As China accelerates its efforts in deep space exploration and long-duration space missions, including the operationalization of the Tiangong Space Station and the development of manned lunar missions, safeguarding astronauts’ physiological and cognitive functions under extreme space conditions becomes a pressing scientific imperative. Among the multifactorial stressors of spaceflight, microgravity emerges as a particularly potent disruptor of neurobehavioral homeostasis. Dopamine (DA) plays a central role in regulating behavior under space microgravity by influencing reward processing, motivation, executive function and sensorimotor integration. Changes in gravity disrupt dopaminergic signaling at multiple levels, leading to impairments in motor coordination, cognitive flexibility, and emotional stability. Microgravity exposure induces a cascade of neurobiological changes that challenge dopaminergic stability at multiple levels: from the transcriptional regulation of DA synthesis enzymes and the excitability of DA neurons, to receptor distribution dynamics and the efficiency of downstream signaling pathways. These changes involve downregulation of tyrosine hydroxylase in the substantia nigra, reduced phosphorylation of DA receptors, and alterations in vesicular monoamine transporter expression, all of which compromise synaptic DA availability. Experimental findings from space analog studies and simulated microgravity models suggest that gravitational unloading alters striatal and mesocorticolimbic DA circuitry, resulting in diminished motor coordination, impaired vestibular compensation, and decreased cognitive flexibility. These alterations not only compromise astronauts’ operational performance but also elevate the risk of mood disturbances and motivational deficits during prolonged missions. The review systematically synthesizes current findings across multiple domains: molecular neurobiology, behavioral neuroscience, and gravitational physiology. It highlights that maintaining DA homeostasis is pivotal in preserving neuroplasticity, particularly within brain regions critical to adaptation, such as the basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex, and cerebellum. The paper also discusses the dual-edged nature of DA plasticity: while adaptive remodeling of synapses and receptor sensitivity can serve as compensatory mechanisms under stress, chronic dopaminergic imbalance may lead to maladaptive outcomes, such as cognitive rigidity and motor dysregulation. Furthermore, we propose a conceptual framework that integrates homeostatic neuroregulation with the demands of space environmental adaptation. By drawing from interdisciplinary research, the review underscores the potential of multiple intervention strategies including pharmacological treatment, nutritional support, neural stimulation techniques, and most importantly, structured physical exercise. Recent rodent studies demonstrate that treadmill exercise upregulates DA transporter expression in the dorsal striatum, enhances tyrosine hydroxylase activity, and increases DA release during cognitive tasks, indicating both protective and restorative effects on dopaminergic networks. Thus, exercise is highlighted as a key approach because of its sustained effects on DA production, receptor function, and brain plasticity, making it a strong candidate for developing effective measures to support astronauts in maintaining cognitive and emotional stability during space missions. In conclusion, the paper not only underscores the centrality of DA homeostasis in space neuroscience but also reflects the authors’ broader academic viewpoint: understanding the neurochemical substrates of behavior under microgravity is fundamental to both space health and terrestrial neuroscience. By bridging basic neurobiology with applied space medicine, this work contributes to the emerging field of gravitational neurobiology and provides a foundation for future research into individualized performance optimization in extreme environments.