OBJECTIVE:To explore the present situation of scientific research of clinical pharmacists in domestic third-grade class A hospitals,and discuss its feasible research ideas. METHODS:Questionnaire was conducted for the scientific research situa-tion of clinical pharmacists who obtained the certification in domestic 63 third-grade class A hospitals,the questionnaire data was collected,and data was statistically analyzed by using IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0 software. RESULTS:Totally 315 questionnaires were sent out,282 were effectively received,with effective recovery of 89.52%. In terms of attitude to scientific research,propor-tion of the surveyed clinical pharmacists who thought it was quite necessary and necessary was more than 70%;except for academ-ic degree(P<0.05),the different gender,age and job title did not cause the differences in scientific research attitude(P>0.05). In terms of the present situation of scientific research,achievements of them were relatively simple,thinking the biggest difficulty was insufficient of experiment condition;there was significant difference in the numbers of authorized patents in recent 5 years by different gender (P<0.05),the numbers of applications for approved funds,authorized patents and paper published in recent 5 years by different academic degrees(P<0.05),as well as the numbers of applications for approved off-campus funds(title also re-lated to the number of hospital funds)and the numbers of paper published in domestic magazine in recent 5 years by different ages and job titles (P<0.05). In terms of direction of scientific research,most of surveyed clinical pharmacists thought they should strengthen communicate with physicians and look for the breakthrough point,they also thought the optimal one was clinical re-search;the direction selection was basically similar no matter the gender,academic degree,age and job title(P>0.05). In terms of ability enhancement,the surveyed pharmacists thought liter-ature review,evidence-based literature/experimental interpreta-tion and foreign language reading were the abilities most need to be enhanced;except for gender,academic degree,age andjob title showed similarity in enhancing the literature review,evidence-based literature/experimental interpretation ability (P>0.05),while there were significant differences in enhancing foreign language reading ability by different gender,academic degree, age and job title (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Clinical pharmacists show certain differences in the attitude to scientific research, present situation and direction of scientific research,and ability enhancement because of different gender,academic degree,age and job title,but there are also common. In order to improve the competence of scientific research and promote the discipline devel-opment of clinical pharmacy,pharmacy administrator in hospital should improve the academic degree and job title on clinical phar-macists and provide necessary advanced scientific platform and pertinent training at the same time. Additionally,except for the ratio-nal drug use,evidence-based pharmacy and pharmacoeconomics,clinical pharmacists can find new breakthrough point from phar-maceutical care,drug treatment decisions,translational medicine and medicine large data.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of posaconazole in antifungal prophylaxis. Methods CNKI,VIP,CBM,Wangfang Database,PubMed,Cochrane Library,Embase, OVID,and Web of Science from the inception to March 2014 were searched. The randomized controlled trials(RCT)which compared posaconazole with placebo or other antifungal drugs in antifungal prophylaxis and the endpoint was the incidences of invasive fungal infection( IFI),all-cause mortality,or adverse reactions were collected. The related information was selected and RevMan 5. 1 software of Cochrane Collaboration was used for statistical analysis. The results were expressed as odds ratios( OR)and its corresponding 95% confidence intervals(CI). Results A total of 6 RCTs were enrolled into the study. Of them,4 RCTs were comparison of posaconazole with one other antifungal drug,and 2 RCTs were
comparison of posaconazole with two kinds of other antifungal drugs. There were 1 410 cases in the experimental group and 929 cases in the control group. The results of Meta-analysis showed that the incidence of IFI in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group(OR = 0. 37,95% CI:0. 27-0. 50,P ﹤ 0. 000 01). The results of comparison of posaconazole with other antifungal drugs showed that the incidence of invasive fungal infections in the experimental group were lower than those in the fluconazol group(OR = 0. 42,95% CI:0. 28-0. 64,P ﹤ 0. 000 1)and the itraconazole group(OR = 0. 33, 95% CI:0. 21-0. 53,P ﹤ 0. 000 01). There were no statistical significant differences in incidence of invasive fungal infections between the experimental group and the control groups of voriconazole and amphotericin B(OR =0. 13,95% CI:0. 01-2. 67,P =0. 19;OR =0. 11,95% CI:0. 01-2. 34,P =0. 16). The incidence of invasive mold infection in the experimental group was lower than that in the fluconazole group(OR = 0. 25,95% CI:0. 12-0. 51,P = 0. 000 1). There was no statistical significant difference in incidence of invasive mold infection between the experimental group and the itraconazole group(OR = 0. 10, 95% CI:0. 01-1. 59,P = 0. 10). There were no statistical significant differences in incidence of invasive candida infection between the experimental group and the control groups of fluconazol and itraconazole(P =0. 91,P = 0. 33). The all-cause mortality in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group (OR = 0. 64,95% CI:0. 49-0. 82,P = 0. 000 5). The incidence of adverse reactions in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group(OR =0. 81,95% CI:0. 66-0. 99,P =0. 04);but the result of subgroup analysis showed that there were no statistical significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the experimental group and the control groups such as fluconazol,itraconazole,voriconazole, and amphotericin B liposomes( all P > 0. 05). It was considered that publication bias existed in above-mentioned 6 RCTs. Conclusion The effectiveness of posaconazole in antifungal prophylaxis is better than those in the non-posaconazole drugs and the safety of posaconazole is similar to the non-posaconazole drugs.

