Objective:To analyze the differences in determination of fluoride level in drinking water by ion-selective electrode method and high-throughput rapid determination method.Methods:The precision test was carried out by using the two methods to measure two kinds of fluoride standard substances, water samples of external quality control assessment from 2021 to 2023 (two kinds each year) and the fluoride level in three drinking water samples (for 5 times/each sample). Accuracy testing was conducted by measuring the external quality control assessment water samples and the spiked recovery rates drinking water, and water samples were grouped (water fluoride ≤1.00, > 1.00 mg/L) and analyzed according to the "Hygienic Standards for Drinking Water" (GB 5749-85). SPSS 23.0 software was used for statistical analysis of the measurement results.Results:(1) The correlation coefficients ( r) of the working curves of the two methods were both > 0.990, meeting the quality control requirements. (2) In the precision test, when comparing the results of the two methods for detecting two kinds of fluoride standard substances, there was no statistically significant difference ( F = 0.36, 0.15, P = 0.564, 0.707), and the coefficients of variation ( CV) were all < 5%. The CV of the detection results of the external quality control assessment water samples and drinking water samples were < 5%. (3) In the accuracy test, when the fluoride concentration in water was ≤1.00 mg/L, there was no statistically significant difference in the spiked recovery rates between the two methods ( F = 0.49, P = 0.504). When the fluoride concentration in water was > 1.00 mg/L, there was a statistically significant difference in the spiked recovery rates between the two methods ( F = 24.75, P = 0.003). Conclusions:The ion-selective electrode method has the advantages of wide detection range and wide adaptability, while the high-throughput rapid determination method has high accuracy. Testing personnel can weigh and choose the appropriate determination method based on the actual laboratory conditions and sample concentration range.

Objective To design a training device of the flight crew for plateau normobaric low-oxygen acclimatization so as to enhance the flight crew's ability to adapt to the low oxygen environment after rushing into the plateau and reduce the incidence of acute plateau reaction.Methods The training device comprised a plateau environment simulation controller,a multimodal physiological acquisition system and hypoxia exercise training evaluation software.The plateau environment simulation controller was composed of an environment monitor for plateau acclimatization,two composite sensor sets,a control valve and an alarm device;the multimodal physiological acquisition system was made up of 20 groups of vital signs acquisi-tion devices,with a wearable dynamic ECG and respiration recorder,a wrist oximeter and an arm sphygmomano-meter included in each group.The hypoxia exercise training evaluation software was developed with a B/S architecture,Java language and JetBrains 2020.3.Results The training device proved to have the simulation altitude ranging from 0 to 6 000 m and facilitated simultaneous training of 20 persons for normobaric low-oxygen acclimatization,screening for hypoxia endurance,real-time monitoring of physiological parameters and assessment of training effect,with none of the trainees having acute plateau reaction.Conclusion The training device assists the flight crew for plateau normobaric low-oxygen acclimatization,and can be used for acclimatization training before plateau missions.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(8):18-24]

Objective To explore the relationship between traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)constitution,functional connectivity(FC)of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(DLPFC),and fluid intelligence in university students to elucidate the mind-body relationship from a modern perspective of TCM.Methods From October 2023 to December 2023,a total of 96 college students of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine were included,and Classification and Identification of Constitution in Traditional Chinese Medicine:ZYYXH/T 157-2009,Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices(RAPM)and resting-state functional near-infrared spectroscopy were used to evaluate TCM constitution,fluid intelligence,and FC of DLPFC.The differences in fluid intelligence between individuals with biased and balanced constitutions were compared using t-tests,and the associations among the TCM Constitution,RAPM score,and the FC between the left and right DLPFC were explored using partial correlation analysis.Results The tendency toward blood-stasis type and a dampness-heat type were positively correlated with the RAPM scores.College students with a tendency toward blood-stasis type exhibited significantly higher RAPM scores than those with a balanced constitution(P＜0.05).Additionally,significant negative correlations were observed between the tendencies toward blood-stasis and yin-deficiency types and the FC of the bilateral DLPFC.In contrast,a significant positive correlation was observed in individuals with balanced constitution tendencies.Conclusion The tendency toward blood-stasis type is associated with fluid intelligence levels and DLPFC functional activity in college students.This finding suggests that students with higher intelligence levels are more likely to exhibit blood-stasis type,highlighting the need for appropriate adjustments and interventions.

