ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanisms by which Renshentang treats atherosclerosis （AS） in mice， focusing on the regulation of endothelial inflammatory responses mediated by transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 （TRPV1）. MethodsAn AS model was established in apolipoprotein E knockout （ApoE^-/-） mice fed a high-fat diet. The mice were randomly divided into a simvastatin group （0.02 g·kg^-1·d^-1） and low-， medium-， and high-dose Renshentang groups （1.77， 3.54， 7.08 g·kg^-1·d^-1）， with 12 mice in each group. ApoE^-/- mice were fed a high-fat diet and treated simultaneously. C57BL/6J mice fed a normal diet served as the normal group （n=9）. After continuous administration for 12 weeks， mice were anesthetized and the aortas were collected. Oil Red O staining was used to observe lipid plaque formation in the aorta. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was performed to examine pathological changes in the aortic root. Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze the levels of pro-inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） and interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， as well as the expression of TRPV1， phosphorylated phosphoinositide 3-kinase （p-PI3K）， and phosphorylated protein kinase B （p-Akt） in the aortic root. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） was used to detect endothelial nitric oxide synthase （eNOS） mRNA expression in the aorta， and Western blot was used to detect TRPV1 protein expression. ResultsCompared with the normal group， the model group showed a significant increase in aortic plaque formation （P<0.01） and significantly elevated levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in the aortic root （P<0.01）. The expression levels of TRPV1， p-PI3K， and p-Akt were decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and eNOS mRNA expression was reduced （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， all Renshentang groups significantly reduced aortic plaque formation （P<0.01）， significantly decreased TNF-α and IL-1β levels （P<0.01）， and markedly increased the expression levels of TRPV1， p-PI3K， p-Akt， and eNOS mRNA （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionRenshentang may inhibit endothelial inflammation and suppress the formation of AS by increasing TRPV1 protein expression and up-regulating the PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling pathway， which may be one of the molecular mechanisms underlying its therapeutic effect against AS.

ObjectiveTo explore the effects of Renshentang on atherosclerosis （AS） in mice based on the role of transient receptor potential vanilloid1 （TRPV1） in regulating cholesterol metabolism in foam cells. MethodsNine SPF-grade 8-week-old C57BL/6J mice were set as a normal group， and 60 ApoE^-/- mice were randomized into model， positive drug （simvastatin， 0.02 g·kg^-1·d^-1）， and low-， medium-， and high-dose （1.77， 3.54， 7.08 g·kg^-1·d^-1， respectively） Renshentang groups （n=12） according to body weight. The normal group was fed with a normal diet， and the other groups were fed with a high-fat diet and given corresponding drugs by oral gavage for the modeling of AS. The mice were administrated with corresponding drugs once a day for 12 weeks. After the last administration and fasting for 12 h， the aorta was collected. Plaque conditions， pathological changes， levels of total cholesterol （TC）， triglcerides （TG）， low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol （LDL-C）， and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol （HDL-C）， and the expression of TRPV1， liver X receptor （LXR）， inducible degrader of the low-density lipoprotein receptor （IDOL）， and low-density lipoprotein receptor （LDLR） in the aortic tissue were observed and detected by gross oil red O staining， HE staining， Western blot， immunohistochemistry， and real-time PCR. ResultsCompared with the normal group， the model group presented obvious plaque deposition in the aorta， raised levels of TC， TG， and LDL-C in the serum （P<0.01）， up-regulated expression level of LDLR in the aorta （P<0.01）， lowered level of HDL-C in the serum， and down-regulated expression levels of TRPV1， LXR， and IDOL in the aorta （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the positive drug and Renshentang at different doses alleviated AS， elevated the levels of HDL-C， TRPV1， LXR， and IDOL （P<0.05， P<0.01）， while lowering the levels of TC， TG， LDL-C， and LDLR （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionRenshentang has a lipid-lowering effect on AS mice. It can effectively reduce lipid deposition， lipid levels， and plaque area of AS mice by activating TRPV1 expression and regulating the LXR/IDOL/LDLR pathway.