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine and metabolic disorder affecting a substantial proportion of women of reproductive age. It is frequently associated with ovulatory dysfunction, infertility, and an increased risk of chronic metabolic diseases. A hallmark pathological feature of PCOS is the arrest of follicular development, closely linked to impaired intercellular communication between the oocyte and surrounding granulosa cells. Transzonal projections (TZPs) are specialized cytoplasmic extensions derived from granulosa cells that penetrate the zona pellucida to establish direct contact with the oocyte. These structures serve as essential conduits for the transfer of metabolites, signaling molecules (e.g., cAMP, cGMP), and regulatory factors (e.g., microRNAs, growth differentiation factors), thereby maintaining meiotic arrest, facilitating metabolic cooperation, and supporting gene expression regulation in the oocyte. The proper formation and maintenance of TZPs depend on the cytoskeletal integrity of granulosa cells and the regulated expression of key connexins, particularly CX37 and CX43. Recent studies have revealed that in PCOS, TZPs exhibit significant structural and functional abnormalities. Contributing factors—such as hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and dysregulation of critical signaling pathways (including PI3K/Akt, Wnt/β‑catenin, and MAPK/ERK)—collectively impair TZP integrity and reduce their formation. This disruption in granulosa-oocyte communication compromises oocyte quality and contributes to follicular arrest and anovulation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of TZP biology, including their formation mechanisms, molecular composition, and stage-specific dynamics during folliculogenesis. We highlight the pathological alterations in TZPs observed in PCOS and elucidate how endocrine and metabolic disturbances—particularly androgen excess and hyperinsulinemia—downregulate CX43 expression and impair gap junction function, thereby exacerbating ovarian microenvironmental dysfunction. Furthermore, we explore emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at preserving or restoring TZP integrity. Anti-androgen therapies (e.g., spironolactone, flutamide), insulin sensitizers (e.g., metformin), and GLP-1 receptor agonists (e.g., liraglutide) have shown potential in modulating connexin expression and enhancing granulosa-oocyte communication. In addition, agents such as melatonin, AMPK activators, and GDF9/BMP15 analogs may promote TZP formation and improve oocyte competence. Advanced technologies, including ovarian organoid models and CRISPR-based gene editing, offer promising platforms for studying TZP regulation and developing targeted interventions. In summary, TZPs are indispensable for maintaining follicular homeostasis, and their disruption plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of PCOS-related folliculogenesis failure. Targeting TZP integrity represents a promising therapeutic avenue in PCOS management and warrants further mechanistic and translational investigation.

Objective: To investigate an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis at a vocational and technical school in Shaanxi Province in 2024, ao as to provide the reference for the handling of school outbreaks. Methods: The conducted case searches, individual case investigations, and on-site hygienic investigations were established in accordance with the Guidelines on outbreak investigation, prevention and control of Norovirus infection (2015). The potential risk factors were analyzed by case-control study. Anal swab samples from cases and all canteen staff, as well as environmental swab samples were collected to detect common intestinal pathogens. All reserved food samples in canteen were collected to test for common pathogenic bacteria. Results: From October 26 to November 5, 2024, a cumulative total of 53 cases were reported, with an attack rate of 1.47%. The main clinical symptoms included vomiting (83.02%), abdominal pain (56.60%), diarrhea (30.19%), and fever (26.42%). The epidemic curve suggested an intermittent common-source outbreak, with no obvious clustering characteristics in terms of the population and spatial distribution of cases. The case-control analysis revealed that having dinner at the rice-with-dishes-on-top stall on the first floor of the canteen on October 28 was a risk factor for illness (OR=11.025, 95%CI: 2.186-55.601). GⅡ norovirus was detected as positive in anal swab samples from 6 cases and 2 asymptomatic infected canteen staff, as well as in 3 environmental swab samples from the rice-with-dishes-on-top stall. The test results for common pathogenic bacteria in the reserved food samples were all negative. Conclusions This outbreak was caused by an acute gastroenteritis epidemic induced by GⅡ norovirus infection, with a transmission pattern consistent with an intermittent homologous outbreak. The possible source of infection was asymptomatic infected canteen staff mainly through foodborne trasmission, and having meals at the rice-with-dishes-on-top stall was the primary risk factor for this outbreak.

