ObjectiveRetinal vein occlusion （RVO） is the second most common vascular disease leading to vision loss. Since its pathogenesis remains unclear， current Western medical treatments primarily target complications such as macular edema and neovascularization. The main therapeutic approaches include intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） agents or corticosteroids， laser photocoagulation， and pars plana vitrectomy. However， these treatments cannot fully reverse disease progression or structural damage. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has unique advantages in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of RVO， and integrated Chinese and Western medicine approaches may offer better clinical outcomes. This study， based on the clinical manifestations of RVO， systematically reviews the existing literature and evaluates the alignment of current RVO animal models with clinical manifestations. The aim is to identify the characteristics and limitations of existing models and provide recommendations and prospects for developing RVO animal models featuring the combination of disease and syndrome. MethodsDatabases including CNKI， Wanfang Data， PubMed， and Web of Science were searched with the keywords of "retinal vein occlusion" and "animal model". Model characteristics were assessed based on the diagnostic criteria for diseases and syndromes in both TCM and Western medicine. The alignment of each model with clinical manifestations was analyzed and evaluated. ResultsThe available RVO models were primarily established via methods such as laser photocoagulation， photodynamic therapy， diathermy， intravitreal drug injection， and mechanical modeling. These models demonstrated moderate overall alignment with clinical manifestations， mainly reflecting disease characteristics. However， they generally lack representation of TCM syndrome features. ConclusionExisting RVO models are predominantly based on Western medicine and lack TCM syndrome features. Western medical treatments for RVO have certain limitations， while syndrome differentiation and treatment in TCM offer potential advantages. Future research should focus on developing disease-syndrome integrated animal models that incorporate both pathological features and TCM syndrome characteristics. This approach will enhance the design of RVO models and facilitate both basic and clinical research， which make it a scientifically valuable and necessary endeavor.

ObjectiveRetinal vein occlusion （RVO） is the second most common vascular disease leading to vision loss. Since its pathogenesis remains unclear， current Western medical treatments primarily target complications such as macular edema and neovascularization. The main therapeutic approaches include intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） agents or corticosteroids， laser photocoagulation， and pars plana vitrectomy. However， these treatments cannot fully reverse disease progression or structural damage. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has unique advantages in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of RVO， and integrated Chinese and Western medicine approaches may offer better clinical outcomes. This study， based on the clinical manifestations of RVO， systematically reviews the existing literature and evaluates the alignment of current RVO animal models with clinical manifestations. The aim is to identify the characteristics and limitations of existing models and provide recommendations and prospects for developing RVO animal models featuring the combination of disease and syndrome. MethodsDatabases including CNKI， Wanfang Data， PubMed， and Web of Science were searched with the keywords of "retinal vein occlusion" and "animal model". Model characteristics were assessed based on the diagnostic criteria for diseases and syndromes in both TCM and Western medicine. The alignment of each model with clinical manifestations was analyzed and evaluated. ResultsThe available RVO models were primarily established via methods such as laser photocoagulation， photodynamic therapy， diathermy， intravitreal drug injection， and mechanical modeling. These models demonstrated moderate overall alignment with clinical manifestations， mainly reflecting disease characteristics. However， they generally lack representation of TCM syndrome features. ConclusionExisting RVO models are predominantly based on Western medicine and lack TCM syndrome features. Western medical treatments for RVO have certain limitations， while syndrome differentiation and treatment in TCM offer potential advantages. Future research should focus on developing disease-syndrome integrated animal models that incorporate both pathological features and TCM syndrome characteristics. This approach will enhance the design of RVO models and facilitate both basic and clinical research， which make it a scientifically valuable and necessary endeavor.