Objective To explore the relationship between traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)constitution,functional connectivity(FC)of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(DLPFC),and fluid intelligence in university students to elucidate the mind-body relationship from a modern perspective of TCM.Methods From October 2023 to December 2023,a total of 96 college students of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine were included,and Classification and Identification of Constitution in Traditional Chinese Medicine:ZYYXH/T 157-2009,Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices(RAPM)and resting-state functional near-infrared spectroscopy were used to evaluate TCM constitution,fluid intelligence,and FC of DLPFC.The differences in fluid intelligence between individuals with biased and balanced constitutions were compared using t-tests,and the associations among the TCM Constitution,RAPM score,and the FC between the left and right DLPFC were explored using partial correlation analysis.Results The tendency toward blood-stasis type and a dampness-heat type were positively correlated with the RAPM scores.College students with a tendency toward blood-stasis type exhibited significantly higher RAPM scores than those with a balanced constitution(P＜0.05).Additionally,significant negative correlations were observed between the tendencies toward blood-stasis and yin-deficiency types and the FC of the bilateral DLPFC.In contrast,a significant positive correlation was observed in individuals with balanced constitution tendencies.Conclusion The tendency toward blood-stasis type is associated with fluid intelligence levels and DLPFC functional activity in college students.This finding suggests that students with higher intelligence levels are more likely to exhibit blood-stasis type,highlighting the need for appropriate adjustments and interventions.

Objective To design a training device of the flight crew for plateau normobaric low-oxygen acclimatization so as to enhance the flight crew's ability to adapt to the low oxygen environment after rushing into the plateau and reduce the incidence of acute plateau reaction.Methods The training device comprised a plateau environment simulation controller,a multimodal physiological acquisition system and hypoxia exercise training evaluation software.The plateau environment simulation controller was composed of an environment monitor for plateau acclimatization,two composite sensor sets,a control valve and an alarm device;the multimodal physiological acquisition system was made up of 20 groups of vital signs acquisi-tion devices,with a wearable dynamic ECG and respiration recorder,a wrist oximeter and an arm sphygmomano-meter included in each group.The hypoxia exercise training evaluation software was developed with a B/S architecture,Java language and JetBrains 2020.3.Results The training device proved to have the simulation altitude ranging from 0 to 6 000 m and facilitated simultaneous training of 20 persons for normobaric low-oxygen acclimatization,screening for hypoxia endurance,real-time monitoring of physiological parameters and assessment of training effect,with none of the trainees having acute plateau reaction.Conclusion The training device assists the flight crew for plateau normobaric low-oxygen acclimatization,and can be used for acclimatization training before plateau missions.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(8):18-24]

Objective:To analyze the differences in determination of fluoride level in drinking water by ion-selective electrode method and high-throughput rapid determination method.Methods:The precision test was carried out by using the two methods to measure two kinds of fluoride standard substances, water samples of external quality control assessment from 2021 to 2023 (two kinds each year) and the fluoride level in three drinking water samples (for 5 times/each sample). Accuracy testing was conducted by measuring the external quality control assessment water samples and the spiked recovery rates drinking water, and water samples were grouped (water fluoride ≤1.00, > 1.00 mg/L) and analyzed according to the "Hygienic Standards for Drinking Water" (GB 5749-85). SPSS 23.0 software was used for statistical analysis of the measurement results.Results:(1) The correlation coefficients ( r) of the working curves of the two methods were both > 0.990, meeting the quality control requirements. (2) In the precision test, when comparing the results of the two methods for detecting two kinds of fluoride standard substances, there was no statistically significant difference ( F = 0.36, 0.15, P = 0.564, 0.707), and the coefficients of variation ( CV) were all < 5%. The CV of the detection results of the external quality control assessment water samples and drinking water samples were < 5%. (3) In the accuracy test, when the fluoride concentration in water was ≤1.00 mg/L, there was no statistically significant difference in the spiked recovery rates between the two methods ( F = 0.49, P = 0.504). When the fluoride concentration in water was > 1.00 mg/L, there was a statistically significant difference in the spiked recovery rates between the two methods ( F = 24.75, P = 0.003). Conclusions:The ion-selective electrode method has the advantages of wide detection range and wide adaptability, while the high-throughput rapid determination method has high accuracy. Testing personnel can weigh and choose the appropriate determination method based on the actual laboratory conditions and sample concentration range.