ObjectiveTo determine the human papillomavirus （HPV） infection status and possible influencing factors among healthy women aged 18‒45 years， and to provide a scientific evidence for the prevention of HPV infection and cervical cancer. MethodsA total of 23 HPV types were examined by PCR-reverse dot blot hybridization in 1 210 healthy women who voluntarily participated in the study. Infection status of each HPV genotype and possible factors associated with the infection were determined， including age， ethnicity， marital history， pregnancy history， number of sexual partners， and age at first sexual intercourse. ResultsA total of 1 210 healthy women were examined， of which267 tested positive for HPV， with a prevalence of 22.07%. The prevalence did not differ significantly across age groups or ethnicities （all P>0.05）. Moreover， the highest prevalence was found in the divorced/widowed participants （53.57%）， compared with other marital status （χ²=35.16， P<0.05）. Among the 1 207 participants with pregnancy history， the highest HPV prevalence was 30.58% in those with five or more pregnancies； however， it did not significantly associated with numbers of pregnancies （χ²=10.07， P=0.07）. Number of sexual partners showed a significantly positive association with HPV infection （P<0.05）. In addition， earlier age at first sexual intercourse was significantly associated with HPV infection （χ²=17.37， P<0.05）. ConclusionHealthy women in Panzhihua City were mainly infected with a single HPV type， and the dominant types were HPV 52， 81， and 53. Marital history status， higher number of sexual partners， and younger age at first sexual intercourse were influencing factors associated with HPV infection. It suggested that regular sexual partners and stable marital relationship may reduce the risk of HPV infection.

Extracting extracts of secondary metabolites from the karst cave fungus Metarhizium anisopliae NHC-M3-2 from the Yilingyan Scenic Area in Guangxi. Ten compounds were isolated and purified from fungal secondary metabolites using thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. 7-Hydroxy-3-hydroxypropyl-5,6-dimethylisochrome-1-one (1) and 7-hydroxy-3,5,6-trimethyl-isochromen-1-one (2) were new isocoumarin compounds, N-acetyl phenylalanine (3), chaetosumin J (4), 2-one-13-hydroxy-3,5,8,7(11)-eudesmatetraen-12,8-olide (5), 1H-indole-3-carboxaldehyde (6), irpexolaceus B (7), irlactin L (8), cytochalasin K (9), and helvolic acid (10), a total of 8 known compounds. The structure of the compound was determined using methods such as NMR and mass spectrometry. The tumor cytotoxicity of the compound was evaluated using the CCK-8 method. The results showed that the IC₅₀ of compound 2 on HepG2 cells was 29.83 µmol·L^-1, and compound 9 on HCT116 cells was 27.44 µmol·L^-1.

Tuberous sclerosis complex(TSC)is a rare genetic disease that can lead to benign dysplasia in multiple organs such as the skin, brain, eyes, oral cavity, heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, and bones. Its main symptoms include epilepsy, intellectual disabilities, skin depigmentation, and facial angiofibromas, whilst incidence is approximately 1 in 10 000 to 1 in 6000 newborns. This case presents a middle-aged woman who initially manifested with epilepsy and nodular depigmentation. Later, she developed a lower abdominal mass, elevated creatinine, and severe anemia. Based on clinical features and whole exome sequencing, the primary diagnosis was confirmed as TSC. Laboratory and imaging examinations revealed that the lower abdominal mass originated from the uterus. CT-guided biopsy pathology and surgical pathology suggested a combination of leiomyoma and abscess. With the involvement of multiple organs and various complications beyond the main diagnosis, the diagnostic and therapeutic process for this patient highlights the importance of rigorous clinical thinking and multidisciplinary collaboration in the diagnosis and treatment of rare and challenging diseases.

