SMYD5 is a ribosomal methyltransferase with SET and MYND structural domains， which is a member of the SMYD family and is expressed in a variety of tissues， including ovary and testis. This enzyme participates in biological processes such as gene expression regulation， cell development and differentiation， and maintenance of genomic stability through ribosomal protein methylation modification. In recent years， research on SMYD5 has increased in cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma， gastric adenocarcinoma， and lung cancer. Studies have revealed that SMYD5 exhibits high expression levels in various diseases including hepatocellular carcinoma， gastric adenocarcinoma， lung cancer， and inflammatory bowel disease， influencing the progression of these conditions. This review summarizes the role of SMYD5 in hepatocellular carcinoma， inflammatory bowel disease， and other biological functions， aiming to provide a reference for related disease research.

On December 10, 2025, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network(NCCN) released the Esophageal and Esophagogastric Junction Cancers Clinical Practice Guidelines (Version 1.2026). This article provides an in-depth interpretation of the key updates in the guidelines, with a focus on the following critical areas: the inclusion of distress assessment as an integral component of the diagnostic and treatment workflow, the quantification of tumor infiltration depth for T1b stage disease, the elevation of the FLOT regimen to a Category 1 preferred recommendation for perioperative systemic therapy for esophageal adenocarcinoma, the strengthening of the recommendation for minimally invasive esophagectomy, and the standardization of the nomenclature and testing methodologies for biomarkers including human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. By systematically analyzing these key updates, this review aims to provide a practical reference for standardized clinical diagnosis and treatment of esophageal cancer in China.

Objective To investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of total flavonoids of sarcandra glabra(TFFSG)on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs)and their derived exosomes in immune thrombo-cytopenia(ITP),with a focus on promoting megakaryocyte differentiation and maturation.Methods BMSCs induced by rabbit anti-rat platelet serum(APS)were divided into five groups:a blank control group,an ITP-BMSCs model group,and three TFFSG intervention groups with low(1.95 μg/mL),medium(3.90 μg/mL),and high doses(7.80 μg/mL).The apoptosis rates and the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins-B-cell lymphoma 2(Bcl-2),Bcl-2-associated X protein(BAX),and Cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase-3(Caspase-3)-were assessed.Exosomes were isolated from the blank control group(NC-BMSCs-Exos),the ITP-BMSCs model group(ITP-BMSCs-Exos),and the medium-dose TFFSG group(TFFSG-BMSCs-Exos).Each group's exosomes(5 μg/mL)were co-cultured with megakaryocytic lineage Dami cells for 96 hours.Flow cytometry was employed to evaluate the expression of megakaryocytic differentiation markers(CD41a,CD42b,CD61)and the proportion of polyploid cells(≥4 N)in each group.Western Blot analysis was conducted to examine the expression of p-MEK1/2,MEK1/2,p-ERK1/2,and ERK1/2 across all groups.Results Compared with the ITP-BMSCs model group,the apoptosis rates in all TFFSG intervention groups were significantly reduced(P<0.01).In the medium-and high-dose TFFSG groups,BAX and Caspase-3 expression levels were markedly downregulated,whereas Bcl-2 expression was upregulated(P<0.05,P<0.01).Compared with the ITP-BMSCs-Exos group,the TFFSG-BMSCs-Exos group demonstrated increased expression of CD41a+,CD42b+,and CD61+,a higher proportion of polyploid cells(≥4 N)(P<0.05),as well as elevated ratios of p-MEK1/2 to MEK1/2 and p-ERK1/2 to ERK1/2(P<0.05).Conclusion TFFSG inhibits apopto-sis of ITP-state BMSCs in vitro and promotes megakaryocyte differentiation and polyploidization maturation through BMSC-derived exosomes by activating the MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signaling pathway.

Objective:To explore any effect of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the left cerebellar hemisphere on the swallowing neural network using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).Methods:Thirty healthy volunteers were recruited and subjected to 10Hz rTMS of the left cerebellar hemisphere. Before and after the stimulation, fMRI was performed. The amplitude of the motor evoked potential (MEP) of the mylohyoid muscle, the amplitude of its low-frequency fluctuations (ALFFs), their fractional amplitude (fALFF), and their regional homogeneity (ReHo) were observed.Results:After the intervention the MEP amplitude of both mylohyoid muscles had increased significantly. The ALFF and fALFF values in the left cerebellar region, occipital lobe, prefrontal lobe, cuneus lobe, anterior central gyrus and posterior central gyrus had increased significantly. And the average ReHo values of the left cerebellum, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, right anterior central gyrus and posterior central gyrus had also significantly increased.Conclusions:The stimulation studied can significantly enhance the excitability of bilateral swallowing cortical tracts, as well as the neural activities of the anterior central gyrus, posterior central gyrus, occipital lobe, cuneus lobe, temporal lobe, inferior parietal gyrus, right premotor cortex, and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. That suggests that the cerebellum plays an important role in the swallowing neural network.