Objective To develop a GIS-based 3D playback system for the flight human-plane data to realize the fusion of pilots'airborne flight data and physiological data.Methods The 3D playback system was developed with the Browser/Server(B/S)architecture,micro-server model,Java language and Spring Cloud technology framework,which was composed of three functional modules for flight process reproduction,physiological situational awareness and critical event calibration analysis.Results The system developed achieved time synchronization and data fusion of airborne flight data and physiological data with a time synchronization frequency of 1 Hz and a refresh rate of not less than 120 frames/s.Conclusion The system developed with high safety,stability,reliability and accuracy facilitates pilot in-flight physiological monitoring and fusion and simultaneous display of airborne flight data and physiological data,which can be used as an important platform for decision-making support in flight training.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2024,45(10):14-19]

Objective:To investigate the prevalence of adult skeletal fluorosis caused by drinking tea-type endemic fluorosis in Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (hereinafter referred to as Yushu Prefecture), Qinghai Province, and provide scientific basis for prevention and control of the disease.Methods:In August 2021, one village was selected as a survey site in six counties (cities) in Yushu Prefecture, including Nangqian, Chindu, Yushu, Zadoi, Qumarlêb, and Zhiduo. Drinking water samples and 10 brick tea samples were collected from each village to determine the fluoride content in water and brick tea; at least 100 permanent residents aged ≥ 25, who had a habit of drinking brick tea and had lived in the local area for more than 5 years, were selected for X-ray imaging to examine the prevalence of adult skeletal fluorosis.Results:A total of 75 samples of residential drinking water were collected, with a fluoride content of (0.21 ± 0.05) mg/L, ranging from 0.11 to 0.34 mg/L; 60 samples of brick tea, with a fluoride content of (626.70 ± 157.27) mg/kg, ranging from 324.00 to 2 102.00 mg/kg. A total of 1 136 adults were examined, and 318 cases of skeletal fluorosis were diagnosed, with a detection rate of 27.99%. Among them, the detection rates of mild, moderate, and severe skeletal fluorosis were 20.95% (238/1 136), 6.07% (69/1 136), and 0.97% (11/1 136), respectively, with mild symptoms being the main. The detection rates of skeletal fluorosis in males and females were 29.09% (121/416) and 27.36% (197/720), respectively, with no statistically significant difference between the gender (χ 2 = 0.39, P = 0.533). Comparison of the skeletal fluorosis in different gender, the differences were statistically significant (χ 2 = 22.31, P < 0.001). The detection rates of skeletal fluorosis in the age groups of 25 - 35, 36 - 45, 46 - 55, 56 - 65, 66 - 75, and ≥76 years old were 6.86% (7/102), 22.37% (51/228), 24.02% (92/383), 37.44% (73/195), 43.48% (70/161), and 37.31% (25/67), respectively. The differences between the groups were statistically significant (χ 2 = 59.84, P < 0.001). Moreover, there was a statistically significant difference in the composition of skeletal fluorosis among different age groups ( H = 37.66, P < 0.001). The Spearman correlation analysis results showed that the severity of adult skeletal fluorosis was positively correlated with age ( r = 0.34, P < 0.001). Conclusions:There is a certain degree of prevalence of adult skeletal fluorosis in Yushu Prefecture. And as age increases, the condition of skeletal fluorosis becomes more severe.

