Objective To investigate the toxic effects of combined yttrium and lead exposure on liver and kidney functions in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods Adult male specific pathogen-free SD rats were randomly divided into four groups. Rats in the low-, medium-, and high-dose groups were co-administered with yttrium acetate (10.0, 50.0, and 100.0 mg/kg body weight, respectively) and lead acetate (4.0, 20.0, and 40.0 mg/kg body weight, respectively) by intragastric gavage, once per day for 28 consecutive days. Rats in the control group received an equal volume of deionized water. Yttrium and lead levels in whole blood, liver, and kidney tissues of the rats were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Serum index of liver and kidney function were measured by a double reagent method, and histopathological changes in the liver and kidney were observed. Results The body weights of rats in all the three exposure groups were lower than those in the control group from day 14 of exposure until the end of exposure (all P<0.05). Body weight gain of rats was observed only in the low-dose group at day 28, whereas no body weight gain was observed throughout the exposure period in the medium- and high-dose groups. Histopathological examination showed dose-dependent liver and kidney injuries in rats of the three exposure groups compared with the control group. Specifically, the liver exhibited widening of intercellular spaces and increased inflammatory cell infiltration, while the kidney showed increased tissue hemorrhage and increased damage to glomeruli and renal tubules. Lead levels in whole blood, liver, and kidney tissues of the rats were higher than yttrium levels in all the three exposure groups (all P<0.05). Blood yttrium levels in rats of the high-dose group were higher than those in the other three groups (all P<0.05), and yttrium levels in the liver and kidney tissues of the three exposure groups were higher than those in the control group (all P<0.05). Lead levels in whole blood, liver, and kidney tissues of the rats increased with increasing exposure dose (all P<0.05). At the end of exposure, the kidney organ coefficient of rats in the high-dose group was higher than those in the other three groups (all P<0.05). The serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT)/aspartate aminotransferase (AST) ratio of rats in the high‑dose group was lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). The serum urea and uric acid levels in the medium‑ and high‑dose groups were lower than those in the control group (both P<0.05). The serum cystatin C level in the high‑dose group was higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). Blood yttrium and blood lead levels were each negatively correlated with serum ALT/AST ratio, serum urea nitrogen, and uric acid levels (both P<0.05). Both yttrium and lead levels in liver tissue were each negatively correlated with serum ALT/AST ratio (all P<0.05). Both yttrium and lead levels in kidney tissue were each negatively correlated with both serum urea nitrogen and uric acid levels (all P<0.05), and each positively correlated with serum cystatin C levels (both P<0.05). Conclusion Co-exposure to yttrium and lead induces dose‑dependent hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in male SD rats. Lead exhibits a more pronounced accumulation effect and contributes more substantially to the observed toxicity.

Objectives:This study aimed to compare the disease-free survival(DFS)and cervical lymph node metastasis risk in lip squamous cell carinoma(LSCC)patients between microwave thermochemotherapy and traditional surgical resection.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on 106 eligible LSCC patients treated between January 2010 and January 2022.Patients were divided into the microwave thermochemotherapy group(n=37)and the surgery-alone group(n=69).Survival curves were generated using the Kaplan-Meier method,with DFS differences evaluated by Log-Rank test.Cox proportional hazards models and logistic re-gression were employed to screen prognostic factors and assess variables associated with cervical lymph node metastasis,respective-ly.Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 26.0.Results:By September 2024,the objective response rate in the microwave thermochemotherapy group reached 94.59％(35/37).Survival analysis revealed no statistically significant difference in DFS be-tween the two groups(P=0.300).Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that treatment modality was associated with cervical lymph node metastasis risk(P=0.022).The microwave thermochemotherapy group exhibiting a trend toward lower cervical lymph node metastasis rates compared to the surgery group.Conclusion:This study suggests that microwave thermochemotherapy achieves disease control efficacy comparable to surgical resection in early-stage LSCC patients and may reduce the likelihood of regional lymph node metastasis.