ObjectiveTo explore the effects of Renshentang on atherosclerosis （AS） in mice based on the role of transient receptor potential vanilloid1 （TRPV1） in regulating cholesterol metabolism in foam cells. MethodsNine SPF-grade 8-week-old C57BL/6J mice were set as a normal group， and 60 ApoE^-/- mice were randomized into model， positive drug （simvastatin， 0.02 g·kg^-1·d^-1）， and low-， medium-， and high-dose （1.77， 3.54， 7.08 g·kg^-1·d^-1， respectively） Renshentang groups （n=12） according to body weight. The normal group was fed with a normal diet， and the other groups were fed with a high-fat diet and given corresponding drugs by oral gavage for the modeling of AS. The mice were administrated with corresponding drugs once a day for 12 weeks. After the last administration and fasting for 12 h， the aorta was collected. Plaque conditions， pathological changes， levels of total cholesterol （TC）， triglcerides （TG）， low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol （LDL-C）， and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol （HDL-C）， and the expression of TRPV1， liver X receptor （LXR）， inducible degrader of the low-density lipoprotein receptor （IDOL）， and low-density lipoprotein receptor （LDLR） in the aortic tissue were observed and detected by gross oil red O staining， HE staining， Western blot， immunohistochemistry， and real-time PCR. ResultsCompared with the normal group， the model group presented obvious plaque deposition in the aorta， raised levels of TC， TG， and LDL-C in the serum （P<0.01）， up-regulated expression level of LDLR in the aorta （P<0.01）， lowered level of HDL-C in the serum， and down-regulated expression levels of TRPV1， LXR， and IDOL in the aorta （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the positive drug and Renshentang at different doses alleviated AS， elevated the levels of HDL-C， TRPV1， LXR， and IDOL （P<0.05， P<0.01）， while lowering the levels of TC， TG， LDL-C， and LDLR （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionRenshentang has a lipid-lowering effect on AS mice. It can effectively reduce lipid deposition， lipid levels， and plaque area of AS mice by activating TRPV1 expression and regulating the LXR/IDOL/LDLR pathway.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of compatibility of Gardeniae Fructus and Rhododendri Mollis Flos on the pharmacokinetic behavior of rhodojaponin II and rhodojaponin III of Rhododendri Mollis Flos. METHODS LC-MS/MS of rhodojaponin II and rhodojaponin III in plasma of rats was developed. The method was then applied to study the blood concentrations of rhodojaponin II and rhodojaponin III in rats after oral compatibility administration of Gardeniae Fructus and Rhododendri Mollis Flos and single decoction administration of Rhododendri Mollis Flos, respectively, then their pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and statistical analysed. RESULTS: The calibration curve was good linearity(r>0.999) in the range of 1-200 ng·mL-1 for rhodojaponin II and 1-100 ng·mL-1 for rhodojaponin III, the precision of quality control samples was less than 12% and the accuracy was less than 20%. After administration of compatibility of Gardeniae Fructus and Rhododendri Mollis Flos and Rhododendri Mollis Flos alone, the AUC0-t of rhodojaponin II in vivo was(260.44±51.67) and (213.39±59.03)h·ng·mL-1, respectively, and the AUC0-t of rhodojaponin III was (60.97±22.78) and (22.38±5.55)h·ng·mL-1, respectively. Compared with single decoction of Rhododendri Mollis Flos administration group, the T1/2 and MRT(0-t)of the rhodojaponin II were significantly increased, the AUC0-t, T1/2, Tmax and CL of the rhodojaponin III were also significantly rised after administration of compatibility of Gardeniae Fructus and Rhododendri Mollis Flos. CONCLUSION After the compatibility of Gardeniae Fructus and Rhododendri Mollis Flos, the rate of absorption and the distribution volume are increased of rhodojaponin III in rats, while the elimination rate has decreased, the T1/2 of rhodojaponin II and rhodojaponin III are extended, but don't affect the absorption rate of rhodojaponin II in rats.