Objective To explore the changes in neural activity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)and their corre-lation with executive function,and to analyze the neural mechanisms underlying the decline in executive function in T2DM patients.Methods Thirty-one T2DM patients(T2DM group)and thirty-two healthy controls(HC)(HC group)matched for body mass index(BMI)underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rs-fMRI)scans and N-back task tests were included.Differ-ences in the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation(ALFF),regional homogeneity(ReHo),and seed-based functional connectivity(FC)between the two groups were compared,and partial correlation analyses were performed between the difference results and N-back task performance.Results The T2DM group showed prolonged reaction time(RT)in the 1-back and 2-back tasks.T2DM patients exhibited increased ALFF in the bilateral caudate nucleus,left medial superior frontal gyrus,and right postcentral gyrus,as well as elevated ReHo in the right putamen.FC analysis revealed significant alterations in FC between the caudate nucleus,putamen,and multiple brain regions in T2DM patients,with some of these FC changes significantly correlated with RT and accuracy(ACC)in the N-back task.Conclusion The decline in executive function in T2DM patients may be associated with abnormal neural activity in brain regions such as the striatum,salience network,and frontoparietal control network.FC further decreases under increased cognitive load.These findings provide evidence for the study of the neural mechanisms of executive function impairment in T2DM patients.

Objective To investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of total flavonoids of sarcandra glabra(TFFSG)on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs)and their derived exosomes in immune thrombo-cytopenia(ITP),with a focus on promoting megakaryocyte differentiation and maturation.Methods BMSCs induced by rabbit anti-rat platelet serum(APS)were divided into five groups:a blank control group,an ITP-BMSCs model group,and three TFFSG intervention groups with low(1.95 μg/mL),medium(3.90 μg/mL),and high doses(7.80 μg/mL).The apoptosis rates and the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins-B-cell lymphoma 2(Bcl-2),Bcl-2-associated X protein(BAX),and Cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase-3(Caspase-3)-were assessed.Exosomes were isolated from the blank control group(NC-BMSCs-Exos),the ITP-BMSCs model group(ITP-BMSCs-Exos),and the medium-dose TFFSG group(TFFSG-BMSCs-Exos).Each group's exosomes(5 μg/mL)were co-cultured with megakaryocytic lineage Dami cells for 96 hours.Flow cytometry was employed to evaluate the expression of megakaryocytic differentiation markers(CD41a,CD42b,CD61)and the proportion of polyploid cells(≥4 N)in each group.Western Blot analysis was conducted to examine the expression of p-MEK1/2,MEK1/2,p-ERK1/2,and ERK1/2 across all groups.Results Compared with the ITP-BMSCs model group,the apoptosis rates in all TFFSG intervention groups were significantly reduced(P<0.01).In the medium-and high-dose TFFSG groups,BAX and Caspase-3 expression levels were markedly downregulated,whereas Bcl-2 expression was upregulated(P<0.05,P<0.01).Compared with the ITP-BMSCs-Exos group,the TFFSG-BMSCs-Exos group demonstrated increased expression of CD41a+,CD42b+,and CD61+,a higher proportion of polyploid cells(≥4 N)(P<0.05),as well as elevated ratios of p-MEK1/2 to MEK1/2 and p-ERK1/2 to ERK1/2(P<0.05).Conclusion TFFSG inhibits apopto-sis of ITP-state BMSCs in vitro and promotes megakaryocyte differentiation and polyploidization maturation through BMSC-derived exosomes by activating the MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signaling pathway.