Objective:To explore the correlation between triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index-body mass index (BMI) product (TyG-BMI) and hypertension.Methods:Based on the cross-sectional survey data of adult hypertension prevalence in Hunan Province from June 2013 to May 2014, 4 012 subjects aged ≥18 years with complete key data were included. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the correlation between TyG-BMI and hypertension, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to compare the ability of TyG index and TyG-BMI to identify hypertension.Results:A total of 4 012 subjects were included in this study, with an average age of (54.6±12.6)years, and males accounted for 40.98%(1 644/4 012). The prevalence of hypertension was 38.33%(1 538/4 012). Logistic regression analysis showed that elevated TyG-BMI was an independent risk factor for hypertension ( P<0.05). In the fully adjusted model, each 1/4 increase in TyG-BMI was associated with a 1.017-fold increase in the risk of hypertension ( OR=1.017, 95% CI: 1.014-1.019). Compared with the lowest quartile group (Q 1), the higher quartile groups (Q 2, Q 3, Q 4) of TyG-BMI had a higher risk of hypertension, with OR values of 1.841, 2.265, and 4.386, respectively. Restricted cubic spline plot showed a linear dose-response relationship between TyG-BMI and the risk of hypertension (overall trend P<0.001). In subgroup analyses stratified by age, gender, smoking and drinking status, TyG-BMI was positively correlated with hypertension. In addition, ROC curve analysis showed that TyG-BMI had better diagnostic value for hypertension compared with TyG index. Conclusions:TyG-BMI is an independent risk factor for hypertension. Excessively high TyG-BMI or gradual increase of TyG-BMI will increase the risk of hypertension, and TyG-BMI has higher value in identifying hypertension compared with TyG index.

Objective To observe the effects of Hedysarum Polybotrys polysaccharide(HPS)on the glucose metabolism of small intestinal smooth muscle in rats with diabetic gastroparesis(DGP)of spleen qi deficiency syndrome;To explore its mechanism based on AMPK/GLUT4 signaling pathway.Methods Totally 72 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 12 in the blank group and the remaining 60 rats were assigned to the model group.The DGP spleen qi deficiency syndrome model was replicated by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin+irregular feeding with high-fat and high sugar feed combined with swimming exhaustion method.The model rats were randomly divided into model group,metformin group and HPS high-,medium-and low-dosage groups.The metformin group was given 100 mg/kg metformin hydrochloride by gavage,while the HPS high-,medium-and low-dosage groups were given 200,100 and 50 mg/kg HPS by gavage,respectively.The blank group and model group were given purified water by gavage once a day for 8 consecutive weeks.The gastric emptying rate and small intestine propulsion rate in rats were detected,HE staining was used to observe the smooth muscle morphology of gastric antrum and ileal tissue,immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression of glucagon like peptide-1(GLP-1)in ileal tissue,ELISA was used to detect the contents of adiponectin(APN),glucagon(Glu)and insulin(INS)in serum,Western blot was used to detect the protein expressions of glucose transporter(GLUT)4,GLUT1,AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK)and p-AMPK in ileal tissue.Results Compared with the blank group,the model group rats showed significantly increased random blood glucose,significantly decreased body mass,gastric emptying rate and small intestinal propulsion rate(P<0.01);the edema in the submucosal layer,loose arrangement of connective tissue,infiltration of a small number of lymphocytes,granulocytes and macrophages,reduced number of goblet cells in the ileal tissue,shedding of intestinal villous epithelial cells and widening of the gap between the submucosal layer and the lamina propria;the expression of GLP-1 in ileal tissue was significantly decreased(P<0.05),the contents of serum APN and INS were significantly decreased,and the content of Glu significantly increased(P<0.01),the expressions of GLUT4 and p-AMPK/AMPK proteins in ileal tissue were significantly decreased,while the expression of GLUT1 protein significantly increased(P<0.01).Compared with the model group,rats in metformin group and HPS high-dosage group showed a random decrease in blood glucose,an increase in body mass,gastric emptying rate,and small intestine propulsion rate(P<0.05,P<0.01);a more regular arrangement of gastric antral tissue cells,a reduction of shedding cells and edema,the smooth muscle structure of the ileal tissue was relatively intact,with evenly distributed cells and reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells;the expression of GLP-1 in ileal tissue increased,the contents of serum APN and INS increased,and the content of Glu decreased,the expressions of GLUT4 and p-AMPK/AMPK proteins in ileal tissue increased,while the expression of GLUT1 protein decreased(P<0.05,P<0.01).Conclusion HPS may up-regulate GLUT4 and down-regulate GLUT1 expression through activates AMPK,promotes glucose uptake and utilization by small intestinal smooth muscle,and improves glucose metabolism of DGP rats with spleen qi deficiency syndrome.