Objective:To explore the effects of posterior malleolar fracture fixation on the rotational stability of the ankle joint.Methods:A total of 20 fresh cadaveric specimens of lower limbs were anatomized to measure the area of attachment of the posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament and transverse ligament complex to the posterior surface of the tibia. One healthy volunteer was selected to construct a finite element model for the intact tibiofibular and ankle joints and finite element models for posterior malleolar fracture with different posterior projection areas. A load of 600 N was vertically applied to the inferior calcaneus along the tibial mechanical axis. The contact area and maximum Von Mises stress of the distal tibial articular surface were analyzed to verify the validity of the model for the intact tibiofibular and ankle joints. In the finite element models for the posterior malleolar fracture (S, 1/2S, 1/4S, 1/8S and 1/16S model groups, with S standing for the complete projection area of the ligament complex on the posterior surface of the tibia), the width increase in the tibiofibular clear space was measured when a vertical load of 600 N and external rotation load of 5 N·m were applied to the ankle joint after the reduction and fixation of posterior malleolar fracture. The cutoff value of the posterior projection area of posterior malleolar fracture that could maintain the rotational stability of the ankle joint was assessed.Results:The measurement results of the cadaveric specimens showed that the area of attachment of the posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament and transverse ligament complex to the posterior surface of the tibia was relatively large. It was attached to the posterolateral area of the distal tibia with the highest point located at (45.2±5.6)mm from the articular surface. With the increase in the distance from the joint line, the width of the posterior attachment area of the ligament complex was decreased. Results of the finite element analysis showed that in the finite element model for the intact tibiofibular and ankle joints, the tibiotalar joint contact area was 324.02 mm 2 and the maximum Von Mises stress was 4.495 1 MPa with a vertical load of 600 N. In the finite element models for the posterior malleolar fracture, the distal tibiofibular clear spaces of the S, 1/2S, 1/4S and 1/8S model groups increased by less than 2 mm following loading, while it was increased by 3.445 8 mm in the 1/16S model group. The cutoff value of the posterior tibial projection area that could maintain the rotational stability of the ankle joint was 1/8S. Conclusions:The attachment area of the posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament and transverse ligament complex to the posterior surface of the tibia is large. Both the axial stability and rotational stability of the ankle joint should be considered in the treatment selection for posterior malleolar fracture. Simple posterior malleolar fixation is recommended to restore the rotational stability and axial stability of the ankle joint when tibiofibular syndesmosis is unstable and the cutoff value is larger than or equal to 1/8, while tibiofibular syndesmosis screws must be implanted when tibiofibular syndesmosis is unstable and the cutoff value is less than 1/8.

To investigate the alleviating effect of glycyrrhizic acid(GA)on chronic toxicity of afla-toxin B1(AFB1)in ducklings.Eighty 4-day-old ducklings were randomly divided into 4 groups,with 20 ducklings in each group,including a blank group,a model group(100 μg/kg AFB1),a high-concentration GA group(100 μg/kg AFB1+100 mg/kg GA),and a low-concentration GA group(100 μg/kg AFB1+50 mg/kg GA),with a trial period of 18 days.At the end of the experi-ment,the body weight of the ducklings in each group,AFB1-DNA content in the liver and liver tis-sues index,the biochemical indicators of liver function,and the pathological changes in liver tissues were examined.Additionally,the oxidative damage status of the liver tissues was eval-uated,and the mRNA expression levels of mitochondria-related apoptosis genes was detected.Com-pared with the control group,the body weight of ducklings in the model group decreased signifi-cantly(P＜0.01),AFB1-DNA content in the tissues increased significantly(P＜0.05),liver swell-ing and yellowing were observed,the liver index increased significantly(P＜0.01),as did the levels of aspartate aminotransferase(AST)and alanine aminotransferase(ALT)(P＜0.01).The AST/ALT levels also increased significantly(P＜0.01),while the serum total protein(TP)content de-creased significantly(P＜0.01).The liver tissues showed a large amount of inflammatory cell infil-tration,vacuolar degeneration,fibrotic changes and apoptosis.The activities of catalase(CAT),glutathione S-transferase(GST),the total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC)of the duckling liver all decreased significantly(P＜0.01)and the mRNA expression of mitochondria-related apoptosis genes Bax,Cyt-c,Caspase-3,and Caspase-9 significantly increased(P＜0.01).Compared with the model group,GA treatment significantly increased the body weight of the model ducklings(P＜0.01),reduced AFB1-DNA content in the tissue,significantly reduced their liver index(P＜0.05),visibly restored the liver's apparent status,effectively reversed the abnormal changes in serum liver function indicators,improved the pathological changes in liver tissue histology,enhanced liver an-tioxidant function,significantly decreased expression of Bax,Cyt-c,Caspase-3,and Caspase-9 mR-NA(P＜0.05).Further correlation analysis showed that mRNA expression levels of Bax,Cyt-c,Caspase-3,and Caspase-9 in duck liver tissues were positively correlated with liver index,AFB1-DNA content,AST content,ALT content,AST/ALT ratio,and MDA content,and negatively cor-related with body weight,TP content,SOD activity,CAT activity,GST activity,and T-AOC activi-ty in ducklings.In conclusion,GA may alleviate liver damage to relieve duckling AFB1 chronic tox-icity by inhibiting the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis.