Objective To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compound in treating pulmonary nodules, providing evidence-based medical evidence for TCM intervention in pulmonary nodules. Methods Computer search of PubMed, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and SinoMed was conducted to select randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of TCM compound intervention in pulmonary nodules, with the retrieval time from the inception to November 29, 2023. The Cochrane bias risk assessment tool was used to evaluate the quality of the included studies, and Review Manager 5.4 was used for Meta-analysis. Results A total of 18 RCTs were included, covering 8 provinces across the country, with a total sample size of 1301 patients. The TCM compounds used in the included studies all incorporated the method of dissolving phlegm and dissipating nodules. There was a high risk of bias uncertainty in the included studies. Meta-analysis results suggested that TCM compound could significantly reduce the diameter of pulmonary nodules [MD=−1.41, 95%CI (−1.70, −1.13), P<0.001], decrease the number of nodules [MD=−0.37, 95%CI (−0.73, −0.01), P=0.05], alleviate clinical symptoms [MD=−4.84, 95%CI (−6.04, −3.64), P<0.001], and improve lung function [forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), MD=0.55, 95%CI (0.09, 1.01), P=0.02; FEV1/forced vital capacity, MD=6.12, 95%CI (4.47, 7.78), P<0.001]. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the probability of malignancy between the experimental group and the control group [MD=−0.01, 95%CI (−0.01, 0.00), P=0.09]. Conclusion TCM compound can significantly reduce the diameter of pulmonary nodules, decrease the number of nodules, alleviate clinical symptoms, and improve lung function, but future multicenter, large-sample, high-quality RCTs are still needed to further explore and verify this conclusion.

Paraplegia caused by spinal cord injury is a serious neurological complication, for which surgery is currently the main treatment method. Due to different surgical approaches, patients are usually expected to maintain a passive prone position for a long time or switch between the supine and prone positions. Affected by multiple factors such as neurogenic sensory disorders, pathological changes in muscle tone and operative duration, the risk of intraoperative acquired pressure injury (IAPI) is significantly increased. Current clinical prevention strategies for IAPI in these patients predominantly focus on localized pressure relief during positioning, lacking systematic, standardized comprehensive prevention protocols or evidence-based guidelines. To address it, Department of Nursing, Orthopedics Branch, China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care, Spinal Trauma Professional Committee, Orthopedics Branch, Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Nursing Group of Spine and Spinal Cord Professional Committee of Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine organized experts in relevant fields to formulate Guideline for the prevention of intraoperative acquired pressure injury in paraplegic patients with spinal cord injury ( version 2025), based on evidence-based medical evidence and latest research results and clinical practice at home and abroad. Eleven recommendations were put forward from the aspects of preoperative risk assessment, intraoperative prevention strategies, postoperative handover and monitoring, and supportive mechanisms for IAPI prevention, aiming to standardize the prevention measures and management strategies of IAPI in paraplegic patients with spinal cord injury and accelerate the recovery of patients and improve the therapeutic effect.

Spine fracture and dislocation are common traumatic spinal conditions that often require surgical intervention due to compromised spinal stability. Surgical approaches include anterior, posterior, and combined anterior-posterior spinal procedures. According to the specific surgical requirements, patients may be placed in the prone position or repositioned between prone and supine positions during surgery. Intraoperative repositioning has become an essential step in patient positioning. However, during repositioning, patients with spinal fracture and dislocation are at increased risk for complications such as hemodynamic instability, nerve injury, and pressure injuries to the skin and soft tissue. Notably, due to the instability of the spinal cord, even minor manipulations can further exacerbate the damage, potentially leading to severe outcomes like paraplegia. Although the current clinical guidelines provide instructive recommendations for standard position, there remains no specific protocols for intraoperative repositioning in patients with spine fracture and dislocation. With a concern for the lack of clinical studies on positioning techniques, risk prevention, and operational norms for special patients, no applicable guidelines or standards are available. A consensus was required to provide clinical reference, meet the requirements of surgical treatment, and minimize the safety risks of patients caused by improper placement of positions. Professional Committee of Operating Room Nursing of Shaanxi Nursing Association organized experts in nursing management and operating room nursing from major hospitals across China to formulate Expert consensus on intraoperative repositioning for patients with spinal fracture and dislocation ( version 2025). The consensus provides 11 recommendations covering pre-repositioning preparation, intraoperative maneuvers, and post-repositioning observation, aiming to provide references for clinical standardization of the intraoperative repositioning process and protection of patients′ safety.