Objective To investigate the infection status and changing trend of hepatitis C virus(HCV)infection in hospitalized patients in medical institutions,and provide reference for formulating HCV infection prevention and control strategies.Methods HCV infection surveillance results from cross-sectional survey data reported to China Healthcare-associated Infection(HAI)Surveillance System in 2020 were summarized and analyzed,HCV positive was serum anti-HCV positive or HCV RNA positive,survey result was compared with the survey results from 2003.Results In 2020,1 071 368 inpatients in 1 573 hospitals were surveyed,738 535 of whom underwent HCV test,4 014 patients were infected with HCV,with a detection rate of 68.93％and a HCV positive rate of 0.54％.The positive rate of HCV in male and female patients were 0.60％and 0.48％,respectively,with a statistically sig-nificant difference(x2=47.18,P＜0.001).The HCV positive rate in the 50-＜60 age group was the highest(0.76％),followed by the 40-＜50 age group(0.71％).Difference among all age groups was statistically signifi-cant(x2=696.74,P＜0.001).In 2003,91 113 inpatients were surveyed.35 145 of whom underwent HCV test,resulting in a detection rate of 38.57％;775 patients were infected with HCV,with a positive rate of 2.21％.In 2020,HCV positive rates in hospitals of different scales were 0.46％-0.63％,with the highest in hospital with bed numbers ranging 600-899.Patients'HCV positive rates in hospitals of different scales was statistically signifi-cant(X2=35.34,P＜0.001).In 2020,12 provinces/municipalities had over 10 000 patients underwent HCV-rela-ted test,and HCV positive rates ranged 0.19％-0.81％,with the highest rate from Hainan Province.HCV posi-tive rates in different departments were 0.06％-0.82％,with the lowest positive rate in the department of pedia-trics and the highest in the department of internal medicine.In 2003 and 2020,HCV positive rates in the depart-ment of infectious diseases were the highest,being 7.95％and 3.48％,respectively.Followed by departments of orthopedics(7.72％),gastroenterology(3.77％),nephrology(3.57％)and general intensive care unit(ICU,3.10％)in 2003,as well as departments of gastroenterology(1.35％),nephrology(1.18％),endocrinology(0.91％),and general intensive care unit(ICU,0.79％)in 2020.Conclusion Compared with 2003,HCV positive rate decreased significantly in 2020.HCV infected patients were mainly from the department of infectious diseases,followed by departments of gastroenterology,nephrology and general ICU.HCV infection positive rate varies with gender,age,and region.

Objective To investigate the health education needs and available resources in schistosomiasis-endemic areas based on integration of community resources, and to explore the operation pathways for health education and promotion during the stage of schistosomiasis elimination. Methods A community was selected from Nanji Township, Xinjian District, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province around the Poyang Lake areas as the study site, and a questionnaire survey on health education needs for schistosomiasis control was conducted among permanent residents at ages of 20 years in the community during the period between June and July, 2022 using face-to-face interviews. In addition, the resources available for the community-based schistosomiasis control health education were investigated among workers in township-level specialized institutions, members of civil society organizations, villagers, teachers and high and primary school students through field observations, field surveys and thematic interviews. Results A total of 304 individuals participated in the questionnaire survey on community-based health education needs for schistosomiasis control, and 94.41% (287/304) and 93.42% (284/304) of the respondents were most interested in knowing/understanding knowledge of the morphology of schistosomes and knowledge associated with the transmission route of schistosomiasis. The four most popular patterns for disseminating schistosomiasis control knowledge included live broadcasting of schistosomiasis control videos (94.41%, 287/304), printed brochures (89.80%, 273/304), special lectures by doctors (62.50%, 190/304) and physical health education materials for schistosomiasis control (61.51%, 187/304). There were 96.71% (294/304) and 77.63% (236/304) of respondents that accepted the participation of township healthcare center and township government/village committees in dissemination of schistosomiasis control knowledge, and there were 95.72% (291/304) and 80.59% (245/304) of respondents that mainly acquired schistosomiasis control knowledge through village allocation of leaflets and volunteer schistosomiasis control activities, respectively. There was 96.71% (294/304) of respondents participating in the dissemination activities of schistosomiasis control knowledge held by village committees, township healthcare centers, and high and primary schools/kinder-gartens, and 61.25% (177/289) of respondents were willing to participate in volunteer schistosomiasis control activities. A total of 115 individuals participated in the survey of available resources for community-based schistosomiasis control health education, and there were a large number of organizational, human and cultural resources in the community that were useful for health communication services. Conclusions The abundant human and material resources from rural communities in schistosomiasis-endemic areas may be integrated into schistosomiasis control health education to generate a rural health education pathway with the joint participation of schistosomiasis control institutions, township governments, community departments and community residents, which may provide insights into the future development of schistosomiasis control health education.