OBJECTIVE:To systematically review the efficacy and safety of salmeterol and fluticasone propionate aerosol in the treatment of AECOPD and provide evidence-based reference for the clinical treatment. METHODS:CJFD,Wanfang database, VIP,CBM,Cochrane Library,PubMed and EMBase were retrieved to collect the randomized controlled trial(RCT)of efficacy and safety of salmeterol and fluticasone propionate aerosol in the treatment of AECOPD. After information collection and quality evalua-tion,Meta-analysis was performed by using Rev Man 5.1 software. RESULTS:There were totally 17 RCTs,including 2 872 pa-tients. Results of Meta-analysis showed FEV1[SMD=0.47,95%CI(0.41,0.53),P<0.001],FEV1/FVC [SMD=1.08,95%CI(0.76, 1.39),P<0.001],FEV1 percentage of predicted value[SMD=0.83,95%CI(0.60,1.06),P<0.001] and incidence of adverse reac-tions [RR=1.38,95%CI(1.02,1.87),P=0.03] in test group were significantly higher than control group,with significant differenc-es. CONCLUSIONS:Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate aerosol has good efficacy in the treatment of AECOPD,can better im-prove patients’lung function and the safety needs to be improved. Due to the limit of research methodology,it remains to be fur-ther verified by large-sample and high-quality RCT.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of posaconazole in antifungal prophylaxis. Methods CNKI,VIP,CBM,Wangfang Database,PubMed,Cochrane Library,Embase, OVID,and Web of Science from the inception to March 2014 were searched. The randomized controlled trials(RCT)which compared posaconazole with placebo or other antifungal drugs in antifungal prophylaxis and the endpoint was the incidences of invasive fungal infection( IFI),all-cause mortality,or adverse reactions were collected. The related information was selected and RevMan 5. 1 software of Cochrane Collaboration was used for statistical analysis. The results were expressed as odds ratios( OR)and its corresponding 95% confidence intervals(CI). Results A total of 6 RCTs were enrolled into the study. Of them,4 RCTs were comparison of posaconazole with one other antifungal drug,and 2 RCTs were
comparison of posaconazole with two kinds of other antifungal drugs. There were 1 410 cases in the experimental group and 929 cases in the control group. The results of Meta-analysis showed that the incidence of IFI in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group(OR = 0. 37,95% CI:0. 27-0. 50,P ﹤ 0. 000 01). The results of comparison of posaconazole with other antifungal drugs showed that the incidence of invasive fungal infections in the experimental group were lower than those in the fluconazol group(OR = 0. 42,95% CI:0. 28-0. 64,P ﹤ 0. 000 1)and the itraconazole group(OR = 0. 33, 95% CI:0. 21-0. 53,P ﹤ 0. 000 01). There were no statistical significant differences in incidence of invasive fungal infections between the experimental group and the control groups of voriconazole and amphotericin B(OR =0. 13,95% CI:0. 01-2. 67,P =0. 19;OR =0. 11,95% CI:0. 01-2. 34,P =0. 16). The incidence of invasive mold infection in the experimental group was lower than that in the fluconazole group(OR = 0. 25,95% CI:0. 12-0. 51,P = 0. 000 1). There was no statistical significant difference in incidence of invasive mold infection between the experimental group and the itraconazole group(OR = 0. 10, 95% CI:0. 01-1. 59,P = 0. 10). There were no statistical significant differences in incidence of invasive candida infection between the experimental group and the control groups of fluconazol and itraconazole(P =0. 91,P = 0. 33). The all-cause mortality in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group (OR = 0. 64,95% CI:0. 49-0. 82,P = 0. 000 5). The incidence of adverse reactions in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group(OR =0. 81,95% CI:0. 66-0. 99,P =0. 04);but the result of subgroup analysis showed that there were no statistical significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the experimental group and the control groups such as fluconazol,itraconazole,voriconazole, and amphotericin B liposomes( all P > 0. 05). It was considered that publication bias existed in above-mentioned 6 RCTs. Conclusion The effectiveness of posaconazole in antifungal prophylaxis is better than those in the non-posaconazole drugs and the safety of posaconazole is similar to the non-posaconazole drugs.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of modified bone morphogenetic protein-2 polylactic acid nanospheres (BMP-2-PLA-Ns) sustained-release system on rabbit mandibular defect repair.