Objective:To explore the effects of umbilical moxibustion combined with a multi-component exercise program on perioperative rehabilitation in frail elderly patients with intertrochanteric fractures so as to provide evidence-based basis for optimizing clinical rehabilitation nursing pathways.Methods:A quasi-experimental study design was used. Convenience sampling was applied to frail select elderly patients with intertrochanteric femoral fractures, who were admitted to Zhengzhou Orthopedic Hospital from January to October 2024. According to their admission time, the patients were divided into four groups: conventional nursing group, umbilical moxibustion group (conventional nursing+umbilical moxibustion), exercise group (conventional nursing+multicomponent exercise), and combination group (conventional nursing+umbilical moxibustion combined with multicomponent exercise), with 31 patients in each group. All the patients underwent internal fixation with proximal femoral nail antirotation under anesthesia. The umbilical moxibustion protocol focused on Shenque acupoint, combined with liver-kidney-nourishing Chinese herbal powder, with each session lasting 20 minutes. The multi-component exercise program was designed in phases, including resistance, balance, and aerobic training. The Harris hip score (HHS), Tilburg frailty indicator (TFI), falls efficacy scale-international (FES-I), and Chinese version of the short form-36 health survey (SF-36) scores were compared among the four groups preoperatively, at 1 month, 3 months postoperatively, and at the last follow-up.Results:A total of 124 elderly patients were involved, including 50 males and 74 females, aged 60-80 years [(71.8±5.0)years]. All the patients were followed up for 6 months. The results of generalized estimating equation showed that the HHS, TFI, FES-I, and SF-36 scores differed significantly in terms of group effect, time effect, and interaction effect among the four groups across all the time points ( P<0.05). Simple effect analysis indicated no significant differences in preoperative HHS, TFI, FES-I, or SF-36 scores among the four groups ( P>0.05). The HHS scores at 1 and 3 months postoperatively were (54.3±5.1)points and (65.7±6.3)points in the umbilical moxibustion group, (61.3±5.3)points and (74.5±6.8)points in the exercise group, and (66.5±5.2)points and (86.3±6.7)points in the combination group, which were all significantly higher than (50.2±4.5)points and (60.7±5.1)points in the conventional nursing group ( P<0.05), with the combination group showing higher scores than the umbilical moxibustion group and exercise group ( P<0.05). At the last follow-up, the HHS score was (77.3±6.0)points in the conventional nursing group and (77.0±5.9)points in the umbilical moxibustion group ( P>0.05); the score was (83.8±4.7)points in the exercise group and (91.4±3.5)points in the combination group, which were significantly higher than that in the conventional nursing group ( P<0.05), with the combination group showing higher score than those in the umbilical moxibustion group and exercise group ( P<0.05). At 1 month, 3 months postoperatively, and at the last follow-up, the TFI total scores were 5.0(3.0, 7.0)points, 3.0(1.0, 5.0)points, and 3.0(0.0, 4.0)points in the umbilical moxibustion group, 4.0(1.0, 6.0)points, 2.0(0.0, 5.0)points, and 2.0(0.0, 3.0)points in the exercise group, and 2.0(0.0, 5.0)points, 1.0(0.0, 2.0)points, and 0.0(0.0, 1.0)points in the combination group, which were all significantly lower than those in the conventional nursing group [7.0(5.0, 10.0)points, 7.0(5.0, 9.0)points, and 6.0(5.0, 8.0)points, respectively] ( P<0.05), with the combination group showing lower scores than the umbilical moxibustion group and exercise group ( P<0.05). The physical and social dimension scores of TFI at 1 month, 3 months postoperatively, and at the last follow-up were significantly lower in the umbilical moxibustion group, exercise group, and combination group than those in the conventional nursing group ( P<0.05), with the combination group showing the lower scores than those in the umbilical moxibustion group and exercise group ( P<0.05). At 1 month postoperatively, no statistically significant difference was observed among the four groups in the psychological dimension scores of TFI ( P>0.05). At 3 months postoperatively and at the last follow-up, the psychological dimension scores of TFI in the umbilical moxibustion group, exercise group, and combination group were all lower than those in the conventional nursing group ( P<0.05), with the combination group showing the lower scores than those in the umbilical moxibustion group