BACKGROUND:Electrical stimulation is an effective treatment plan for peripheral nerve injuries,but different frequencies of electrical stimulation have different mechanisms and applications for promoting peripheral nerve recovery.OBJECTIVE:To systematically sort out and summarize the roles and applications of different frequencies of electrical stimulation in the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries,and to deeply analyze the advantages and disadvantages of various methods in order to find the most beneficial treatment strategy for patients'nerve recovery.METHODS:Computer-based searches were conducted in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI)and PubMed databases from the inception of the databases to May 2024.The search terms included"peripheral nerve injury,electrical stimulation,low frequency electrical stimulation,medium frequency electrical stimulation,high frequency electrical stimulation,TENS,interfering electricity,short wave,ultrashort wave,frequency"in both English and Chinese.Ultimately,74 relevant documents were included for analysis.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Peripheral nerve injury,a common clinical disease,can cause sensory and motor dysfunction in patients.Low-frequency electrical stimulation can promote cell proliferation and accelerate the expression of nerve growth factor within the cell after electrical stimulation,promote macrophage recruitment and infiltration,accelerate the clearance of myelin debris,and promote myelin regeneration of damaged axons.Medium-frequency electrical stimulation can act on deeper tissues and is better for relieving neuropathic pain.High-frequency electrical stimulation can promote the proliferation of Schwann cells and macrophages,inhibit inflammatory factors,and rapidly recruit cells to the site of nerve injury,accelerating the speed of nerve repair.Different frequencies of electrical stimulation have their own advantages in promoting the recovery of peripheral nerve injuries,but there are still some issues,such as differences in the site of electrical stimulation and the treatment plans for various disease types.

Objective To retrospectively analyze the results of serum beta-amyloid 42(Aβ42)tests conducted in the laboratory and explore potential issues associated with this testing.Methods All the Aβ42 test data collected up to the initiation of this study were compiled,and the positive rates for various diagnoses,including Alzheimer's disease(AD),cognitive decline,and dementia were ana-lyzed.Accuracy of the test kit was preliminarily validated using the kit's own reference,mouse brain tissue,and in vitro cultured cell-based reference samples.Results Data from 546 patients were col-lected,with 166 positive cases(positive rate of 30.4％).Among them,3 out of 6 AD patients tested positive;among 149 patients diagnosed with cognitive decline and 59 dementia patients,there were 29 and 24 positive cases respectively,with positive rates of 19.5％and 40.7％.The kit's detection of its own reference was affected by the serum matrix and failed to effectively detect positive mouse brain tissue and cellular reference samples.The kit's detection was generally unaffected by the amyloid precursor protein(APP)of Aβ,but it did not demonstrate good recovery rates for its own reference samples added to various clinical serum specimens.Conclusion The positive rate of serum Aβ42 test results in laboratory is lower than expected,and the accuracy of the test kit may require further improvement.