Abstract The prevention and control of myopia in Chinese children and adolescents has become a major public health issue. While maintaining increased outdoor activity as a cornerstone intervention, there is an urgent need to explore new complementary approaches that can be effectively implemented in both indoor and outdoor settings. In recent years, environmental spatial frequency has gained increasing attention as one of the key environmental factors influencing the development and progression of myopia. Both animal studies and human research have confirmed that indoor environments lacking mid to high spatial frequency components, often characterized as "visually impoverished", can promote axial elongation and myopia through mechanisms such as disruption of retinal neural signaling, impaired accommodative function, and altered expression of related molecules. Based on the scientific consensus, it is recommended that "enriching of environmental spatial frequency" should be integrated into the myopia prevention and control framework. Following the principles of schoolled organization, family cooperation, community involvement, and student participation, specific measures are put forward in three areas：optimizing school visual settings, improving home spatial environments, and promoting healthy visual behavior. The aim is to create "visually friendly" indoor environments as an important supplement to outdoor activity, thereby providing a novel perspective and strategy for comprehensively advancing myopia prevention and control among children and adolescents.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of bone morphogenetic protein 3 （BMP3） on the expression of inflammatory factors and joint damage in adjuvant arthritis （AA） induced by Freund′s complete adjuvant （FCA） in rats. MethodsThe AIA model was established in SD rats by intradermal injection of FCA into the toes of the left hind limb， and BMP3 overexpressing adenovirus （Ad-BMP3） or control adenovirus （Ad-NC） was injected in situ into the knee joint cavity on day 8 after modeling. Subsequently， HE staining was used to observe the histopathological changes in the synovium， immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of BMP3 in the synovium， and ELISA was used to analyze the expression levels of IL-6， IL-1β and TNF-α in the serum. Primary fibroblast-like synoviocytes （FLS） were isolated from AIA rats， the expression of BMP3 in FLS was knocked down or overexpressed， and Western blot and qRT-PCR were used to detect the expression levels of BMP3 and inflammatory factors in FLS. ResultsHE staining confirmed the successful establishment of the AIA model. Compared with normal rats， AIA rats showed decreased BMP3 expression in synovial tissue. Knockdown of BMP3 promoted the protein expression of inflammatory factors （IL-6， IL-1β， IL-17A， TNF-α） and the mRNA expression of chemokines ［C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 （CCL2）， C-C motif chemokine ligand 3 （CCL3）， Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 （VCAM-1）］ in FLS. In contrast， overexpression of BMP3 suppressed the expression of these inflammatory factors and chemokines. Intra-articular injection of BMP3-overexpressing adenovirus in AIA rats upregulated BMP3 expression in synovial tissue and inhibited synovial inflammation and bone erosion. ConclusionBMP3 suppresses the production of inflammatory factors and chemokines in FLS， thereby alleviating synovial hyperplasia and bone erosion in arthritis.

AIM: To investigate the relationship between the levels of interleukin-6(IL-6)and IL-2 in aqueous humor and the severity of optic nerve injury in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma(POAG), and to construct a decision tree model for the severity of optic nerve injury in POAG patients.METHODS: A prospective study was conducted on 107 patients(107 eyes)with POAG who were admitted to the hospital from May 2021 to October 2023. According to the mean defect(MD)value, the degree of optic nerve injury was judged and divided into three groups: mild, moderate and severe. The general data, IL-6 and IL-2 levels in aqueous humor of patients with different severity of optic nerve injury were compared, and the correlation between the levels of IL-6 and IL-2 in aqueous humor and the severity of optic nerve injury in POAG patients was analyzed. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to test the influencing factors of the severity of optic nerve injury in POAG patients, and the decision tree model was constructed based on influencing factors.RESULTS: The proportion of patients with hypertension, intraocular pressure and binocular intraocular pressure difference in the severe group was higher than that in the mild and moderate groups, and the levels of IL-6 and IL-2 in the aqueous humor were significantly lower than those in the mild and moderate groups(all P<0.05). The levels of IL-6 and IL-2 in aqueous humor of POAG patients were negatively correlated with the severity of optic nerve injury(r=-0.361, -0.358, all P<0.001). Hypertension, intraocular pressure, binocular intraocular pressure difference, IL-6 and IL-2 levels in aqueous humor were independent factors affecting the degree of optic nerve injury in POAG patients(all P<0.05). Based on the above factors, a decision tree model was constructed, and three explanatory variables of IL-6, IL-2 levels in aqueous humor and hypertension were screened out. Among them, IL-2 level in aqueous humor was the most important root node variable and the most important predictor. The AUC of the decision tree model was 0.710(95% CI: 0.599-0.820, P=0.001), the sensitivity was 0.581, the specificity was 0.737, and the Youden index was 0.318, with a high predictive value.CONCLUSION: The levels of IL-6 and IL-2 in aqueous humor were significantly correlated with the severity of optic nerve injury in POAG patients. The decision tree model based on hypertension, intraocular pressure, binocular intraocular pressure difference, IL-6 and IL-2 levels in aqueous humor has a high evaluation value for the severity of optic nerve injury in POAG patients.