and exercise group ( P<0.05). At 1 month, 3 months postoperatively, and at the last follow-up, the FES-I scores were (45.3±4.3)points, (40.9±3.9)points, and (33.9±2.8)points, respectively in the umbilical moxibustion group, (38.7±3.8)points, (32.9±3.6)points, and (30.3±2.2)points, respectively in the exercise group, and (34.2±3.6)points, (30.2±2.6)points, and (27.9±1.3)points, respectively in the combination group, which were all significantly lower than those in the conventional nursing group [(50.9±4.9)points, (50.0±4.9)points, and (40.7±4.2)points] ( P<0.05), with the combination group showing lower scores than those in the umbilical moxibustion group and exercise group ( P<0.05). At 1 month, 3 months postoperatively, and at the last follow-up, the SF-36 physical health scores were (60.6±3.7)points, (76.1±3.5)points, and (78.4±2.6)points, respectively in the umbilical moxibustion group, (57.6±3.7)points, (78.4±3.7)points, and (80.4±3.1)points, respectively in the exercise group, and (65.7±3.1)points, (85.9±2.9)points, and (87.4±2.2)points, respectively in the combination group, which were all significantly higher than those in the conventional nursing group [(47.5±4.6)points, (65.9±4.6)points, and (68.3±4.4)points] ( P<0.05), with the combination group showing higher scores than those in the umbilical moxibustion group and exercise group ( P<0.05). At 1 month, 3 months postoperatively, and at the last follow-up, the SF-36 mental health scores were (59.7±4.1)points, (74.5±3.6)points, and (76.2±3.0)points, respectively in the umbilical moxibustion group, (59.4±4.6)points, (74.1±3.8)points, and (74.4±3.9)points, respectively in the exercise group, and (66.9±4.1)points, (81.6±3.3)points, and (79.9±3.7)points, respectively in the combination group, which were all significantly higher than those in the conventional nursing group [(52.8±5.2)points, (64.0±4.9)points, and (65.3±5.1)points] ( P<0.05), with the combination group showing higher scores than those in the umbilical moxibustion group and exercise group ( P<0.05). Conclusion:For elderly patients with intertrochanteric femoral fracture combined with frailty, umbilical moxibustion combined with a multi-component exercise program can significantly improve hip function, reduce frailty and fall risk, and enhance quality of life.

Objective:To compare the diagnostic efficacy of 18F-fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI)-42 PET/CT and 18F-FDG PET/CT for bone metastasis in patients with malignant tumors. Methods:From January 2022 to October 2023, the data of 238 patients (160 males, 78 females; age: 58(50, 66) years) with various malignant tumors who underwent both 18F-FAPI-42 and 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging at Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University were retrospectively reviewed. An abnormal focal radioactive uptake in bones on the PET images was considered as positive lesion for bone metastasis. The efficacy of 2imaging methods and the supplementary role of CT in the diagnosis of bone metastasis were evaluated by McNemar test. Results:Of 238 patients, 95 were with bone metastases and 143 were without bone metastases, including 436 lesions with bone metastases and 358 lesions without bone metastases. Based on the visual analysis, 18F-FAPI-42 PET showed a higher diagnostic sensitivity than 18F-FDG PET (98.4%(429/436) vs 86.5%(377/436); χ2=41.95, P<0.001), while 18F-FDG PET had a higher diagnostic specificity than 18F-FAPI-42 PET (83.2%(298/358) vs 70.4%(252/358); χ2=22.50, P<0.001), and the accuracies of both methods were similar (85.8%(681/794) vs 85.0%(675/794); χ2=0.16, P=0.685). However, when the positive lesions seen in PET were analyzed combined with the image features on CT by the same scanner, the diagnostic specificity of 18F-FAPI-42 PET/CT was significantly improved compared to that of 18F-FAPI-42 PET alone (91.3%(327/358) vs 70.4%(252/358); χ2=73.01, P<0.001), and was similar to 18F-FDG PET/CT (93.0%(333/358); χ2=0.78, P=0.377). Meanwhile, this combined analysis brought a higher sensitivity and accuracy of 18F-FAPI-42 PET/CT than 18F-FDG PET/CT in diagnosing bone metastases (sensitivity: 98.4%(429/436) vs 86.5%(377/436); χ2=41.95, P<0.001; accuracy: 95.2%(756/794) vs 89.4%(710/794); χ2=21.54, P<0.001). Conclusions:The diagnostic sensitivity of 18F-FAPI-42 PET for bone metastasis is superior to 18F-FDG PET, but the specificity is lower. However, when CT features is combined for analysis, the diagnostic specificity of 18F-FAPI-42 PET/CT is significantly improved, which thus can be used to diagnose bone metastasis accurately and is superior to 18F-FDG PET/CT.

