Background In 2021, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) emerged as the forth leading cause of death in the world. However, the impact of air pollutants on COPD is still inconsistent across current studies. Objective To analyze the relationship between ambient sulfur dioxide (SO₂) exposure and hospital admissions for COPD in Lanzhou, and to examine the modified effects of SO₂ across different genders, age groups, and seasons. Methods A total of 20718 hospital admission records for COPD were collected from Lanzhou between 2016 and 2020, alongside synchronized data on SO₂ concentration and meteorological variables. A generalized additive model integrated with a distributed lag nonlinear model was used to assess the relationship and the lag effects between SO₂ exposure and COPD admissions. Potential confounders, including meteorological factors, day-of-the-week effect, and holidays, were controlled for, with a maximum lag period set at 7 d. Two-pollutant models and sensitivity analyses were conducted to ensure robustness. Results are expressed as relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results During the study period, the average daily number of COPD admissions was 11.34±7.03. The average mass concentration of SO₂ was (23.72±12.35) μg·m⁻³. SO₂ exposure was positively correlated with COPD admissions; specifically, each 10 μg·m⁻³ increase in SO₂ concentration was associated with an RR of 1.440 (95%CI: 1.317, 1.573). Stratified analyses found that at a cumulative lag of 7 d, the RRs were higher among females, individuals aged ≥65 years, and during the cold season. Conversely, no significant increase in COPD admission risk related to SO₂ was observed during the warm season. For every 10 μg·m⁻³ increase in SO₂ concentration, the RR was 1.483 (95%CI: 1.311, 1.678) for females, 1.441 (95%CI: 1.311, 1.583) for those aged > 65 years， and 1.595 (95%CI: 1.313, 1.937) during the cold season. Conclusion Short-term exposure to ambient SO₂ exposure in Lanzhou is associated with an increased risk of COPD admission. The association is more pronounced among females, the elderly (aged> 65 years) and during the cold season.

Exportin 1 (XPO1) is aberrantly overexpressed in various malignant tumors and can lead to the loss of anti-tumor effects of important tumor suppressor proteins such as p53, RB1, and FOXO by mediating their nuclear export. Although XPO1 inhibitor Selinexor has entered clinical application, its single-agent anti-tumor activity remains suboptimal, which is closely related to the compensatory activation of multiple signaling pathways in response to XPO1 inhibition. Focusing on the core regulatory role of XPO1 in tumor cells, this article systematically summarizes the current landscape of combination therapies involving XPO1 inhibitors and various targeted agents, including inhibitors of CDK4/6, FLT3, BET, ATR, and BCL2/MDM2, aiming to provide some reference for the development of XPO1-centered combination therapy strategies.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of super-mini percutaneous nephrolithotomy(SMP)and standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy(sPCNL)in the treatment of 2-4 cm renal calculi, so as to provide reference for the management of medium-sized renal calculi. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 168 patients with 2-4 cm renal calculi who underwent either SMP or sPCNL at our hospital during Sep. 2020 and Mar. 2025. The patients were divided into the SMP group(n=85)and sPCNL group(n=83). The baseline characteristics, stone features, operation time, perioperative complications, transfusion rate, postoperative hemoglobin drop, pain score, hospital stay, and stone-free rate(SFR)were compared between the two groups. Results There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics, stone features, and SFR between the two groups(P＞0.05). Compared to the sPCNL group, the SMP group had a longer operation time [(71.76±22.49)vs.(64.22±15.01)min, P=0.034]. However, it had lower postoperative pain score [(2.51 ±0.85)vs.(4.11±0.47), P＜0.001], shorter hospital stay [(3.16±1.45)vs.(4.30±1.06)days, P＜0.001], lower hospitalization costs [(19982.67±4267.80)vs.(21688.53±4575.74)RMB, P=0.004], a slighter decrease in hemoglobin [(6.64±10.56)vs.(12.22±11.50)g/L, P=0.032], and a significantly higher tubeless rate(83.53% vs. 0%, P＜0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in the overall complication rate between the two groups(P＞0.05). Conclusion For 2—4 cm renal calculi, SMP achieves a comparable SFR as sPCNL. Although the operation time with SMP is slightly longer, it offers significant advantages, including reduced postoperative pain, shorter hospitalization, lower costs, less bleeding, and a higher tubeless rate. SMP is a valuable technique worthy of broader clinical application.