AIM: To investigate the relationship between the levels of interleukin-6(IL-6)and IL-2 in aqueous humor and the severity of optic nerve injury in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma(POAG), and to construct a decision tree model for the severity of optic nerve injury in POAG patients.METHODS: A prospective study was conducted on 107 patients(107 eyes)with POAG who were admitted to the hospital from May 2021 to October 2023. According to the mean defect(MD)value, the degree of optic nerve injury was judged and divided into three groups: mild, moderate and severe. The general data, IL-6 and IL-2 levels in aqueous humor of patients with different severity of optic nerve injury were compared, and the correlation between the levels of IL-6 and IL-2 in aqueous humor and the severity of optic nerve injury in POAG patients was analyzed. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to test the influencing factors of the severity of optic nerve injury in POAG patients, and the decision tree model was constructed based on influencing factors.RESULTS: The proportion of patients with hypertension, intraocular pressure and binocular intraocular pressure difference in the severe group was higher than that in the mild and moderate groups, and the levels of IL-6 and IL-2 in the aqueous humor were significantly lower than those in the mild and moderate groups(all P<0.05). The levels of IL-6 and IL-2 in aqueous humor of POAG patients were negatively correlated with the severity of optic nerve injury(r=-0.361, -0.358, all P<0.001). Hypertension, intraocular pressure, binocular intraocular pressure difference, IL-6 and IL-2 levels in aqueous humor were independent factors affecting the degree of optic nerve injury in POAG patients(all P<0.05). Based on the above factors, a decision tree model was constructed, and three explanatory variables of IL-6, IL-2 levels in aqueous humor and hypertension were screened out. Among them, IL-2 level in aqueous humor was the most important root node variable and the most important predictor. The AUC of the decision tree model was 0.710(95% CI: 0.599-0.820, P=0.001), the sensitivity was 0.581, the specificity was 0.737, and the Youden index was 0.318, with a high predictive value.CONCLUSION: The levels of IL-6 and IL-2 in aqueous humor were significantly correlated with the severity of optic nerve injury in POAG patients. The decision tree model based on hypertension, intraocular pressure, binocular intraocular pressure difference, IL-6 and IL-2 levels in aqueous humor has a high evaluation value for the severity of optic nerve injury in POAG patients.