Objective To investigate the protective effects of secretomes released by three-dimensional cultured mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)on neurons subjected to seawater immersion(SW)and stretch injury(SI),and to provide new insights into neuronal repair following SW combined with traumatic brain injury(TBI).Methods MSCs were cultured using the hanging drop method,and the conditioned medium(CM)containing MSCs secretomes was collected.A cellular model combining SW with SI was established using mouse hippocampal neuronal cells(HT22 cells).HT22 cells were randomly assigned to five groups:control,SI,SI+SW,SI+CM,and SI+SW+CM groups.Cell viability was assessed using the CCK-8 assay,apoptosis rate was measured by flow cytometry,cell migration ability was evaluated by scratch assay,and the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-2-associated protein(Bax),and ferroptosis-related proteins long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 4(ACSL4)and cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2)were detected by Western blotting.Results Immersion in 15%seawater for 12 h significantly decreased HT22 cell viability(P<0.05).The CCK-8 assay indicated that cell viability in both the SI and SI+SW groups was significantly lower than that in control group after 12 h of treatment(P<0.05).Treatment with CM containing MSCs secretomes significantly increased cell viability in SI+CM group compared to SI group(P<0.0001),and in SI+SW+CM group compared to SI+SW group(P<0.001).Flow cytometry results revealed that the apoptosis rate in SI and SI+SW groups was significantly higher than that in control group(P<0.05 or P<0.001),while in SI+CM group was lower than that in SI group(P<0.05),and in SI+SW+CM group was lower than that in SI+SW group(P<0.05).Western blotting showed that compared to control group,SI and SI+SW groups exhibited reduced Bcl-2 expression level(P<0.01 or P<0.0001)and increased expression levels of Bax,ACSL4,and COX-2(P<0.01 or P<0.0001).Compared to SI group,the SI+CM group displayed increased Bcl-2 expression level(P<0.05)and decreased expression levels of Bax,ACSL4,and COX-2(P<0.05).Compared to SI+SW group,SI+SW+CM group exhibited increased Bcl-2 expression level(P<0.01)and decreased expression levels of Bax,ACSL4,and COX-2(P<0.01 or P<0.001).Scratch assay results demonstrated that at both 12 h and 24 h,the cell migration rate in SI and SI+SW groups was significantly lower than that in control group(P<0.01 or P<0.0001),while the migration rate in SI+CM group was significantly higher than that in SI group(P<0.0001 or P<0.01),and the migration rate in SI+SW+CM group was significantly higher than that in SI+SW group(P<0.0001).Conclusion Secretomes derived from MSCs cultured using the hanging drop method can alleviate neuronal damage caused by SW and TBI,potentially offering a therapeutic approach for SW combined with TBI.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of changes in hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg),hepatitis B virus(HBV)deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA),and alanine aminotransferase(ALT)levels following the cessation of nucleos(t)ide analogues(NAs)therapy in hepatitis B e antigen(HBeAg)-negative chronic hepatitis B(CHB)patients with baseline HBsAg levels<1000 IU/ml.Methods This retrospective cohort study analyzed 73 HBeAg-negative CHB patients treated at the Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 2020 to June 2023.Patients were divided into 3 groups according to baseline HBsAg level and discontinuation strategy:HBsAg-negative discontinuation group(n=14),HBsAg-positive discontinuation group(n=25),and HBsAg-positive continuation group(n=34).All patients were followed for 48 weeks.Baseline clinical characteristics and changes in virological and hepatic biochemical indicators during follow-up were compared among the 3 groups.Univariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the correlation between clinical indicators and HBV DNA reappearance in HBsAg-positive discontinuation group,and between clinical indicators and HBsAg decline>0.5 log IU/ml in this group.Results There