Objective: To analyze the status of wasting among primary and secondary school students in Guangxi from 2021 to 2025, to explore the factors associated with wasting, so as to provide scientific evidence for improving student s nutrition. Methods: Based on the National Surveillance and Intervention Program on Common Diseases and Health Risk Factors among Students, a stratified cluster random sampling was adopted from 2021 to 2025 to recruit 71 077, 236 511, 243 466, 249 619 and 246 259 primary and secondary school students in Guangxi for physical examination and questionnaire survey. The χ 2 test was used for intergroup comparisons. Chi-square trend test was used to conduct trend analysis. Multilevel Logistic regression model was employed to identify factors associated with wasting. Results: The overall wasting detection rate was 11.65% during 2021-2025. Over the five year period, the rate exhibited a S shaped fluctuation pattern characterized by "decline-rise-decline" and the difference across years was statistically significant ( χ 2=230.53, P <0.05). Multilevel Logistic regression analysis showed that male students ( OR = 1.63 ), primary school students ( OR =1.53) and junior high school students ( OR =1.12), boarding students ( OR =1.08), and students with adequate sleep duration ( OR =1.12) were positively correlated with the risk of wasting (all P <0.05). Students who consumed sugar sweetened beverages ≥1 time/day ( OR =0.93), ate fresh fruit ≥1 time/day ( OR =0.95), had moderate to vigorous physical activity for more than 60 minutes per day ( OR =0.88), and had moderate to vigorous physical activity for more than 60 minutes per day on more than half of weekend days ( OR =0.88) were negatively correlated with the risk of wasting (all P <0.05). Conclusions Wasting status among primary and secondary school students in Guangxi improved between 2021 and 2025, though fluctuations persisted. Greater attention should be paid to the nutritional status of male students and boarding students. While cultivating balanced dietary habits and appropriate exercise behaviors, the complex relationship between sleep and malnutrition should also be given due consideration.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of proprioceptive stimulation combined with shoulder strength training on cervical muscle morphology, vertebral artery hemodynamics, proprioception and motor function in healthy young men. MethodsThirty healthy young men recruited from Beijing Bo'ai Hospital between January, 2022 and June, 2024 were randomly divided into a proprioceptive stimulation (PS) group, a strength training (ST) group and a combined training (CT) group, with ten participants in each group. PS group received proprioceptive stimulation using suspension vibration, ST group received isometric contraction of the right shoulder joint in six directions, and CT group received both interventions concurrently, for four weeks. Before and after intervention, the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the right cervical multifidus, the end diastolic velocity (EDV) and peak systolic velocity (PSV) of the vertebral artery, cervical range of motion (ROM), isometric peak torque (IPT) and cervical joint position error (CJPE) were measured. ResultsAll 30 subjects completed the study, and no serious adverse events were reported. The time-by-group interaction in CSA was significant (F = 10.183, P = 0.001, partial η² = 0.430); CSA was higher in CT group than in PS group and ST group (P < 0.05). The time-by-group interactions in EDV and PSV were significant (F > 4.036, P < 0.05, partial η² > 0.230); PSV was significantly higher in CT group than in PS group and ST group (P < 0.001). The time-by-group interaction in extension ROM was significant (F = 54.277, P < 0.001, partial η² = 0.801); extension ROM was significantly higher in CT group than in PS group and ST group (P < 0.001). The time-by-group interactions in flexion, extension and lateral flexion IPT were significant (F > 14.251, P < 0.001; partial η² > 0.514); flexion IPT was higher in CT group than in PS group and ST group (P < 0.05). ConclusionIn healthy young men, proprioceptive stimulation combined with shoulder strength training can improve neck muscle strength, blood flow and motor function.