Objective:To explore the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D[25(OH)D]and handgrip strength in middle-aged and elderly people in 5 cities of Western China.Methods:Based on the data of a cross-sectional survey conducted in the 5 cities of Western China from February to July 2023,the relevant demographic characteristics of people were collected by questionnaire,handgrip strength was collected by physical examination,and serum 25(OH)D was detected by HPLC-MS/MS.The association between the serum 25(OH)D and handgrip strength was analyzed using Logistic regres-sion and Chi-square test for between-group comparisons models.Results:The prevalence of 25(OH)D deficiency and insufficiency among the middle-aged and elderly people in the 5 cities of Western China was 52.9％and 34.5％,respectively.The people who were older,female,and sampled in winter had lower serum 25(OH)D levels(P＜0.05).The prevalence of loss of handgrip strength among the mid-dle-aged and elderly people was 25.3％.The prevalence of handgrip strength loss was higher in the aged 65-80 participants with 25(OH)D deficiency(45.0％)than in those with 25(OH)D insufficiency(32.6％)and 25(OH)D sufficiency(20.6％).The highest prevalence of loss of handgrip strength was found in the aged 75-80 participants with 25(OH)D deficiency(62.1％),followed by the 25(OH)D insufficient group(11.1％,P＜0.05).The study found that middle-aged and elderly people with 25(OH)D deficiency had a 1.4-fold increased risk of handgrip strength loss compared with those with 25(OH)D sufficiency(OR=2.403,95％CI:1.202-4.804,P=0.013).No significant association was found between 25(OH)D insufficiency and handgrip strength status in the middle-aged and elderly people.For every 5 μg/L increase in total serum 25(OH)D,the risk of handgrip strength loss reduced by 13.1％(OR=0.869,95％CI:0.768-0.982,P=0.025).For every 5 μg/L increase in serum 25(OH)D2,the risk of handgrip strength loss reduced by 24.1％(OR=0.759,95％CI:0.582-0.990,P=0.042).No significant association was found between serum 25(OH)D3 levels and the risk of hand-grip strength loss.The risk of handgrip strength loss in middle-aged and elderly people was reduced by 25.2％for each incremental increase in the total serum 25(OH)D levels(deficient,insufficient and suf-ficient)(OR=0.748,95％CI:0.598-0.936,P=0.011).The risk of handgrip loss was reduced by 40.0％for each incremental increase in serum 25(OH)D levels in the aged 65-80 and aged 65-69 participants,and by 80.0％for each incremental increase in 25(OH)D levels in the aged 75-80 parti-cipants.Conclusion:Serum total 25(OH)D and 25(OH)D2 levels are associated with handgrip strength status in middle-aged and elderly people in the 5 cities of Western China.

The wearable electrochemical sensors exhibit many advantages such as flexibility,miniaturization,portability,biocompatibility and low cost,and can be used for accurate,safe,real-time,and non-invasive monitoring of physiological signals in sweat,which are very helpful to monitor various physiological indicators of athletes during training,predict sports risks,prevent sports injuries and scientifically guide sports training,showing enormous potential in the field of sports monitoring. In this paper,the latest research progress of wearable electrochemical sweat sensors based on the relationship between biomarkers in sweat and exercise training was reviewed,such as the sensor substrate materials,sweat sampling strategies,sensing unit,signal transmission,and power supply systems. In addition,the current application status,the opportunities and challenges in the field of motion monitoring of wearable electrochemical sensors were discussed,and their future development was prospected.