were no significant differences in the baseline levels of gender,age,albumin,and total bilirubin among the 3 groups(P>0.05).The baseline direct bilirubin level was significantly higher in HBsAg-positive discontinuation group than that in other groups(P<0.05),while the lymphocyte counts were significantly higher in HBsAg-negative discontinuation group(P<0.05).During the 48-week follow-up period,the HBV DNA reappearance rate in HBsAg-positive discontinuation group(72.0%)was significantly higher than that in other groups(P<0.001).There was no significant difference in the incidence of ALT elevation among the three groups(P=0.260).The proportion of patients with HBsAg decline>0.5 log IU/ml in HBsAg-positive discontinuation group(24.0%)was significantly higher than that in HBsAg-positive continuation group(5.9%,P<0.05).The proportion of patients with HBsAg increase>0.5 log IU/ml in HBsAg-positive discontinuation group(12.0%)was also significantly higher than that in HBsAg-positive continuation group(0%,P<0.05).Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed no significant association between the analyzed clinical indicators and HBsAg decline(P>0.05).Conclusions Discontinuation of NAs therapy in HBsAg-negative patients demonstrates high safety,with sustained HBsAg negativity post-cessation and low risks of viral relapse and liver function abnormalities.For HBsAg-positive patients,discontinuation may promote HBsAg decline in some individuals but is associated with risks of HBV DNA reappearance and HBsAg elevation.The decision to discontinue therapy should be comprehensively evaluated based on patients'baseline HBsAg levels and clinical characteristics.

Objective To investigate the influence of auricular acupressure combined with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(rTMS)on swallowing function and neurological function in stroke pa-tients.Methods A total of 120 patients with dysphagia after stroke admitted to the hospital from January 2022 to June 2023 were selected as the research objects and divided into the control group,the auricular acu-pressure group,the rTMS group and the combined group according to the random number table method,with 30 cases in each group.The control group received routine care,the auricular acupressure group received auric-ular acupressure treatment on the basis of the control group,while the rTMS group received rTMS treatment,and the combined group received both auricular acupressure and rTMS treatment.All interventions lasted 4 weeks.Swallowing function was assessed before and after treatment using Functional Oral Intake Scale(FOIS),modified Mann Assessment of Swallowing Ability(MASA),and Water Swallow Test.Swallowing-related quality of life was evaluated before and after treatment by the Swallowing Quality of Life(SWAL-QOL)questionnaire.Neurological impairment was assessed before and after treatment using National Institu-tes of Health Stroke Scale(NIHSS).Results After treatment,FOIS and MASA scores in the four groups were higher than those before treatment,with the auricular acupressure group and the rTMS group showing higher scores than the control group,and the combination group significantly higher than the other three groups(P<0.05).The overall effectiveness rate for swallowing function in the combination group was 93.33%,significantly higher than 60.00%in the control group,63.33%in the auricular acupressure group,and 73.33%in the rTMS group(P<0.05),while there was no significant difference among the other three groups(P>0.05).After treatment,SWAL-QOL scores in the four groups were higher than that before treat-ment,with the auricular acupressure group and the rTMS group showing higher scores than the control group,and the combination group significantly higher than the other three groups(P<0.05).After treat-ment,NIHSS scores in the four groups were lower than that before treatment,and the combination group had significantly lower scores compared to the other three groups(P<0.05).Conclusion Auricular acupressure combined with rTMS could improve swallowing function and quality of life,and promote neurological function recovery in stroke patients.