Objective: To investigate the seroepidemiological characteristics of hepatitis B among outpatients in medical institutions in Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province, so as to provide a reference for formulating region-specific hepatitis B prevention and control strategies. Methods: From April to June 2024, outpatients were selected as study subjects from sentinel medical institutions in Jiaxing City. Information such as gender and age was collected. Venous blood samples were obtained and serological markers including hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb), hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), hepatitis B e antibody (HBeAb), and hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb) were tested. Positive rates of hepatitis B virus (HBV) serological markers were analyzed by genders and ages. Results: A total of 1 468 outpatients were included, among whom 721 were males (49.11%) and 747 were females (50.89%). The mean age was (46.41±19.66) years. The positive rates of HBsAg, HBsAb, HBeAg, HBeAb, and HBcAb were 7.29%, 44.75%, 1.84%, 23.50%, and 42.03%, respectively. The HBcAb positive rate in males was significantly higher than in females (46.05% vs. 38.15%, P<0.05), while no statistically significant gender differences were observed in the positive rates of other four HBV serological markers (all P>0.05). Except for HBsAb, the positive rates of the other four HBV serological markers showed statistically significant differences across different age groups (all P<0.05). Pairwise comparisons results showed that the HBsAg positive rates in age groups of 20-<40 years and 40-<60 years were 9.48% and 9.57%, respectively, which were higher than those in age groups of <20 years (1.43%) and ≥60 years (2.75%) (all P<0.05). A total of 17 HBV serological marker patterns were observed, among which the proportion of all markers negative was the highest, at 39.65%. The proportions of "small three positive" (HBsAg+, HBeAb+, HBcAb+) and "large three positive" (HBsAg+, HBeAg+, HBcAb+) patterns were 4.77% and 1.50%, respectively. Among HBsAg-positive individuals, the proportions of the "small three positive" pattern across age groups were 0, 45.45%, 90.00%, and 81.82%, while those of the "large three positive" were 0, 36.36%, 5.00%, and 0, with statistically significant differences across age groups (both P<0.05). Conclusions The positive rate of HBsAg among outpatients in medical institutions in Jiaxing City is relatively high, with a notable proportion of individuals showing either no immunity or non-response to vaccination. It is recommended to strengthen hepatitis B immunization efforts among the population aged 20-<60 years, and to enhance monitoring and interventional treatment for "small three positive" and "large three positive" patterns.

Objectives:This study aimed to compare the disease-free survival(DFS)and cervical lymph node metastasis risk in lip squamous cell carinoma(LSCC)patients between microwave thermochemotherapy and traditional surgical resection.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on 106 eligible LSCC patients treated between January 2010 and January 2022.Patients were divided into the microwave thermochemotherapy group(n=37)and the surgery-alone group(n=69).Survival curves were generated using the Kaplan-Meier method,with DFS differences evaluated by Log-Rank test.Cox proportional hazards models and logistic re-gression were employed to screen prognostic factors and assess variables associated with cervical lymph node metastasis,respective-ly.Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 26.0.Results:By September 2024,the objective response rate in the microwave thermochemotherapy group reached 94.59％(35/37).Survival analysis revealed no statistically significant difference in DFS be-tween the two groups(P=0.300).Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that treatment modality was associated with cervical lymph node metastasis risk(P=0.022).The microwave thermochemotherapy group exhibiting a trend toward lower cervical lymph node metastasis rates compared to the surgery group.Conclusion:This study suggests that microwave thermochemotherapy achieves disease control efficacy comparable to surgical resection in early-stage LSCC patients and may reduce the likelihood of regional lymph node metastasis.