METHODSThe polylactic acid s nanospheres (PLA-Ns) and BMP-2-PLA-Ns were prepared by ultrasonic emulsification after graft polymerization. Forty-five rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups: Blank group, PLA-Ns gel group(control group), and BMP-2-PLA-Ns gel group (experimental group). The rabbit mandibular defect models were established. The defect area of control group was implanted with PLA-Ns gel, meanwhile, the experimental group was implanted with BMP-2-PLA-Ns gel, the blank group experienced no special handling. Rabbits were killed in 1, 2, 4 weeks after operation and the iconography, hematine eosin(HE) staining and PCNA immunohistochemistry were used to detect the reparative effect on rabbit mandible defects.

RESULTSImage observation showed that bone defect repair in the experimental group was well and the shadow was not obvious. Better repair effect was seen compared with the control group and blank group. HE staining showed that the experimental group and the control group had a large number of neovascularization and secondary callus formation, callus in experimental group was obviously higher than that of control group and blank group. Immunohistochemical observation showed that the experimental group's PCNA positive chondrocytes were more than those in the control group and the blank group in the first 2 weeks; all groups of PCNA positive cells were rare in the fourth week, PCNA positive expression rate of the fourth week was lower than that of the first 2 weeks.

CONCLUSIONThe modified BMP-2-PLA-Ns sustained-release system promotes mandibular defect repair obviously.

Animals ; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Lactic Acid ; Mandible ; Nanospheres ; Polyesters ; Polymers ; Rabbits ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures

Objective To evaluate the effects of recombinant human bone morphogenetic-2-polylactide sustained release nanospheres (rhBMP-2-PLA-Ns) on cultured rabbit osteoblasts in vitro. Methods Rabbit osteoblasts were cultured in vitro, and rhBMP-2-PLA-Ns was added into the medium of the third generation of rabbit osteoblasts. The expression of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was examined by immunofluoreacence staining, and the formation of tuberculums observed with alizarin red staining. Western blot was used to detect the effects of rhBMP-2-PLA-Ns on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which was compared with that in rhBMP-2 group and blank group. Results There was no significant difference in the number of osteoblasts with positive PCNA expression among three groups five days later. Ten days later, the number of osteoblasts with positive PCNA expression in rhBMP-2-PLA-Ns group was significantly higher than that in rhBMP-2 group and blank group, which indicated that rhBMP-2-PLA-Ns could enhance the expression of PCNA. Compared with rhBMP-2 group and blank group, rhBMP-2-PLA-Ns could significantly enhance the formation of tuberculums, with statistical difference (P<0.05). The expression of VEGF was detected in all three groups, and the level of the VEGF expression in rhBMP-2-PLA-Ns group was significantly higher than that in the other 2 groups (P<0.05). Conclusion The biological activity of rhBMP-2-PLA-Ns is superior than that of rhBMP2, and rhBMP-2-PLA-Ns can promote the proliferation, mineralization of osteoblasts and the secretion of VEGF, which has a better prospect in facilitating traumatic bone healing.

OBJECTIVE:To establish a gas chromatography(GC)method for determination of seven residual solvents in clofarabine.METHODS:The capillary column was AT-1301;the carrier gas was nitrogen gas and the detector was FID.By temperature programming was applied for the column temperature with an initial temperature of 40 ℃,which rose to 80 ℃ with an increase rate of 7 ℃?min-1,then rose to 200 ℃(kept at this temperature for 2 min)with the increase rate of 20 ℃?min-1.The injector temperature was 250 ℃ and the detector temperature was 280 ℃.The sample was injected directly for determination of residual levels of methanol,acetonitrile,dichlormethane,t-butyl alcohol,ethyl acetate,n-heptane and acetic acid in 3 batches of clofarabine.RESULTS:All the organic solvents were effectively separated and they showed good linearity within a concentration range(r=0.999 41～0.999 93)with average recovery rate ranged from 96.5% to 102.4%(RSDs of all were less than 4.0%).7 kinds of organic solvents in 3 batches of samples were all up to the standard specified in Chinese Pharmacopeia.CONCLUSION:The method is sensitive,accurate and reliable,and it is applicable for the determination of the residual solvents in clofarabine.

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for development of PIVAS.METHODS:Based on the practical condition of our hospital,the necessity of PIVAS and several key problems in the implementation process were analyzed.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:It is a natural tendency to establish PIVAS for the development of pharmacy.Several problems such as criteria for PIVAS establishment,charge standard,coverage of drug category and medication chronergy need to be further improved.

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for improving safety of clinical pharmacy admixture service(PIVAS?DDS).METHODS:The main safety control measures for PIVAS?DDS in our hospital were introduced in respects of system establishment,staff,environment,safety of drug dispensing.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:The safety of drug dispensing is greatly inhanced through bettering working system and operational procedure,improving the cleanliness of staff,standardizing regional plan and orientation of human and material resource,which plays an important role in safety of drug use in the clinic and occupational protection,etc.

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for the promotion of work efficiency of PIVAS.METHODS:The theory of bat-ch processing of PIVAS in our hospital was interpreted and its effect and problems were analyzed.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:Batch processing principal of background decision and foreground adjustment were adopted to allocate workload of different periods scientifically and improve working efficiency.Some problems existed in processing period require improvement of batch processing.