Radiochemotherapy-induced oral mucositis (OM) is a common oral complication in patients with tumors following head and neck radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Erosion and ulcers are the main features of OM that seriously affect the quality of life of patients and even the progress of tumor treatment. To date, differences in clinical prevention and treatment plans for OM have been noted among doctors of various specialties, which has increased the uncertainty of treatment effects. On the basis of current research evidence, this expert consensus outlines risk factors, clinical manifestations, clinical grading, ancillary examinations, diagnostic basis, prevention and treatment strategies and efficacy indicators for OM. In addition to strategies such as basic oral care, anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents, anti-infective agents, pro-healing agents, and photobiotherapy recommended in previous guidelines, we also emphasize the role of traditional Chinese medicine in OM prevention and treatment. This expert consensus aims to provide references and guidance for dental physicians and oncologists in formulating strategies for OM prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, standardizing clinical practice, reducing OM occurrence, promoting healing, and improving the quality of life of patients.
Humans ; Chemoradiotherapy/adverse effects* ; Consensus ; Risk Factors ; Stomatitis/etiology*

This study aims to explore the effects of Buzhong Yiqi Decoction(BYD) on the cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase(cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes(STING) signaling pathway in the mouse model of autoimmune thyroiditis(AIT) and the mechanism of BYD in alleviating the immune injury. Forty-eight NOD.H-2~(h4) mice were assigned into normal, model, low-, medium-, and high-dose BYD, and selenium yeast tablets groups(n=8). Mice of 8 weeks old were treated with 0.05% sodium iodide solution for 8 weeks for the modeling of AIT and then administrated with corresponding drugs by gavage for 8 weeks before sampling. High performance liquid chromatography was employed to measure the astragaloside Ⅳ content in BYD. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was employed to observe the pathological changes in the mouse thyroid tissue. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to measure the serum levels of thyroid peroxidase antibody(TPO-Ab), thyroglobulin antibody(TgAb), and interferon-γ(IFN-γ). Flow cytometry was employed to detect the distribution of T cell subsets in the spleen. The immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expression of cGAS, STING, TANK-binding kinase 1(TBK1), and interferon regulatory factor 3(IRF3). Real-time PCR and Western blot were employed to determine the mRNA and protein levels, respectively, of markers related to the cGAS-STING signaling pathway in the thyroid tissue. The results showed that the content of astragaloside Ⅳ in BYD was(7.06±0.08) mg·mL~(-1). Compared with the normal group, the model group showed disrupted structures of thyroid follicular epithelial cells, massive infiltration of lymphocytes, and elevated levels of TgAb and TPO-Ab. Compared with the model group, the four treatment groups showed intact epithelial cells, reduced lymphocyte infiltration, and lowered levels of TgAb and TPO-Ab. Compared with the normal group, the model group showed increases in the proportions of Th1 and Th17 cells, a decrease in the proportion of Th2 cells, and an increase in the IFN-γ level. Compared with the model group, the four treatment groups presented decreased proportions of Th1 and Th17 cells and lowered levels of IFN-γ, and the medium-dose BYD group showed an increase in the proportion of Th2 cells. Compared with the normal group, the modeling up-regulated the mRNA levels of cGAS, STING, TBK1, and IRF3 and the protein levels of cGAS, p-STING, p-TBK1, and p-IRF3. Compared with the model group, the four treatment groups showed reduced levels of cGAS, STING, TBK1, and IRF3-positive products, down-regulated mRNA levels of cGAS, STING, and TBK1, and down-regulated protein levels of cGAS and p-STING. The high-dose BYD group showed down-regulations in the mRNA level of IRF3 and the protein levels of p-TBK1 and p-IRF3. The above results indicate that BYD can repair the imbalance of T cell subsets, alleviate immune injury, and reduce thyroid lymphocyte infiltration in AIT mice by inhibiting the cGAS-STING signaling pathway.
Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage* ; Signal Transduction/drug effects* ; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/metabolism* ; Mice ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism* ; Mice, Inbred NOD ; Humans ; Female ; Nucleotidyltransferases/metabolism* ; Male ; Disease Models, Animal