders. Among the developments in reproductive health technology that reduce those risks is the in vitro fertilization (IVF) process. This review aimed to describe the current strategies using IVF and preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), which would be effective for couples with genetic disorders to have healthy offspring. The literature review included full-text, open-access research articles from ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar that were published between 2013 and 2023, with 65 articles obtained from various journals. The keywords were ‘in vitro fertilization,’ ‘reproductive genetic disorders,’ ‘PGT-A,’ ‘PGT-M,’ ‘PGT-SR,’ and ‘oocyte donor.’ A total of 46 articles were selected as the most relevant to the review topic, and the results show that the IVF process can be an option for couples with a history of genetic disorders. Several additional procedures can be performed following IVF, such as oocyte donation and PGT, to help couples who want to have offspring without transmitting their genetic disorders. IVF can be an option for couples who have or carry genetic disorders. With IVF, couples can undertake several procedures such as oocyte donation and PGT for aneuploidy, monogenic disorders, or structural rearrangement.

Errors in human DNA may cause genetic disorders. Technological developments have raised hopes for reducing the risks of genetic inheritance among married couples who have a history of such disorders. Among the developments in reproductive health technology that reduce those risks is the in vitro fertilization (IVF) process. This review aimed to describe the current strategies using IVF and preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), which would be effective for couples with genetic disorders to have healthy offspring. The literature review included full-text, open-access research articles from ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar that were published between 2013 and 2023, with 65 articles obtained from various journals. The keywords were ‘in vitro fertilization,’ ‘reproductive genetic disorders,’ ‘PGT-A,’ ‘PGT-M,’ ‘PGT-SR,’ and ‘oocyte donor.’ A total of 46 articles were selected as the most relevant to the review topic, and the results show that the IVF process can be an option for couples with a history of genetic disorders. Several additional procedures can be performed following IVF, such as oocyte donation and PGT, to help couples who want to have offspring without transmitting their genetic disorders. IVF can be an option for couples who have or carry genetic disorders. With IVF, couples can undertake several procedures such as oocyte donation and PGT for aneuploidy, monogenic disorders, or structural rearrangement.