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has historically played a pivotal role in the prevention and treatment of warm diseases, establishing a comprehensive theoretical framework that underpins its practices. The distinctive and indispensable contributions of aromatic Chinese herbs in dispelling harmful influences and mitigating the spread of these diseases are well recognized; however, further investigation is warranted to elucidate their systematic properties and regularities, and the theory of aromatic Chinese herbs in preventing and treating warm diseases still needs to be comprehensively summarized. This study employs the principles rooted in TCM, with particular emphasis on the framework for warm diseases. An analysis of the disease mechanisms, transmission dynamics, and preventive strategies is conducted during the early stage of infection, throughout the course of the disease, and in the post-illness phase. Furthermore, the characteristics and applications of aromatic Chinese herbs are integrated with insights drawn from modern pharmacological research to explore their specific roles in the prevention and management of warm diseases. The utilization of aromatic Chinese herbs manifests in a variety of therapeutic effects: aromatic medicinals purging filth and dispelling pathogens for preventing epidemic disease, aromatic medicinals regulation for relieving superficies syndrome and dispersing evils, aromatic medicinals ventilation the lung to relieve cough and asthma, aromatic medicinals resolving the dampness to awaken the spleen and stomach, aromatic medicinals opening the orifices to restore consciousness, aromatic and pungent medicinals to regulate qi, aromatic medicinals dredging the vessels to activate blood circulation and dissipate blood stasis, and aromatic medicinals clearing latent heat from the yin level. These properties facilitate tailored approaches to address the diverse manifestations of warm diseases and their associated symptoms, providing clear guidance for clinical application to achieve pre-disease prevention, active disease treatment, complication prevention, and post-recovery relapse avoidance. The use of aromatic Chinese herbs in preventing and treating warm diseases demonstrates theoretical, practical, systematic, and regular characteristics. The theory of the properties of aromatic Chinese herbs has been expanded and sublimated in clinical practice, and its scientific connotation has been expounded in modern research. Under the guidance of the theory of treatment based on syndrome differentiation, and by taking into account the distinct stages and pathologies of warm diseases, the rational selection of aromatic Chinese herbs can improve the clinical efficacy.

Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effect of patchouli alcohol on mice with lung-heat syndrome based on the phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(Akt)/nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB) signaling pathway. Methods: First, network pharmacology was used to predict the potential targets of patchouli alcohol in the treatment of lung-heat syndrome, and a "component-disease-key target" network was constructed for pathway analysis. Then, 40 BALB/c mice were assigned to the normal, lung-heat model, honeysuckle, and low-dose and high-dose patchouli alcohol groups. All groups, except the blank group, were intranasally infected with 50 μL (103 TCID50) of influenza virus solution. After two hours of infection, mice were treated once a day for seven consecutive days. The therapeutic mechanism of patchouli alcohol was explored by measuring pulmonary inflammatory factors, the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway, hypothalamic fever markers (PGE2, cAMP, cGMP levels), rectal temperature, and tissue energy metabolism. Results: Network pharmacology identified 135 target genes related to patchouli alcohol and lung-heat syndrome, with the key targets being STAT3, H1F1A, and NF-κB1. In animal experiments, patchouli alcohol significantly alleviated influenza virus-induced lung inflammatory damage in mice with lung-heat syndrome, inhibited the expression of TNF-α and IL-6 in lung tissues(P<0.01), and suppressed the activation of the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway. It also reduced hypothalamic levels of PGE2 and cAMP(P<0.01), suppressed the increase in rectal temperature, significantly decreased liver glycogen and pyruvate levels(P<0.01), and increased the activities of SDH, LDH, and Na+ -K+ -ATPase in the liver(P<0.01) Conclusion Patchouli alcohol improves the symptoms of lung-heat syndrome in mice by inhibiting the activation of the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway, reducing proinflammatory cytokines and inflammatory damage, and regulating hypothalamic fever markers and energy metabolism.