ObjectiveTo investigate the possible mechanism by which Zhiqiao Gancao Decoction （枳壳甘草汤， ZGD） delays intervertebral disc degeneration （IDD） based on the Hippo-yes-associated protein （YAP）/transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif （TAZ） signaling pathway. MethodsA total of 50 SD rats were randomly divided into sham surgery group， model group， low-dose ZGD group， high-dose ZGD group， and high-dose ZGD + inhibitor group， with 10 rats in each group. In the sham surgery group， the rats were pierced in the skin and muscle at the Co6/7/8 segments of the tail with a 21G needle （depth approximately 2 mm） without damaging the intervertebral disc. In the other groups， rats were injected with a 21G needle at the Co6/7/8 segments of the tail to establish an IDD model by piercing the tail intervertebral disc 5 mm. One week after modeling， rats in the low-dose and high-dose ZGD groups were given 6.24 and 12.24 g/（kg·d） of the decoction via gastric gavage， respectively. The high-dose ZGD + inhibitor group was given 12.24 g/（kg·d） of the decoction and an intraperitoneal injection of YAP/TAZ inhibitor Verteporfin 10 mg/kg. The sham surgery and model groups were given 5 ml/（kg·d） of normal saline via gavage. The gavage was given once a day， and the intraperitoneal injection was given every other day. After 4 weeks of continuous intervention， the pathological changes of the tail intervertebral discs were observed using HE staining， Oil Red O-Green staining， and Toluidine Blue staining. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of aggrecan and MMP3 in the nucleus pulposus. TUNEL fluorescence staining was performed to detect apoptosis in the nucleus pulposus， and the apoptosis rate was calculated. Western blot was used to detect the Hippo-YAP/TAZ signaling pathway， including YAP， phosphorylated YAP （p-YAP）， phosphorylated MST1/2 （p-MST1/2）， phosphorylated TAZ （p-TAZ） and apoptosis-related proteins， such as Cleaved Caspase 3， P53， Bcl-2 and Bax. ResultsCompared with sham surgery group， the rats in the model group showed significant degenerative changes in the intervertebral disc. The levels of aggrecan， Bcl-2， and YAP proteins in the nucleus pulposus decreased， while the levels of p-MST1/2， p-YAP， p-TAZ， P53， Bax， Cleaved Caspase 3， MMP3 proteins， and the apoptosis rate increased （P < 0.01）. Compared with the model group， the drug intervention groups showed partial recovery in intervertebral disc degeneration. The levels of aggrecan， Bcl-2， and YAP proteins increased， while the levels of p-MST1/2， p-YAP， p-TAZ， P53， Bax， Cleaved Caspase 3， MMP3 proteins， and the apoptosis rate decreased （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. The high-dose ZGD group showed more significant recovery in intervertebral disc degeneration compared to the low-dose ZGD group， with a decrease in the levels of p-MST1/2， p-YAP， p-TAZ， P53， Bax， Cleaved Caspase 3， MMP3 proteins， and apoptosis rate， and an increase in the levels of aggrecan， Bcl-2， and YAP proteins （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Compared with the high-dose ZGD group， the high-dose ZGD + inhibitor group showed a reduced recovery in intervertebral disc degeneration， with an increase in the levels of p-MST1/2， p-YAP， p-TAZ， P53， Bax， Cleaved Caspase 3， MMP3 proteins， and apoptosis rate， and a decrease in the levels of aggrecan， Bcl-2， and YAP proteins （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. ConclusionZGD may delay intervertebral disc degeneration by inhibiting the phosphorylation of YAP in the nucleus pulposus， maintaining the function of the Hippo-YAP/TAZ signaling pathway， and reducing apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells.

Objective To explore the safety of Yttrium-90 resin microsphere selective internal radiation therapy (⁹⁰Y-SIRT) on malignant liver tumors. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 64 patients with malignant liver tumors who underwent ⁹⁰Y-SIRT from February 2023 to November 2024 at Weifang People’s Hospital. The clinical characteristics of the patients and the occurrence of adverse reactions after treatment were analyzed to assess the safety of ⁹⁰Y-SIRT. Results Among the 64 patients, there were 52 males (81.25%) and 12 females (18.75%); the average age was (56.29±11.08) years. Seven patients (10.94%) had tumors with maximum diameter of less than 5 cm, 38 patients (59.38%) had tumors with maximum diameter of 5-10 cm, and 19 patients (29.68%) had tumors with maximum diameter of greater than 10 cm. There were 47 cases (73.44%) of solitary lesions and 17 cases (26.56%) of multiple lesions; 53 cases (82.81%) were primary liver cancers and 11 cases (17.19%) were metastatic liver cancers. Of the 64 patients, 63 successfully completed the Technetium-99m macroaggregated albumin (^99mTc-MAA) perfusion test and received the ⁹⁰Y-SIRT; one patient received ⁹⁰Y-SIRT after the second ^99mTc-MAA perfusion test due to a work error. The most common adverse reactions included grade 1 alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation in 26 cases (40.62%) and grade 2 in 2 cases (9.37%), grade 1 aspartate aminotransferase (AST) elevation in 27 cases (42.18%) and grade 2 in 7 cases (10.93%); grade 1 nausea in 17 cases (26.56%) and grade 2 in 6 cases (9.37%); grade 1 abdominal pain in 12 cases (18.75%), grade 2 in 5 cases (7.81%), and grade 3 in 1 case (1.56%); grade 1 vomiting in 11 cases (17.18%), grade 2 in 5 cases (7.81%), and grade 3 in 1 case (1.56%). Conclusion The adverse reactions of ⁹⁰Y-SIRT for treating malignant liver tumors are mild, indicating good safety.