Objective:To explore any effect of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the left cerebellar hemisphere on the swallowing neural network using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).Methods:Thirty healthy volunteers were recruited and subjected to 10Hz rTMS of the left cerebellar hemisphere. Before and after the stimulation, fMRI was performed. The amplitude of the motor evoked potential (MEP) of the mylohyoid muscle, the amplitude of its low-frequency fluctuations (ALFFs), their fractional amplitude (fALFF), and their regional homogeneity (ReHo) were observed.Results:After the intervention the MEP amplitude of both mylohyoid muscles had increased significantly. The ALFF and fALFF values in the left cerebellar region, occipital lobe, prefrontal lobe, cuneus lobe, anterior central gyrus and posterior central gyrus had increased significantly. And the average ReHo values of the left cerebellum, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, right anterior central gyrus and posterior central gyrus had also significantly increased.Conclusions:The stimulation studied can significantly enhance the excitability of bilateral swallowing cortical tracts, as well as the neural activities of the anterior central gyrus, posterior central gyrus, occipital lobe, cuneus lobe, temporal lobe, inferior parietal gyrus, right premotor cortex, and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. That suggests that the cerebellum plays an important role in the swallowing neural network.

Lens injury is an important etiological factor in the reduction of visual function following ocular trauma.Currently, there are no clear standards for the classification of lens injury, and comprehensive diagnostic tools are lacking.This deficiency leads to numerous controversies and challenges in critical areas, such as diagnosis and preoperative evalution, timing of surgery, surgical strategy, and assessment of postoperative prognosis.Tomographic imaging technology, such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, optical coherence tomography, has introduced a new dimension to the evaluation of lens injury, which is crucial for assessing the transparency, texture, location, morphology, and integrity of the lens, as well as the zonules and nearby intraocular structures.However, the use of tomographic imaging technology is somewhat limited due to the limitations of relying on a single method.With the ongoing advancement of imaging technologies and the rapid development of big data and artificial intelligence, tomographic imaging will become an increasingly essential tool in the future management of lens injury.Our expert group reviewed the epidemiological characteristics and classification of lens injury and the major challenges currently faced in the diagnosis and treatment of lens injury, and provided expert recommendations mainly focusing on the application, shortcomings and limitations of current tomographic imaging technology in the diagnosis and treatment of lens injury, and future development directions.

Lens injury is an important etiological factor in the reduction of visual function following ocular trauma.Currently, there are no clear standards for the classification of lens injury, and comprehensive diagnostic tools are lacking.This deficiency leads to numerous controversies and challenges in critical areas, such as diagnosis and preoperative evalution, timing of surgery, surgical strategy, and assessment of postoperative prognosis.Tomographic imaging technology, such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, optical coherence tomography, has introduced a new dimension to the evaluation of lens injury, which is crucial for assessing the transparency, texture, location, morphology, and integrity of the lens, as well as the zonules and nearby intraocular structures.However, the use of tomographic imaging technology is somewhat limited due to the limitations of relying on a single method.With the ongoing advancement of imaging technologies and the rapid development of big data and artificial intelligence, tomographic imaging will become an increasingly essential tool in the future management of lens injury.Our expert group reviewed the epidemiological characteristics and classification of lens injury and the major challenges currently faced in the diagnosis and treatment of lens injury, and provided expert recommendations mainly focusing on the application, shortcomings and limitations of current tomographic imaging technology in the diagnosis and treatment of lens injury, and future development directions.

Objective To explore the changes in neural activity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)and their corre-lation with executive function,and to analyze the neural mechanisms underlying the decline in executive function in T2DM patients.Methods Thirty-one T2DM patients(T2DM group)and thirty-two healthy controls(HC)(HC group)matched for body mass index(BMI)underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rs-fMRI)scans and N-back task tests were included.Differ-ences in the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation(ALFF),regional homogeneity(ReHo),and seed-based functional connectivity(FC)between the two groups were compared,and partial correlation analyses were performed between the difference results and N-back task performance.Results The T2DM group showed prolonged reaction time(RT)in the 1-back and 2-back tasks.T2DM patients exhibited increased ALFF in the bilateral caudate nucleus,left medial superior frontal gyrus,and right postcentral gyrus,as well as elevated ReHo in the right putamen.FC analysis revealed significant alterations in FC between the caudate nucleus,putamen,and multiple brain regions in T2DM patients,with some of these FC changes significantly correlated with RT and accuracy(ACC)in the N-back task.Conclusion The decline in executive function in T2DM patients may be associated with abnormal neural activity in brain regions such as the striatum,salience network,and frontoparietal control network.FC further decreases under increased cognitive load.These findings provide evidence for the study of the neural mechanisms of executive function impairment in T2DM patients.