Objective: To investigate the biological effects of carvacrol on rats with stomach-heat and stomach-cold and its regulation on transient receptor potential(TRP) channels in rats with stomach-heat, and to study the cold and heat properties of carvacrol and its possible mechanism. Methods: According to the random number method, 100 SD rats were divided into stomach-heat blank group, stomach-heat model group, Coptidis Rhizoma group, stomach-heat low-dose and high-dose carvacrol group, stomach-cold blank group, stomach-cold model group, Baked ginger group, stomach-cold low-dose group and high-dose carvacrol group, 10 rats in each group. The rat model of stomach-heat was established by intragastric administration of pepper aqueous solution (0.80 g/kg) and anhydrous ethanol, and the rat model of stomach-cold was established by intragastric administration of water extract of Anemarrhena asphodeloides and sodium hydroxide (10.40 g/kg). On the day of modeling, the rats in the Baked ginger group were given Baked ginger decoction (0.78 g/kg), and the rats in the Coptidis Rhizoma group were given Coptidis Rhizoma decoction (0.43 g/kg).The stomach-cold and stomach-heat low-dose group of carvacrol was given carvacrol emulsion (40 mg/kg), high-dose group was given carvacrol emulsion (80 mg/kg).All rats of the blank and model groups were given the equal volume of emulsion prepared by 5% dimethyl sulfoxide, 1% Tween 80, 1% polyethylene glycol 400, and 93% normal saline, once a day, for 7 days. The general condition of rats was observed and the body mass was recorded. The pathological morphology of gastric tissue was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The changes of material and energy metabolism, cyclic nucleotide (cAMP), thyroid hormone and gastrointestinal hormone in each group were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression levels of transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1), transient receptor potential channel M8 (TRPM8) and uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) in rats with gastric fever were detected by Western blotting. Results: Compared with the stomach-heat blank group, the body mass of rats in the stomach-heat model group decreased at the fifth and seventh day (P<0.05). The contents (or ratio) of hepatic glycogen (HGlyc), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were decreased (P<0.05), and Na+ -K+ -ATPase, Ca2+ -Mg2+ -ATPase, cytochrome C oxidase (COX), NADH dehydrogenase (ND), cyclic adenosine phosphate (cAMP), cAMP/cyclic guanosine phosphate (cGMP), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), gastrin (GAS), motilin (MTL), and α-amylase (α-AMS) all increased (P<0.05). Compared with the stomach-heat model group, the body mass of rats in the Coptidis Rhizoma group decreased at the third, fifth, and seventh day, the contents (or ratio) of HGlyc, TC, TG, VIP and α-AMS were increased, and Na+ -K+ -ATPase, COX, ND, cAMP, cAMP/cGMP, T3, T4, and GAS all decreased (P<0.05). The body mass of rats in the stomach-heat low-dose carvacrol group decreased at the seventh day. The contents (or ratio) of HGlyc, TC, and VIP were increased, Na+ -K+ -ATPase, COX, ND, cAMP, cAMP/cGMP, T3, T4, and MTL all decreased, the expression of TRPV1 and UCP1 in gastric tissue decreased, while TRPM8 increased (P<0.05) in rats of the stomach-heat low-dose and high-dose carvacrol groups. Compared with the stomach-cold blank group, the body mass of rats in the stomach-cold model group decreased at the third, fifth, and seventh day, the contents (or ratio) of HGlyc, TC, TG, α-AMS, and VIP all increased, while Na+ -K+ -ATPase, Ca2+ -Mg2+ -ATPase, COX, ND, cAMP, cAMP/cGMP, T3, T4, GAS, and MTL all decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the stomach-cold model group, the body mass of rats in the Baked ginger group was increased at the seventh day, and the contents (or ratio) of HGlyc, VIP, and α-AMS all decreased, while Na+ -K+ -ATPase, COX, ND, cAMP/cGMP, T3, T4, GAS, and MTL all increased (P<0.05). The contents of HGlyc, cAMP, α-AMS, and VIP of rats in the stomach-cold low and high-dose carvacrol group all decreased (P<0.05). TG in the stomach-cold low-dose carvacrol group was increased. TC, Ca2+ -Mg2+ -ATPase, and cGMP all increased, while cAMP/cGMP decreased (P<0.05) in the high-dose carvacrol group. Conclusion In this study, the rat model of stomach-cold and stomach-heat were successfully established by using cold and heat factors. The result showed that carvacrol had a certain inhibitory effect on body mass, material energy metabolism, cyclic nucleotide level, thyroid hormone and gastrointestinal function in rats with stomach-heat, indicating that the drug was cold. Carvacrol′s cold medicinal property could be biologically explained by TRPV1 activation, UCP1 induction, and TRPM8 suppression.