BACKGROUND:Electrical stimulation is an effective treatment plan for peripheral nerve injuries,but different frequencies of electrical stimulation have different mechanisms and applications for promoting peripheral nerve recovery.OBJECTIVE:To systematically sort out and summarize the roles and applications of different frequencies of electrical stimulation in the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries,and to deeply analyze the advantages and disadvantages of various methods in order to find the most beneficial treatment strategy for patients'nerve recovery.METHODS:Computer-based searches were conducted in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI)and PubMed databases from the inception of the databases to May 2024.The search terms included"peripheral nerve injury,electrical stimulation,low frequency electrical stimulation,medium frequency electrical stimulation,high frequency electrical stimulation,TENS,interfering electricity,short wave,ultrashort wave,frequency"in both English and Chinese.Ultimately,74 relevant documents were included for analysis.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Peripheral nerve injury,a common clinical disease,can cause sensory and motor dysfunction in patients.Low-frequency electrical stimulation can promote cell proliferation and accelerate the expression of nerve growth factor within the cell after electrical stimulation,promote macrophage recruitment and infiltration,accelerate the clearance of myelin debris,and promote myelin regeneration of damaged axons.Medium-frequency electrical stimulation can act on deeper tissues and is better for relieving neuropathic pain.High-frequency electrical stimulation can promote the proliferation of Schwann cells and macrophages,inhibit inflammatory factors,and rapidly recruit cells to the site of nerve injury,accelerating the speed of nerve repair.Different frequencies of electrical stimulation have their own advantages in promoting the recovery of peripheral nerve injuries,but there are still some issues,such as differences in the site of electrical stimulation and the treatment plans for various disease types.

Objective To observe the effects of Hedysarum Polybotrys polysaccharide(HPS)on the glucose metabolism of small intestinal smooth muscle in rats with diabetic gastroparesis(DGP)of spleen qi deficiency syndrome;To explore its mechanism based on AMPK/GLUT4 signaling pathway.Methods Totally 72 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 12 in the blank group and the remaining 60 rats were assigned to the model group.The DGP spleen qi deficiency syndrome model was replicated by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin+irregular feeding with high-fat and high sugar feed combined with swimming exhaustion method.The model rats were randomly divided into model group,metformin group and HPS high-,medium-and low-dosage groups.The metformin group was given 100 mg/kg metformin hydrochloride by gavage,while the HPS high-,medium-and low-dosage groups were given 200,100 and 50 mg/kg HPS by gavage,respectively.The blank group and model group were given purified water by gavage once a day for 8 consecutive weeks.The gastric emptying rate and small intestine propulsion rate in rats were detected,HE staining was used to observe the smooth muscle morphology of gastric antrum and ileal tissue,immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression of glucagon like peptide-1(GLP-1)in ileal tissue,ELISA was used to detect the contents of adiponectin(APN),glucagon(Glu)and insulin(INS)in serum,Western blot was used to detect the protein expressions of glucose transporter(GLUT)4,GLUT1,AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK)and p-AMPK in ileal tissue.Results Compared with the blank group,the model group rats showed significantly increased random blood glucose,significantly decreased body mass,gastric emptying rate and small intestinal propulsion rate(P<0.01);the edema in the submucosal layer,loose arrangement of connective tissue,infiltration of a small number of lymphocytes,granulocytes and macrophages,reduced number of goblet cells in the ileal tissue,shedding of intestinal villous epithelial cells and widening of the gap between the submucosal layer and the lamina propria;the expression of GLP-1 in ileal tissue was significantly decreased(P<0.05),the contents of serum APN and INS were significantly decreased,and the content of Glu significantly increased(P<0.01),the expressions of GLUT4 and p-AMPK/AMPK proteins in ileal tissue were significantly decreased,while the expression of GLUT1 protein significantly increased(P<0.01).Compared with the model group,rats in metformin group and HPS high-dosage group showed a random decrease in blood glucose,an increase in body mass,gastric emptying rate,and small intestine propulsion rate(P<0.05,P<0.01);a more regular arrangement of gastric antral tissue cells,a reduction of shedding cells and edema,the smooth muscle structure of the ileal tissue was relatively intact,with evenly distributed cells and reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells;the expression of GLP-1 in ileal tissue increased,the contents of serum APN and INS increased,and the content of Glu decreased,the expressions of GLUT4 and p-AMPK/AMPK proteins in ileal tissue increased,while the expression of GLUT1 protein decreased(P<0.05,P<0.01).Conclusion HPS may up-regulate GLUT4 and down-regulate GLUT1 expression through activates AMPK,promotes glucose uptake and utilization by small intestinal smooth muscle,and improves glucose metabolism of DGP rats with spleen qi deficiency syndrome.