Objective To explore the impact of national volume-based procurement policies on the use of medicines in treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia （BPH） and provide data support for the rational clinical use of medicines in BPH treatment. Methods Data on the use of BPH treatment medications from 2019 to 2023 were extracted from the Chinese Medicine Economic Information Network （CMEI）, covering 892 hospitals （including 645 tertiary hospitals and 247 secondary hospitals）. The changes in various indicators, including the consumption sum, Defined daily doses （DDDs）, Defined daily dose cost （DDDc）, and the ranking ratio （B/A） of these drugs were analyzed and compared. Results From 2019 to 2023, due to the influence of relevant policies, the overall consumption sums of medicines used in the sample hospitals in BPH treatment showed a trend of decreasing first and then rising steadily. The DDDs showed an overall upward trend, while the DDDc demonstrated a gradual decline. Tamsulosin and finasteride consistently ranked first and second in DDDs. The B/A value for tamsulosin was significantly higher than that of other BPH treatment medications. Conclusion The implementation of national centralized drug volume-based procurement policies and other policies from 2019 to 2023 had effectively reduced the economic burden of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Tamsulosin and finasteride, which had the highest B/A in the two categories of α-blockers and 5α-reductase inhibitors, dominated the market for BPH treatment. The clinical use of BPH treatment medications was relatively rational.

Human keratinocyte growth factor-1 (hKGF-1), a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, plays crucial roles in organ development, cell proliferation, wound healing, and tissue repair, representing one of the most effective and specific growth factors for skin repair. However, obtaining recombinant hKGF-1 remains challenging due to its universally low expression efficiency in vitro. This study employs the Bombyx mori baculovirus expression system to establish a technological platform that utilizes the economically important insect Bombyx mori as a bioreactor for high-efficiency and low-cost expression and production of recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor 1 (hKGF-1) protein, ultimately achieving high-level expression of hKGF-1 in Bombyx mori ovary cell line (BmN). In this study, we optimized the hKGF-1 sequence based on the codon preference of baculovirus. By fusing hKGF-1 with polyhedrin (highly expressed in this system) and adding extra promoters and enhancers, we significantly improved the expreesion level of hKGF-1 in Bombyx mori cells. The results demonstrated that the aforementioned strategies significantly enhanced the expression level of hKGF-1 in Bombyx mori cells. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting results revealed that the highest hKGF-1 expression (accounting for 8.7% of total cellular protein) was achieved when the Polh promoter was combined in tandem with the P6.9 promoter and hKGF-1 was fused with a 15-residue polyhedrin fragment for co-expression. The optimal harvest time was determined to be 120 h post transfection. This study achieved the efficient expression of hKGF-1 in Bombyx mori cells, establishing an ideal technological platform for the industrial utilization of recombinant hKGF-1. The developed methodology not only provides valuable technical references for the production of other growth factors and complex proteins, but also demonstrates significant implications for employing silkworms as bioreactors for recombinant human protein expression.
Bombyx/metabolism* ; Animals ; Baculoviridae/metabolism* ; Humans ; Fibroblast Growth Factor 7/biosynthesis* ; Recombinant Proteins/genetics* ; Cell Line ; Genetic Vectors/genetics*