ObjectiveTo observe the effect of Qinggan Jianpi Huoxue prescription（QGJPHXP） on the polarization of M1/M2 macrophages in rats with hepatic fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride（CCl₄）. MethodA rat hepatic fibrosis model was established by intraperitoneal injection of 40% CCl₄-olive oil suspension twice a week at the dosage of 2.0 mL·kg^-1 for 8 weeks. After the model was successfully established， these rats were randomly divided into the model group， QGJPHXP group（32.084 g·kg^-1） and Biejiajian pills（BJJP） group（0.925 5 g·kg^-1）， with 12 rats in each group. The blank group was injected intraperitoneally with the same amount of olive oil. The rats in the administration groups were given the corresponding solution according to the dose， and the blank and model groups were given the same dose of purified water， once a day. After 4 weeks of continuous administration， the liver tissues of rats were taken and stained with hematoxylin-eosin（HE） and Masson to observe the pathological changes. The serums were collected to detect the alanine aminotransferase（ALT） and aspartate aminotransferase（AST） levels. Interleukin（IL）-6， IL-12， IL-10， IL-1β， transforming growth factor-β₁（TGF-β₁） and tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α） levels in liver tissues were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）. The expression levels of CD86 and CD206 were detected by immunohistochemistry（IHC）. Western blot and real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction（Real-time PCR） were used to detect the protein and mRNA expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase（iNOS）， arginase-1（Arg-1）， phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase（p-p38 MAPK）， nuclear transcription factor-κB p65（NF-κB p65） in liver tissues of rats. ResultCompared with the blank group， the hepatic cell plate was irregularly arranged, and local inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrous hyperplasia were observed， while the serum levels of ALT and AST were significantly increased in the model group（P<0.01）， and IL-1β， IL-6， IL-12， TGF-β₁， TNF-α， CD86， CD206， iNOS， p-p38 MAPK，p38 MAPK and NF-κB p65 levels in liver tissues were obviously increased（P<0.05， P<0.01）， while the levels of IL-10 and Arg-1 were obviously decreased（P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， QGJPHXP group reduced the degree of liver cell fibrosis，and serum levels of ALT and AST（P<0.01）， and IL-1β， IL-6， IL-12， TGF-β₁， TNF-α， CD86， iNOS， p-p38 MAPK， p38 MAPK， and NF-κB p65 levels in liver tissues were obviously decreased（P<0.05， P<0.01）， the levels of IL-10， CD206 and Arg-1 were obviously increased in the QGJPHXP group（P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionQGJPHXP has ability to inhibit the activation of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages， induce the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines by M2 macrophages， reduce the release of pro-fibrogenic cytokines， and promote the macrophage polarization of M1 to M2 in liver for tissue repair， thereby serving as an anti-inflammatory and anti-hepatic fibrosis drug.

Objective:To investigate the differences of close and distance strabismus degree and spherical equivalence of the students with intermittent exotropia (IXT), exophoria and orthophoria in physical examination of civil aviation recruitment.Methods:The ophthalmic examination data of 13 551 students, who failed in ophthalmology examination of civil aviation recruitment in Chengdu Civil Aviation Medical Center during 2016 to 2020, were collected and analyzed. The yearly trends of their visual, diopter and strabismus failure rates were analyzed. From 2019 to 2020, 69 cases of IXT without vertical strabismus (IXT group), 155 cases of exophoria (exophoria group) and 114 cases of orthophoria (orthophoria group) were found in ophthalmic examination. IXT group was further divided into well-controlled group (55 cases) and badly-controlled group (14 cases) by the eye position controlling ability. Exophoria group was further divided into close strabismus ≤-6 Δ group (98 cases) and >-6 Δ group (57 cases). The myopia rate, spherical equivalent, distance strabismus degree were compared respectively between the well-controlled group and badly-controlled group, close strabismus ≤-6 Δ group and >-6 Δ group, and well-controlled group and close strabismus >-6 Δ group. Results:From 2016 to 2020, the failure rates of diopter and strabismus among the unqualified students in ophthalmology examination of civil aviation recruitment showed an increasing trend. There were significant differences on the degrees of myopia and distance strabismus among different eye position groups ( χ2/ F=93.23, 44.94, 94.04, 365.63, all P<0.001). The spherical equivalence and distance strabismus degree in exophoria group were higher than those in IXT group (both P<0.05). The myopia rate and distance strabismus degree in orthophoria group were lower than those in IXT and exophoria groups (all P<0.05), and the spherical equivalence was higher than that in IXT and exophoria groups (both P<0.05). There were significant differences in diopter detection rates (all P<0.05). Compared with the badly-controlled group, the spherical equivalence of the well-controlled group was lower and the distance strabismus degree was higher, and the differences were statistically significant ( t=2.24, 2.89, both P<0.05). Compared with the close strabismus >-6 Δ group, the close strabismus ≤-6 Δ group had higher distance strabismus degree, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=3.72, P<0.001). There was no significant difference in myopia rate and spherical equivalence between the 2 groups. The spherical equivalence and the distance strabismus degree of the well-controlled group were lower than those of the close strabismus >-6 Δ group, and the differences were statistically significant ( t=3.23, 14.90, P=0.001, <0.001), while there was no significant difference in myopia rate between the 2 groups. Conclusions:The myopia rate and the degree of myopia and distance strabismus in IXT group are the highest, followed by esotropia and orthotropic group.

Objective:To investigate the differences of close and distance strabismus degree and spherical equivalence of the students with intermittent exotropia (IXT), exophoria and orthophoria in physical examination of civil aviation recruitment.Methods:The ophthalmic examination data of 13 551 students, who failed in ophthalmology examination of civil aviation recruitment in Chengdu Civil Aviation Medical Center during 2016 to 2020, were collected and analyzed. The yearly trends of their visual, diopter and strabismus failure rates were analyzed. From 2019 to 2020, 69 cases of IXT without vertical strabismus (IXT group), 155 cases of exophoria (exophoria group) and 114 cases of orthophoria (orthophoria group) were found in ophthalmic examination. IXT group was further divided into well-controlled group (55 cases) and badly-controlled group (14 cases) by the eye position controlling ability. Exophoria group was further divided into close strabismus ≤-6 Δ group (98 cases) and >-6 Δ group (57 cases). The myopia rate, spherical equivalent, distance strabismus degree were compared respectively between the well-controlled group and badly-controlled group, close strabismus ≤-6 Δ group and >-6 Δ group, and well-controlled group and close strabismus >-6 Δ group. Results:From 2016 to 2020, the failure rates of diopter and strabismus among the unqualified students in ophthalmology examination of civil aviation recruitment showed an increasing trend. There were significant differences on the degrees of myopia and distance strabismus among different eye position groups ( χ2/ F=93.23, 44.94, 94.04, 365.63, all P<0.001). The spherical equivalence and distance strabismus degree in exophoria group were higher than those in IXT group (both P<0.05). The myopia rate and distance strabismus degree in orthophoria group were lower than those in IXT and exophoria groups (all P<0.05), and the spherical equivalence was higher than that in IXT and exophoria groups (both P<0.05). There were significant differences in diopter detection rates (all P<0.05). Compared with the badly-controlled group, the spherical equivalence of the well-controlled group was lower and the distance strabismus degree was higher, and the differences were statistically significant ( t=2.24, 2.89, both P<0.05). Compared with the close strabismus >-6 Δ group, the close strabismus ≤-6 Δ group had higher distance strabismus degree, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=3.72, P<0.001). There was no significant difference in myopia rate and spherical equivalence between the 2 groups. The spherical equivalence and the distance strabismus degree of the well-controlled group were lower than those of the close strabismus >-6 Δ group, and the differences were statistically significant ( t=3.23, 14.90, P=0.001, <0.001), while there was no significant difference in myopia rate between the 2 groups. Conclusions:The myopia rate and the degree of myopia and distance strabismus in IXT group are the highest, followed by esotropia and orthotropic group.

Objective:To explore the prevalence of refractive error and status of corneal refractive surgery (CRS) in civil pilots, so as to provide data support for medical examination of ophthalmology department.Methods:Pilots who applied for grade Ⅰ CCAR-121 certification and received the annual physical examination of southwest district in 2018 were selected as subjects in this study. The detailed data of pilots with CRS or after corneal refractive surgery were recorded combined with the related diseases history inquiry and ophthalmic examination. Prevalence of refractive error and CRS were compared among different age groups and between genders.Results:Out of 8 888 cases, 2 053 (23.10%) pilots were with refractive error, 113 (5.50%) pilots were operated with CRS. There were statistical significance on the prevalence of refractive error and the proportion of CRS in different age groups ( χ2=128.76, 98.52, P<0.01). The prevalence of refractive error was relatively higher in the age group of 20-29 yrs and 50-63 yrs. Conclusions:The prevalence of refractive error in civil pilots is markedly higher than before. The proportion of the pilots with refractive errors and operated by CRS is low and the age is relatively concentrated.

Objective:To explore the prevalence of refractive error and status of corneal refractive surgery (CRS) in civil pilots, so as to provide data support for medical examination of ophthalmology department.Methods:Pilots who applied for grade Ⅰ CCAR-121 certification and received the annual physical examination of southwest district in 2018 were selected as subjects in this study. The detailed data of pilots with CRS or after corneal refractive surgery were recorded combined with the related diseases history inquiry and ophthalmic examination. Prevalence of refractive error and CRS were compared among different age groups and between genders.Results:Out of 8 888 cases, 2 053 (23.10%) pilots were with refractive error, 113 (5.50%) pilots were operated with CRS. There were statistical significance on the prevalence of refractive error and the proportion of CRS in different age groups ( χ2=128.76, 98.52, P<0.01). The prevalence of refractive error was relatively higher in the age group of 20-29 yrs and 50-63 yrs. Conclusions:The prevalence of refractive error in civil pilots is markedly higher than before. The proportion of the pilots with refractive errors and operated by CRS is low and the age is relatively concentrated.

Pneumoconiosis is an occupational lung disease that is mainly caused by diffuse fibrosis of lung tissue due to long-term inhalation of productive dust during occupational activities and retention in the lungs. Macrophages, epithelial cells and other cells can release a large number of cytokines, such as transforming growth factor-β, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, etc. These cytokines can participate in pathologies such as local injury, inflammatory response, and pulmonary fibrosis. This article reviews the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of pneumoconiosis in order to provide a basis for further research.